Induction of three knowledge points of geography compulsory in the first volume of senior two.

# Senior Two # Introduction Because the senior two began to work hard, there must be a lack of knowledge ahead, which requires them to make certain plans and make more efforts than others. I believe that their sweat will not flow in vain, and the harvest will always be their own. Channel 2 of Senior High School has compiled "Three Required Knowledge Points of Geography in Senior High School" for you to help you reach the top of the list!

1. Three knowledge points are required for geography in the first volume of Senior Two.

1. Regional concept: the geo-spatial unit that people divide according to certain indicators and methods on the basis of regional differences. 2. Regional attributes: certain area, shape, scope, boundary and clear location characteristics.

3. Regional characteristics: differences (clear administrative boundaries, transition boundaries between dry and wet areas), integrity (relatively consistent specific attributes in the region), and hierarchy (Northeast Plain is a part of Northeast China, which can be divided into Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Liaohe Plain).

4. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is composed of many plains, with dense water system and thick soil, which affected the early agricultural production. Due to the use of ships, the dense water system has promoted development.

5. The influence of geographical environment in different stages of regional development: in the initial stage, the relationship between man and land is basically coordinated; The growth stage-the relationship between man and land began to appear obvious disharmony; Transition period-the contradiction between man and land is sharp; Regeneration stage-the relationship between man and land changes from tension to coordination.

6. Geographic information technology: refers to the floorboard of modern technologies for acquiring, managing, analyzing and applying geospatial information, mainly including remote sensing (rs), global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS).

7. Remote sensing:

A. Principle: Different ground substances and different ground substances radiate and reflect different electromagnetic waves.

B application: it is widely used in resource investigation, environment and disaster monitoring, besides forest fire and flood monitoring, it is also widely used in agriculture, geology, marine research, environmental monitoring and many other aspects.

8. Global Positioning System (GPS):

(1) Concept: A system that uses satellites for timely navigation and positioning around the world is called Global Positioning System.

(2) Features: All-round (land, ocean, aviation, aerospace), global, all-weather, continuous and real-time.

(3) Status quo: The GPS satellite constellation consists of 265,438+0 working satellites and 3 in-orbit standby satellites, and there are at least 4 GPS satellites above the ground at any time anywhere in the world. Whenever and wherever, as long as you have a GPS signal receiver, you can provide accurate three-dimensional information (longitude, latitude, altitude) and time. Four satellites can measure the speed of moving objects.

(4) Composition: space part-CPS satellite constellation, user part-GPS signal receiver, ground control part-ground monitoring system.

9. Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system specialized in processing geospatial data, referred to as "Geographic Information System" or "GIS" for short.

Function: With the query and spatial analysis function provided by GIS, we can analyze and evaluate the natural resources and conditions, location and traffic conditions, population and labor conditions, economic and social conditions in this area more accurately. Dynamic monitoring, assessment and prediction of environmental and natural disasters.

10, application of geographic information system (GIS) in urban management: GIS has been widely used in urban management, such as 1 10 command system,1/kloc-9 fire command system, 120 emergency command system, etc.

1 1, digital earth: refers to the digital earth, that is, the technical system managed by computer network after the whole information of the earth is digitized. Digital Earth integrates a large number of natural and human information in different time and space from regional to global according to geographical coordinates, and displays it in a three-dimensional and dynamic way, which can provide experimental conditions and basis for complex production and scientific research activities.

2. Three knowledge points of geography compulsory in senior two are summarized.

I. Energy classification (1) Renewable energy sources (such as hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, tidal energy and solar energy);

(2) Non-renewable energy (such as coal, oil, natural gas and other mineral energy and nuclear energy).

Second, the conditions for resource development.

1, resource status-rich coal resources and good mining conditions.

(1) is rich in reserves.

(2) It is widely distributed, and there are coalfields under 40% of the land.

(3) The coal types are complete, and the top ten coal types are distributed.

(4) Excellent coal quality, low ash, low sulfur, low phosphorus and high calorific value.

(5) The mining conditions are good, mostly shallow-buried medium-thick coal seams.

2. Broad market

(1) Population increase and socio-economic development further increase China's demand for energy;

(2) China's coal-based energy structure will not change for a long time.

3. Traffic conditions-moderate location and convenient transportation.

The three coal transportation railways in North China, South China and Central China are Daqin Line, Huang Shen Line and Jiaoantenna respectively.

Third, the construction of energy base.

1, expand coal mining.

2. Improve Shanxi's coal transportation capacity, mainly by railways, supplemented by highways.

3. Strengthen the conversion of coal processing: first, build a pit mouth power station and change coal transportation into power transmission; The second is to develop the coking industry.

Fourth, the comprehensive utilization of energy.

1. Existing problems-single industrial structure, low economic benefits and serious ecological and environmental problems.

2. Measures taken-Combining the resource advantages of iron ore and bauxite, focusing on energy construction, building three industrial chains of coal, electricity, aluminum, coal, steel and coal coking;

3, the results of comprehensive utilization of energy:

(1) The industrial structure of Shanxi Province has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a diversified structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemicals and building materials.

(2) The raw material industry gradually surpasses the mining industry and occupies a dominant position.

(3) upgrading the industrial structure.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) environmental protection and governance

1. Improving coal utilization technology: promoting the development of clean energy industry represented by clean coal.

2. Adjust the industrial structure: the industrial structure of ecological and environmental problems with heavy chemical industry as the main source.

(1) Adjust the original heavy chemical industry to make the products develop in the direction of deep processing and high added value;

(2) Vigorously develop agriculture, textile industry, high-tech industry and tourism.

3. "Three wastes" treatment:

(1) Waste residue: recycling.

(2) Waste gas: eliminate smoke and dust and create a windbreak belt.

(3) Wastewater: sedimentation and purification

3. Three knowledge points of geography compulsory in senior two are summarized.

First, the necessity of cross-regional allocation of resources

1. Natural reasons: the regional distribution of natural resources is uneven and generally does not flow.

2. Economic reasons: the regional economic development is unbalanced, and the supply and demand of resources in different regions do not match.

3. Large-scale trans-regional resource allocation projects in China: West-to-East gas transmission, West-to-East electricity transmission, South-to-North water transfer and coal transportation from north to south.

Second, the reasons for the implementation of the West-East Gas Pipeline

1, west-east gas transmission:

(1) Overview: Based on Xinjiang's natural gas resources and the Yangtze River Delta as the natural gas target market, the gas pipeline from Tarim Basin to Shanghai will be built.

(2) Line layout:

The first line: Lunnan oil and gas field in Xinjiang-Shanghai;

Second Line: Horgos Port in Xinjiang-Guangzhou

2. Reasons for implementing the West-East Gas Pipeline Project

(1) There are great regional differences in energy production and consumption in China:

(1) The eastern coastal areas are economically developed and have a great demand for energy, but they are relatively short of energy and their economic advantages cannot be fully exerted;

(2) The western region is relatively backward in economy, rich in energy resources and small in demand, so it is difficult to give full play to its energy advantages.

(2) adjust the energy consumption structure:

① China's energy consumption structure is dominated by coal, which is easy to cause environmental problems such as acid rain;

(2) The transportation of coal from the north to the south brings great pressure to the north-south railway transportation in China.

(3) The strategic focus of China's oil and gas resources development is in the west:

① Natural gas distribution is more in the west and less in the east, and more in the north and less in the south;

② The four atmospheric regions are Xinjiang (Tarim and Junggar), Qinghai (Qaidam), Sichuan and Chongqing (Sichuan Basin) and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia (Ordos);

③ The oil and gas development in the east has reached the middle and late stage, and the west is the strategic replacement area. The development strategy is to stabilize the east and develop the west.

Third, the influence of west-to-east gas transmission on regional development.

1, the impact on the economic development of the central and western regions (export areas):

(1) Transform resource advantages into economic advantages and promote economic development;

(2) Promote the development of related industries and increase employment opportunities;

(3) It is beneficial to energy gasification in the western region and relieves the pressure of vegetation destruction on the environment.

2, the impact on the eastern (input) economic development:

(1) Relieve the energy shortage in the eastern region and promote economic development;

(2) It is conducive to improving the energy structure in the eastern region;

(3) Promote infrastructure construction in the eastern region.

3. Improve the efficiency of resource utilization and promote the coordinated development of the eastern and western regions.

4, the impact on the environment:

(1) is beneficial to purify the atmospheric environment.

(2) It is beneficial to the improvement of rural ecological environment along the route.

4. Three knowledge points of geography compulsory in senior two are summarized.

The similarities and differences between the Yangtze River Delta and Songnen Plain are the same: both are plain areas and both are located in the eastern monsoon region of China.

Different:

Geographical differences: the Yangtze River Delta is located in the middle of the eastern coastal area of China, where the Yangtze River empties into the sea; Songnen Plain is located in the middle of northeast China.

② Differences in climatic conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is located in the monsoon climate zone with XX belt, with high temperature and rainy summer, and the rain and heat are in the same period; Songnen is located in the temperate monsoon climate zone, slightly continental, with less precipitation, short warm season, short growth period and less combination of hydrothermal conditions.

③ Differences in land conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is dominated by paddy soil, and the cultivated land is mostly paddy fields, which are scattered, and the per capita cultivated land area is lower than the national average; The black soil in Songnen Plain is widely distributed, and the cultivated land is mostly dry land, concentrated and contiguous, and the per capita cultivated land area is higher than the national average.

④ Differences in mineral resources conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is poor in mineral resources, and the Songnen Plain is rich in oil and other minerals.

5. Three knowledge points of geography compulsory in senior two are summarized.

Two kinds of energy sources

Renewable energy: hydropower, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy and solar energy.

Non-renewable energy: mineral energy such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Development conditions of coal resources in Shanxi Province

① Rich coal resources and good mining conditions: abundant reserves, wide distribution range, complete coal types and excellent coal quality]

② Broad market.

③ The location is moderate and the transportation is convenient.

Energy base construction

(1) Expand coal mining.

(2) Improve Shanxi's coal transportation capacity.

(3) Strengthen coal processing and transformation: build a pit mouth power station; Develop coking industry

Coal-electricity-aluminum-coal-coke-coal-iron-steel three industrial chains

The result of comprehensive utilization of energy

The industrial structure of Shanxi Province has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a multi-structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemical industry and building materials. The raw material industry gradually surpassed the mining industry, occupying the main position and realizing the upgrading of industrial structure.

Environmental protection and governance

① Improve the utilization technology of coal;

② Adjusting the industrial structure;

③ Treatment of "Three Wastes"

The birthplace of human civilization

Nile civilization, Two Rivers civilization, Yellow River-Yangtze River civilization, Indus civilization-Ganges civilization.

Tennessee river

Located in the southeastern part of the United States, it is a branch of the Ohio River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, with the longest flow and the largest water volume.

It rises on the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and flows into the Ohio River near Kentucky.

Protection of different parts

Mountain area: the birthplace of rivers, protecting vegetation ecology.

Valley plain: the area where human activities are concentrated is the focus of ecological environment protection.

River: the main part of development and utilization in the basin, paying attention to the rational allocation of water resources and water quality protection.

Natural background of Tennessee River basin development

Terrain: mountainous and undulating, rich in hydraulic resources; Land transportation is inconvenient, and river transportation plays a very prominent role.

Climate: In the XX area, there is a lot of precipitation in late winter and early spring.

Water system: there are many tributaries, and most of them are navigable, which can lead to most parts of the country through the Mississippi River and its tributaries; The terrain fluctuates greatly, the river falls greatly, and the water quantity affected by climate is very unstable.

Mineral resources: very rich.

Early development of river basin and its consequences

①/kloc-the second half of the 8th century: agriculture is developed, population is small, and it has little impact on the natural environment.

②/KLOC-Late 9th century: The rapid increase of population and predatory exploitation of resources brought a series of ecological and social problems;

Land degradation; Vegetation destruction; Environmental pollution.

③ Early 1930s: Tennessee Valley became one of the poorest areas in the United States.

Comprehensive development of river basin

TVA regards the cascade development of rivers as the core of river basin development.

Flood control, shipping, power generation, water quality improvement, tourism, land use

Reasons for the formation of "industrial corridor" on both sides of Tennessee River

Large-scale thermal power and nuclear power make Tennessee valley a national power supply base; Develop energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum smelting and chemical industry