What formations were there in ancient training?

One-character long snake array, two dragons out of the water array, three talents array in heaven and earth, four gates array, five tigers and sheep array, six ding and six Jia array, seven stars array, eight gates array, nine-character serial array and flying daggers array (from:/wx/ls/shantianfang/xjj/025.htm).

Ancient array-crane wing

Crane wing is a common formation in ancient wars. You don't have to guess that it will be developed by humans. Therefore, it is a formation specially designed for encirclement. This formation has a main commander (mostly archers) in the center and auxiliary commanders on both sides. It is best to use Qiang Bing (mostly cavalry) on both sides. When our army appears behind the enemy, we can immediately spread our wings to meet our army and form an encirclement immediately. It is said that in the Three Kingdoms and Five Dynasties.

Ancient array-fish scale

The fish scale is a structure that divides the legion into five or six parts, one above the other. The position of the chief commander is in the middle and rear. Please note that the difference between a fish scale and a cone is the width of a triangle and the width of a cone house. And the troops in front of the fish scales are usually as dense as those protecting the main commander. This arrangement leads to different results from cones. Because the cone-shaped troops are scattered, the mutual pushing effect is small and the moving speed is very fast. Civil service "; That is, the Lord doesn't have to lead the attack in front, but hides behind (for example, Takeda Shingen and Zhuge Liang). However, the defense of fish scales was very weak, and the whole army collapsed immediately after being washed behind, because there were too many exposures behind.

Ancient front-facing quantity

As the name implies, it is an arrow formation in the whole army. The position of the general is in the front, so it is suitable for brave generals with high combat power. Because the troops in front are very dense, it is also a surprise formation. Please note that the so-called assault formation is not the only formation that can be attacked. In fact, all formations can make the following surprise orders, but they may not be able to achieve the surprise effect (the whole army will not be scattered when they break into the enemy line), that is to say, what the five countries say. It means that there is a surprise attack effect on the real battlefield, and it is not only this unit that can issue surprise attack orders. In addition, the rear of this array is a parallel array, so the movement effect in the mountains is quite good, and of course, the defense of this array is also very weak (too much exposure in the back).

Ancient array method-punching yoke

As the name implies, it is the crossbar in front of the car, which is the X-shaped array of English letters. What is the effect of arranging arrays in an X shape? The biggest effect is that from the enemy in the past, the left and right sides are like the front (please note that the front of the two platoons is northeast and northwest). It is a pretty good mountain defense formation (because it is also linear, the mountain moves fast enough).

Ancient array-long snake

It is a formation naturally developed by human beings. This formation is specially used for mountain sports. In fact, both offense and defense are unfavorable. However, there are often descriptions of this formation in history, such as Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms": "Zhuge Liang sees Jiang Wei's formation and looks like a snake; That's what it means.

Ancient array-vehicle suspension

It is famous in history. Automobile suspension refers not to form, but to meaning. Car suspension is cavalry formation. The troops are arranged in multiple columns that do not advance each other, that is to say, this is a single-round tactic. To put it bluntly, it is to break up Xin Xuan's formation and win his life.

& lt array and ancient war in China;

The influence of the China war is a big topic, with limited personal ability and many shortcomings.

First of all, it should be divided into three stages, that is, the period before a large number of cavalry are put into actual combat, the period between cavalry and infantry, and the period of mixed riding, and three articles have been drawn up. This article was before a large number of cavalry appeared.

Before a large number of cavalry appeared, that is, before the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were records that the six countries were destroyed by the Qin Dynasty. During this period, because the cavalry had not been put into actual combat, the main battle forces of the Central Plains countries were still chariots and infantry. At that time, when measuring a country's military strength, it was often taken as the standard, so such a huge and expensive chariot force naturally needed the cover of infantry (simple, long-term and halberd soldiers were easily destroyed in front of them, because the impact of chariots was limited, at least compared with cavalry. ) As a result, the pedestrian array appeared (it used to exist, but it was never as confrontational as it was during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period)

Some people may think that the array in China's history is sheer nonsense, but he has misunderstood it. The real reason is that China's romances and movies have toyed with the ancient array (such as the one-character snake array, the six-character array, the nine palaces and eight diagrams array, the eight-door Jin Suozhen, the stupid director, the fake props, the unqualified extras and the lame director), and the influence on people is false. No wonder some people think that China's historical array is false. ; Sun Bin's The Art of War >; The captain's general array is completely and systematically divided into eight arrays: square array, circle array, cone line, flying geese, hook line, rotating array, sparse array, multiple array, fire array and water array. The latter two formations are only used in special tactics, generally square, circle and cone. These three formations are used in open combat arrays, depending on the strength, soldiers and combat effectiveness of chariots. The circular array is responsible, and the chariot is placed in the center of the array. The phalanx has both attack and defense, and the chariot is behind, ensuring that the formation has sufficient thickness and impact strength. Sparse array is a tactic based on infantry taxi, similar to the skirmisher array in the future. Is a small group of mixed infantry fighting alone, especially in Wu Chu (few chariots, not can't afford to buy equipment, but of little use, dense water network, not suitable for chariots galloping). The strength lies in increasing the frontal long-range fire density of crossbowmen, while the mysterious image and hook line are more complicated. Unless they are well-trained, they can be used freely and with great power, which is equivalent to the coordinated operation of a large group of arms. Take Xuan Xiang as an example. The crossbowman is in the front array and retreats after shooting. The chariots are on both sides, the halberd is in the middle array and the spear is in the back array. This is a wave of attacks. At that time, only Wei and Qin could set up this array to meet the enemy in the Central Plains. ; Jing ke stabbed Qin >; There is a beautiful scene in which Qin Jun wears black clothes and armor and attacks South Korea with a series of mysterious incense bursts. The battlefield was silent, and various arms took turns to attack, which was very imposing. ) Hook array is the ultimate array of standard chariots. Chariots are pre-arranged at both ends of the hook, crossbows, halberds and spears are placed in the middle, and the middle attacks first, followed by cluster arms such as chariots and halberds on both sides.

In addition, there are countless "arrays". For example, when shooting, use the "cloud array", surround the enemy with the "victory over Wei" array, surprise attack with the "closing" array, and Xiangshan Mountain with the "sealing" array. Anyway, it will always add up to no less than 20 arrays. (Most of the front cited array methods are those in Sun Bin's Art of War, that is, the array methods in the middle of the Warring States Period, which are estimated to be more comprehensive than those listed by Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. After all, the age difference is more than one hundred years. )

When it comes to law formation, we must first manage the soldiers, let them attack at the sound of a drum, and retreat at the sound of Maria. As for the arrangement, direct attack or circuitous attack into an array, it depends on the commander of the 25 th and other junior officers to take a fancy to the flag. The members of the First Legion are a small fighting group, roughly divided into five groups (divided by infantry): sculling, fighting, halberd, spear, crossbow, long weapon and long-range shooting. It is difficult to make a sword suitable for melee), and then go to join the big shield. Among them, the first row of crossbow platform (retreated to the end in melee) and the second row of shield platform (arrived at the first row when the two armies confronted each other), followed by three long weapons: Ge, Ji and spear. Ge is at the front, mainly mopping up, mainly dealing with each other's cars and horses. Discipline can be swept and stabbed, belonging to the fifth army column (the fifth is the smallest combat unit in the formation, the fourth is the 12 th, the fifth is the brigade, the fifth is the division, and the fifth is the army, all of which were made before the Spring and Autumn Period). It is forbidden to have personal heroism between them (more directly, it is forbidden to try to be brave), which is probably the reason why Qin used to ride a sudden array alone (single chariot, assault training)

Let's focus on the weapons situation at that time, which may help to understand why Qin was so popular before the war. As mentioned earlier, the short spear in the bronze age could not be made very long, usually between 50 and 80 cm. Such a short spear has poor toughness and is easy to break, so it seems inappropriate as a main battle weapon. Stability is the most important weapon in the main battle, but aggression is the second, while halberd, spear and chariot are the main weapons, in close combat. Especially in the face of Wu, this kind of infantry, mainly short soldiers, will suffer a lot (wuyue's casting technology is more developed than that of the Central Plains at that time, as can be seen from the sword of the King of Yue). After all, a halberd with a length of 20 feet (5.5~6 meters) is far less maneuverable than a sword with a length of 60~80 cm (although there are also short spears with a length of 10 feet and 2 feet, it is mainly throwing, although it can also be used as a melee mode). It's easy to understand that only the effective cooperation of Ge, Ji and Mao can keep the opponent away.

One more thing, before the Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the standing armies of various countries were large in scale and strong in combat effectiveness (even soldiers who were temporarily recruited had high combat skills and strong discipline, because they were often called up), which objectively ensured that the array could effectively restrain them. It also ensures that the generals can effectively discharge the desired position, which is most suitable for the battlefield situation and the strength comparison between the two sides. This is very important, and it is also the army at this time and the future China. (Since the Han Dynasty, only Yue Jiajun's infantry array can be regarded as a real array, oh, and Qi Jiajun. The Qin dynasty destroyed the six countries and the world was unified. When Qin Ershi was in power, the world was heavy and chaotic, and two influential rebel forces appeared. One is Xiang Yu (famous), the overlord of the western Chu Dynasty, and the other is Liu Bang (one word season). It should be said that at this time, the infantry formation almost reached a climax in China. With 300,000 Qin Jun's main force defeated by Xiang Yu in Julu, there were almost no large armies in the early days of Chu-Han hegemony, and array methods were used systematically in the war. In this way, Xiang Yu, who was stronger than Liu Bang, took advantage of it and once beat Liu Bang to flee. It was only after the appearance of Han Xin that the Han army relied on its excellent combat power and effective combat power (both are indispensable, no matter how strong the plan is, no matter how sudden the surprise attack is, it is futile for soldiers to be undisciplined. Imagine the battle between Han and Zhao Jingxing. Ten thousand old and weak Han troops can defeat two hundred thousand Zhao troops. The last battle is true, but if there is no effective array, can we still insist on attacking Korea? ), finally defeated the Chu overlord who only relied on strength.

On the whole, the hegemony between Chu and Han is just a contest between the rabble, and it is rare to make effective use of array law. After the establishment of the Han empire, with the repeated invasions of Xiongnu in the north, the infantry of the Han army was almost useless (the war could not be won, the victory could not be pursued, and the defeat could not escape), so we had to build a huge cavalry cluster with strong national strength, and the cavalry was unlikely to advance and retreat in an orderly manner like the infantry. (The ceremonial soldiers may be able to, but if a large-scale cavalry sticks to this array and can't make a bold assault, it will completely give up the advantages of cavalry. At the same time, the infantry array will be almost completely abandoned. (Only the tactical flying goose of the crossbowman is still there)

Most cavalry tactics are frontal assault, long-distance attack, strategic encirclement, breaking the enemy's rear road, etc. Even the Xiongnu, the originator of cavalry tactics, has only these. But at this moment, Huo Qubing, the general of a title of generals in ancient times in Han Dynasty, came up with a new plan and the car stopped. People who have played in the Three Kingdoms and Eight Countries will know what is going on at a glance, and friends who have seen Japanese movies can also find some shadows of Han cavalry from the film, where there used to be a car floating array. ) Car suspension is actually an enhanced version of assault tactics, but it is much more overbearing than assault, and it is not like assault. It pays more attention to the interval between riders. (Before and after, the use of various weapons, sometimes, the interval between rows is even deliberately widened, so that the enemy can hide, so as not to block the way of the former army and leave it to the cavalry behind, which is equivalent to a cavalry version of the cone array, but the difference is wider and narrower. Because the car suspension array can't be regarded as an array in a strict sense (at least compared with the infantry array, there is no effective cooperation between the various arms, and it is purely the impact tactics of cavalry), most military strategists later did not think that there was such an array, such as, (Zhuge Liang) and (the author is unknown, written in the Song Dynasty). Personally, they are noncommittal about this array.

Generally speaking, the development of this period was stagnant or even retrogressive, because the infantry was only in the position of guarding the city and did not need them to fight.

After the Han Dynasty, China entered the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, and he lost all the advantages over the northern nationalities in cavalry. (No matter the source and quantity of war horses or soldiers who are good at riding and shooting, a general's martial arts at that time should also be shown as "proficient in bow and riding", which was normal in the Han Dynasty, because there were many good people in the border areas at that time. He had to go back to his old job and take this thing out. But at this time, the power of the infantry array has been greatly reduced. First of all, the opponents the array met were different from those in the Warring States period, and of course they were different themselves. Most of them mix troops with cavalry, but they can't put cavalry in the infantry, can they? This will greatly reduce the power of cavalry, but it can't effectively play the role of cavalry. This general is almost a loser. In addition, the number of soldiers at this time is also a big problem. The population is unimaginable, and even fewer people can carry weapons on the battlefield. (For example, Han Shu has a population of less than one million, but there are hundreds of soldiers. How can you imagine what soldiers these are? As a result, the quality of soldiers in this period was extremely poor (of course, there were a few elite soldiers), and it was impossible to train them effectively. There are frequent wars, and time waits for no one. You haven't practiced yet, and the enemy has to leave when he comes. The Hexi soldiers and Yue Jiajun have been trained for many years. Individuals need to work closely with all arms and services and have very strict discipline.

So what? The most typical is Cao Cao's style of play. He can be said to be well aware that the number of soldiers does not depend on the number of soldiers, but on whether the discipline is strict and whether the soldiers have enough combat effectiveness. Although the reason is easy to understand, it is not easy to really do this. Many mediocre people only know its shape, but not its quality. Finally, they can't draw a tiger as a dog. ) choose its elite and practice its elite. (It takes a long time and is also very effective, because their commander is Meng De) and fights alone with cavalry to carry out strategic purposes such as surprise attack and encirclement. (The so-called "surprise victory" means taking pure infantry as the front line and cavalry as the decisive force, and not pursuing the gains and losses of one city and one place), which is the main reason why he can defeat Yuan, who is ten times his size, with 20,000 soldiers. (It took nearly ten years from breaking the yellow turban insurrectionary to beating Yuan Shao, which Zhuge Liang could not have), and the reason why he was defeated by Chibi also had a lot to do with it. There are many wars in rivers and rivers, which are not suitable for infantry disposal, and there is no room for cavalry to raid. Coupled with a large number of newly joined Jingzhou soldiers, in fact, these Jingzhou soldiers are a negative growth factor for their military combat effectiveness, otherwise they will not be defeated. ) The same battle example is the Battle of Feishui, in which Qin Jun was defeated by one million (there were a large number of new recruits). Before this, the former Qin army almost always defeated the strong with the weak.

After a brief prosperity of more than 200 years in Sui and Tang Dynasties, China once again ushered in a military low tide. On the other hand, the formation of infantry has been greatly developed again.

Because of Song Jun's foreign war, the poor performance of its infantry in the war caused national reflection. Soon there was a trend of reusing the array to deal with the Liao and Jin cavalry in the Central Plains. However, because most of the military power in the Song Dynasty was in the hands of civil servants (one by one, they spoke loudly, feared death, thieves and prostitutes, and of course there were a few exceptions, such as Fan Zhongyan. ), where do they know what actual combat is? As a result, strange and useless strange arrays appeared one after another, such as wheel array, rush array, Changshan array, Bagua array, Fengyang array, Dragonfly array, Taiyi array, Wuhua array, Curved array, Straight array, Changhong array, Grip array, Head array, Xingyue array, Chongxia array, Six Flowers and Seven Armies array, and many others. This myth can only be believed by the court and some civil servants. As a result, Liao (Jin) people are biased and invincible, but when they meet northerners, they leave, regardless of anything else, life is the most important.

After this situation lasted for more than one hundred years, a famous soldier Yue Wumu appeared on the battlefield against gold. Once again, the power of the array was exerted, and the so-called invincible Nuzhen fighters were defeated with infantry. (There are also a few cavalry in the Yue family army, but the number is small, which is almost negligible compared with the Jurchen cavalry), which makes the current and future strategists have to re-recognize their roles. Actually, it's not how advanced Yue Fei's array is. With Yue Jiajun's strict military discipline and brave fighting, he won't suffer much even if he doesn't put on an array and everyone fights alone. Of course, it is unrealistic to achieve such great results, hehe. Many people think that Yue Fei's array is "full of sky" (some people think it is "seven-star array", but it is almost the same). I have seen the array diagram of "Mantian" array, which is very complicated and must be commanded by someone (put it on a high pole to see the overall situation). In the battle with jurchen cavalry, this formation is undoubtedly unrealistic. Whether it is a novel, romance or official history, there are records of Yue Fei's personal battle. Think about it, even the commander-in-chief went into battle himself. Where did China's army guard this command center button? Therefore, I prefer Yue Jiajun to form a retro array "sparse array", and several people form a small battle group, such as pike, long knife, knife card, hook gun, giant and so on. Moreover, each clique is fighting on its own, so that it is not necessary to carry the impact of the Nuzhen fighters (mighty and heavy cavalry) hard, but also attack from the side or behind after the enemy's impact, which is courageous for soldiers. Of course, being in this melee scene is also the most favorable time for infantry. By this time, with the cooperation of Yue Jiajun, the victory was basically settled.

However, after the death of the Song Dynasty, the Central Plains experienced more than a hundred years of alien rule until the Red Scarf Army Uprising and the appearance of Zhu. When it comes to the Ming Dynasty, don't mention Xu Da, who is as powerful as Sun and Wu. At that time, the world was divided, and many people had more power than Zhu Ming. Xu Da only relied on strict military discipline and effective war to defeat them one by one and unified the Central Plains. But without Xu Da, Zhu can only look at the colorful world in the Central Plains and worry. There is a simple reason. He can't beat the Mongolian fighters. Because the array method used by Xu Da is too mysterious in the novel, it is generally believed that Xu Da is dispensable for Zhu Yuanzhang. In fact, Xu Da may be the only person who can effectively use array law after Yue Fei and before Qi Jiguang (at least according to historical records), although array law is fictitious in many people's eyes. The only difference between him and Yue Fei is that his troops are much stronger than Yue Fei (the Ming army reached more than one million at its strongest, although not all of them were under his control), and his troops are stronger (although mainly from the south, there are also many soldiers from the north in the later period), cavalry (as fierce as Mongolian cavalry) and musketeers are also many. Therefore, he is less difficult and less stressful than Yue Fei, but his organizational ability is better than Yue Fei. (Yue Jiajun did not exceed100000 when he was strongest) and he did not stick to local gains and losses. The overall situation is better than that of Yue Fei. How can I put it? His formation is more similar to the expanded ancient mysterious elephant array, with a single arm as a cluster, and then attack the enemy one by one (crossbowman (musket), cavalry, pike, knife card, knife correction) until the enemy collapses and runs away. (Of course, at this time, the personal fighting capacity of the Ming army is also the strongest among the infantry in China history. Without this condition, Sun Wu is useless here. )

The Ming Dynasty quickly declined, and more than 400,000 elite soldiers were lost in the civil war. After that, the country's military equipment was slack and morale was low, so that when dozens of Japanese invaders invaded, they ignored hundreds of thousands of Ming troops and drove thousands of miles, causing countless casualties. Although the whole army was wiped out, we can also see the difference between soldiers in the middle and late Ming Dynasty (there are also many places where there are not so many soldiers in schools, but there are more places to sign up for lunch, because this situation did not improve until Qi Jiguang appeared (only partially, because he was not the commander-in-chief of the country). "Yuanyang array" is an array that many people, including me, talk about. Although he played a great role in dealing with a small group of Japanese pirates (thousands of people, all of whom were infantry), he did not achieve great results in the later Zhenyuan. It can be concluded that the role of this attack is general, especially against the confidants of the Ming Empire, and the role of the Mongols is limited. It also has a lot to do with his short term. In the future, with the loss of the only blood of the Han people, no matter how advanced the array is, the Han people have no courage to try to verify it. Therefore, history has left us with lessons such as "Yangzhou Ten Days", "Jiading Three Slaughters" and "Nanjing Massacre".