What is the arrangement of Tang poetry and Song poetry? The Book of Songs

Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Yuefu Folk Songs, Wei and Jin Poetry, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu

(A) Pre-Qin period

This is the period when China's poems came into being and developed. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 3,000 pre-Qin poems from primitive ballads to The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, and only more than 500 exist.

1, ancient songs

Ancient songs are the earliest literary style, which originated in the primitive era with extremely low productivity and no written records, and are the collective oral creation of our ancestors. It originated from labor, and it is a labor horn to coordinate labor rhythm, reduce labor fatigue and stimulate labor enthusiasm. Later, with the development of ancestors' thinking ability, language ability and pronunciation organs, this rhythmic cry gradually became a meaningful language, thus producing rhythmic poetry.

According to records, the earliest ancient songs were produced around 4000 BC, such as Playing Songs, Broken Bamboo, Continued Bamboo, Flying Soil and Eating Meat.

This is an old hunting song. The first two sentences mean that the ancestors cut bamboo and tied it together to make bows and arrows; The last two sentences refer to throwing clods with bows and arrows and hitting prey. It reflects the working life of our ancestors in the fishing and hunting era, reproduces the process of making tools and hunting, depicts and praises the workers, and is full of pride and joy that our ancestors learned to make tools and achieved success.

After the legendary Yellow Emperor era, Yao Shunyu era and Xia Shang era, folk songs have been further developed, with more works and improved artistic level.

2. The appearance of The Book of Songs.

In the Zhou dynasty, not only a large number of ballads appeared, but also the book of songs, a master of poetry collection. It is China's first collection of poems, including 305 poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. It is not only long in time, rich in content and wide in scope, but also superb in artistry. It is a model in the history of China's poetry and the world's original poetry.

3. The appearance of Chu Ci

Chuci is another brilliant peak in the history of China's poetry. It is a new poetic style created by Qu Yuan, the southern Chu State (now the Hunan and Hubei areas) at the end of the Warring States Period. The sentence patterns are uneven, with six words and seven words as the main ones, and the word "Xi" is often used. The appearance of Chu Ci marks the higher stage of China's poetry from the folk collective singing and development to the poet's independent creation.

The Book of Songs and Songs of the South are the two sources of poetry development in later generations, and they are also called "coquettish" in literary history. * * * created an excellent tradition of keeping pace with romanticism in ancient China.

(2) Qin and Han Dynasties

The Qin Dynasty was the first centralized feudal empire in China, but its poetic achievements were not great because of its short ruling time and the policy of burning books and burying Confucianism in culture.

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the policy of recuperation was implemented, the economy resumed prosperity, academic culture developed, and poetry also made certain achievements, mainly as follows:

1, Han Yuefu folk songs

"Yuefu" originally refers to national music institutions, and later generations also refer to the songs collected and edited by Yuefu that can be performed by music as Yuefu. Han Yuefu folk songs inherited the realistic tradition of The Book of Songs. Most of them are based on specific events in daily life. They are easy to understand, long in narration and full of life. Sentence patterns are mainly mixed words and five characters. Representative works include Mulberry on the Stranger and Peacock Flying Southeast. Peacock Flying Southeast is the first narrative long poem with a high degree of ideological and artistic unity in the history of China's poetry, and it is called "the saint of long poems".

2. Literati Five-character Poems

Under the influence of Han Yuefu, the literati's five-character poems gradually developed and matured. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, five words replaced four words and became a new poetic style. Nineteen Ancient Poems appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, representing the highest achievement of literati's five-character poems, such as Qingjiangcao, Mingyue and Jiao Jiao. This is a lyric short poem written by a group of poor scholars, mostly about the feelings of wandering women.

(3) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

It is an important period in the history of our country, and it is also the first period of great ethnic integration in history, and it is also the era when literature enters consciousness. At that time, the Southern Dynasty was relatively stable and was the center of poetry. The achievements of poetry in this period mainly include: several basic styles of China's ancient poetry were basically formed, such as:

1, Five-character ancient poetry has made new development, and its means of expression are richer and more diverse. For example, Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems on History is the first large-scale and rich personal lyric poem in China.

2. Seven-character ancient poems have been produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the quantity is small and the quality is not high. It was not until Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing that significant progress was made. Hou Qiyan's ancient poems are divided into two branches, one is mainly composed of seven-character sentences, and the other is seventeen words, that is, seven words per sentence.

3. The formation of law. From the following year, Fitness Yue and others put forward the theory of "four-body therapy" and produced "Yongming style", which was the beginning of China's legal poems. By the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the five laws were generally formed, and the five-character short poems in the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties evolved into five-character quatrains, during which the seven laws and seven quatrains were formed. It can be said that this is a crucial period for the development of the basic style of China's ancient poetry collection.

Judging from the genre of poetry, there are many poems with different styles at this time, such as:

1, Jian 'an Style: Literati centered on "Three Caos", RoyceWong and other "Seven Scholars in Jian 'an" are regarded as reflecting the turmoil of the times and the sufferings of the people, expressing their personal ideals and ambitions, and having the style of "generosity" and "deep ambition and long pen".

2. Metaphysical poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is rampant.

3. The rise of landscape poetry. Tao Yuanming in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao in the Southern and Northern Dynasties were all good at writing landscape poems.

4. The folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties made great achievements. The folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are graceful and euphemistic, while those in the Northern Dynasties are simple and vigorous, such as Mulan poems.

④ Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

A. The achievements of poetry in Sui Dynasty were not high, and the main writers were Lu Sidao and Xue Daoheng.

B. The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of highly mature poetry development in China, which was divided into four stages: early prosperity, middle prosperity and late prosperity, leaving behind nearly 50,000 poems and 50 or 60 famous poets.

1, "four masters in the early Tang Dynasty" (Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo) and inheriting the poetic style of Han and Wei dynasties, swept away the decadent poetic style, expanded the theme of poetry and paved the way for the development of Tang poetry.

2. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of poetry prosperity. There are two greatest poets-Li Bai and Du Fu, who are called "Gemini" in the history of China's poetry. Li Bai's poetic style is magnificent and elegant, frank and natural; Du Fu's poetic style is gloomy, generous and sad. His poems widely and profoundly reflect the era style of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and are known as "the history of poetry".

In addition, there are many famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as:

Landscape pastoral poets: Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, etc. Describing natural landscapes and rural life, the style is fresh and natural.

Frontier poets: Gao Shi, (Bai Xuege sent Tian Shuji Wu back to his hometown), Wang Changling (out of the frontier fortress), Wang Zhihuan, etc. , describing the frontier fortress scenery and military life, tragic and magnificent.

3. Middle Tang Dynasty: After the Anshi Rebellion, it entered the middle Tang Dynasty. After a short transition, the Tang poetry experienced a second prosperity, and many famous poets appeared.

Bai Yuan Poetry School: represented by Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi, it vigorously develops the new Yuefu, emphasizes the social function of poetry, that is, the role of education, and advocates that poetry should reflect real life and be easy to understand. Such as Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng".

Han Meng School of Poetry: represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao, it is different from Bai Yuan School of Poetry, advocating adventure and using rhyme. For example, Han Yu pursues the characteristics of "language is not surprising and never dies".

In addition, there were poets with artistic personality in the middle Tang Dynasty, such as Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan and Jia Dao.

4. Late Tang Dynasty: The poetic style tends to be weak and sentimental. The high achievers are "Little Du Li", namely Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Li Shangyin is good at seven laws, such as his poem Untitled. Du Mu is good at four wonders, such as his "".

C. Five Dynasties: The achievements of Ci are relatively high, represented by Wen, Wei Zhuang and Li Yu. Wen is the first person who devoted himself to the creation of lyric poetry in the history of China literature. He established the norm of lyrics, but his lyrics are narrow in subject matter, mostly for women's life, euphemistic and subtle in style, gentle and gorgeous. Li Yu's poems mostly show the joys and sorrows of life, the yearning for the motherland and the pain of national subjugation, and have developed in theme and realm.

Ci originated from the folk, and it is a new poetic style, which is as famous as Yan music. Dunhuang Quzi Ci is the earliest existing folk ci. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, more and more literati wrote lyrics, such as Bai Juyi, Zhang, Wei and Liu Yuxi. Zhang's "Fishing Songs" "Egrets fly in front of the Cisse Mountain, and peach blossoms are flowing and mandarin fish are fat. Green bamboo hat, green hemp fiber, oblique wind and drizzle don't have to go back. "

(5) Song Dynasty

The achievements of poetry are not as good as those of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but they have their own characteristics, such as deep twists and turns, emphasis on reason and good thinking in Song poetry; Song poetry tends to daily life in theme, and trivial matters become poetry material. For example, Su Shi's Title Xilin Wall looks like a mountain peak on the edge of a ridge, with different distances. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain. "The language is simple and easy to understand, but it is philosophical.

The most influential poets in the Northern Song Dynasty were Su Huang, namely Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.

The outstanding representatives of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty are "four great poets in Zhongxing": Lu You, You Bao, Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli.

The highest literary achievement in Song Dynasty was Ci. Ci developed in the late Tang and Five Dynasties and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. There are many schools of Song Ci, many famous artists and outstanding achievements, as follows:

(1) completed the construction of ci style, and the artistic means became more and more mature. For example, the tone of words was fixed in the Song Dynasty, and strict norms were formulated for the film, sentence reading and pronunciation of words, with meticulous rhythm, composition and syntax.

(2) Explore the field of theme and style. Most of the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty were soft and colorful words, and the theme of Song Ci was greatly broadened, including love words, object-chanting words, farewell words, gift-giving words, pastoral words and so on. The artistic style is also competitive, graceful and unrestrained coexist, fresh and beautiful.

Representative poets are: Liu Yong, Yan, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Zhou Bangyan, Jiang Xie, Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao, etc.

(6) Yuan Dynasty

Poetry was in an undervalued period in Yuan Dynasty. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared a lyric style-Sanqu, which matched the popular tunes at that time. Compared with traditional poetry, Sanqu is more free in form, more lively in language and has a strong civic color.

Representative writers are: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zhang Kejiu, George and so on.

(7) Ming Dynasty

The achievements of poetry in Ming Dynasty are not high.

The rise of "Taige Style" in the early Ming Dynasty was mainly to praise virtue and whitewash peace.

In the mid-Ming dynasty, in order to oppose the "Taige style", "the first seven sons" and "the last seven sons" appeared. They put forward the retro movement and advocated that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty".

Later, the "Public Security School" and "Jingling School" appeared, opposing mechanical imitation of retro and advocating spiritual expression.

(8) Qing Dynasty

His achievements in poetry are not great either. The main poets are Huang Zongxi, Gu, Wang Shizhen, Yuan Mei and Gong Zizhen. In the late Qing Dynasty, there was a "poetic revolution", and new poets such as Huang Zunxian, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao appeared, which revolutionized the form of old-style poetry.

Ci declined in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and flourished in Qing Dynasty. There are many schools, such as bold, fresh and realistic. Famous poets, such as Nalan Xingde, have the style of Li Yu, and are good at writing small poems, sketching and winning with emotion.