How many times have humans landed on the moon? Are they all Americans?

Humans landed on the moon 1 time, all of them were Americans.

1On July 24th, 969, Apollo 1 1 with three astronauts splashed safely into the Pacific Ocean. After 18 days of isolation, it was confirmed that the astronauts were not polluted by microorganisms on the moon. Only then did neil armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael john collins come down from Apollo 1 1. Their travels in the 20th century made great contributions to space exploration, and this landing on the moon opened a new era of space exploration.

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Edwin aldrin

Edwin Aldrin 10 was born in Montclair, New Jersey, USA on October 20th. He is the second American astronaut to land on the moon and set a record for extravehicular activities of spacecraft. 195 1 After graduating from new york West Point Military Academy, he became an air force pilot. He once carried out flying combat missions in North Korea. 1963, he wrote a paper on space orbital mechanics, and obtained a doctorate in philosophy from MIT. Later, he was elected as an astronaut. 1966165438+1October1He and J.A. Lovel took part in the four-day Gemini flight 12, and went out for a 5.5-hour spacewalk, which proved that the human body can walk in the universe. Apollo 1 1 took off on July 1969 with Edwin Aldrin, neil armstrong and Michael john collins and flew to the moon. Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin landed near the edge of the sea of tranquility on the moon, collected rock samples, took photos and set up scientific experimental devices on the moon. After they finished their activities on the surface of the moon, they drove the lunar module to meet Collins' command module in orbit around the moon. On July 24th, the flight ended with a splash in the Pacific Ocean.

Michaeljohn Collins

Michael john collins1June 3, 930 was born in Rome. He is an American astronaut, the co-pilot of Gemini 10, and the command module pilot of Apollo 1 1 the first manned moon landing. After graduating from West Point Military Academy, he transferred to the Air Force. He was an air force test pilot and participated in the space program in 1963. He and J.W. Yang took Gemini 10 and launched in July 1966. After rendezvous with the target rocket "Aquinas", the engine of "Aquinas" continued to advance to a record height of 764 kilometers, and then Collins left the spacecraft to install an instrument for detecting micrometeoroids on "Aquinas", but failed, and only one instrument was retrieved from "Aquinas". Due to the fuel shortage of Gemini spacecraft, he shortened the extravehicular activity time and returned to Earth on 2 1. He also participated in the Apollo 1 1 flight with neil armstrong and Edwin Aldrin. 1On July 20th, 969, Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon, while Collins stayed in the command module and circled the moon at an altitude of 97- 12 1 km. On July 2 1, Armstrong and Aldrin's lunar module docked with his command module again. The next day, they left the lunar orbit and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24th (his book "Spreading the Fire" describing this landing was published in 1974). This is his last flight. Assistant secretary of state from 65438 to 0969. 197 1 Join the Board of Directors of the Smithsonian Institution.

Neil armstrong

Neil armstrong, 1930, 1930 was born in Paccone Tower, Ohio, USA on August 5th. He was an American astronaut and the first man to land on the moon. Armstrong became a licensed pilot on the birthday of 16, and was a naval flight cadet of 1947. He studied aviation engineering at Purdue University in West lafayette, Indiana, and was interrupted by the Korean War in 1950. Shot down 1 time in the Korean War, won the Air Force Medal three times. 1955, he became a civil aircraft research pilot of the National Aviation Advisory Committee (NACA), later the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The flight time exceeds 1 100 hours, and various supersonic fighters and X- 15 rocket planes have been tested. 1962, participated in the space program with the second batch of astronauts. 1March, 966 16, Armstrong, as the pilot of Gemini 8 command module, rendezvous with Aquinas, the unmanned rocket, and completed the manual space docking maneuver flight for the first time. After docking, a rocket engine broke down and they were forced to leave Aquinas. Subsequently, Armstrong re-manipulated the Gemini 8 spacecraft and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. 1On July 6th, 969, Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael john collins flew to the moon in the Apollo 1l spacecraft. Four days later, at 4: 00 pm EST18, he manually controlled the "Eagle" lunar module to land in a flat area near the southwest edge of the Quiet Sea. On July 20th, at 10: 56 pm EST, Armstrong stepped down from the Eagle Lunar Module and set foot on the dusty surface of the moon, saying, "This is just a small step for one person, but it is a huge leap for all mankind". Armstrong and Aldrin left the lunar module and spent more than two hours setting up scientific instruments, collecting lunar surface specimens and taking a lot of photos. On July 2 1 day, they stayed on the moon for 2 1 hour and 36 minutes, then took off again, joined Corinth and began their journey back to earth. On July 24th, it splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on the afternoon of 12. Subsequently, three astronauts were quarantined for 18 days to prevent bacteria from being brought back to the moon. In the following years and during their visits to 2/kloc-0 countries, they were warmly welcomed by people for their contribution to opening a new era of human exploration of the universe. 197 1 year, Armstrong resigned from NASA. 197 1 year-1979 professor of aerospace engineering, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; After 1979, the chairman of Cadwell International Co., Ltd., which supplies oilfield equipment in Lebanon, Ohio.

background introduction

Apollo 1 1 successfully landed on the moon.

Go to the moon! This is the dream of mankind for thousands of years. This wish was finally realized on July 20th. 1969.

On this day, next to the tall launch tower of the Kennedy Space Launch Center in the United States, the huge manned spaceship "Apollo" 1 1 slowly flew into the sky, headed for the earth's satellite and flew away from the moon, which is 380,000 kilometers away from the earth, with the earth-shattering cheers of tens of thousands of people on the scene and the expectant eyes of more than one billion TV viewers all over the world.

The three astronauts who participated in the moon landing were Captain Wilson, Vice Captain neil armstrong and Edwin Aldrin. Along the way, under the command of the ground control center, they carefully operated the instruments in the cabin, making the spacecraft constantly correct the deviation and advance the moon accurately.

On July 2 1 day, Greenwich mean time 12: 56, Apollo 1 1 successfully landed on the moon. Wilson and others walked down the gangway, stepped on the ladder in Tranca and died in the sea. When they finished these historic steps, Wilson lowered his head and looked around again. At this time, the blue earth is hanging on the horizon of the moon. Obviously Wilson is very excited at the moment. He said: "I Harper Wilson announced in the name of all mankind that the moon does not belong to any country, but is the wealth of all mankind." He paused, "We are here for the peace of all mankind"! At this time, TV viewers all over the world suddenly found that the picture disappeared. Four and a half minutes later, Wilson and others jumped forward like kangaroos on the moon, only to see them take out the American flag and plug it in a metal pole. Then carefully moved a few moon rocks for reinforcement. Because the gravity on the moon is only 1/24 on the earth. In other words, if a person can cross 2.2 meters on the earth, he can gently cross the height as high as Shanghai International Hotel on the moon. Therefore, although the astronaut's spacesuit is very heavy, it weighs dozens of kilograms, but it can't be careless on the moon. If you push too hard, it will fall off. Wilson and other three people drove a special space car on the silent moon. They collected more than 800 pounds of moon rocks, took many precious photos and conducted many fruitful scientific investigations.

Apollo 1 1 spacecraft was built by the United States at a cost of billions of dollars, and the United States naturally placed strong hopes on it, hoping that this moon landing would not only bring scientific breakthroughs, but also have strategic significance. Two weeks before landing on the moon, Wilson received a speech prepared by the American authorities to be delivered to the world on the moon, which read: "I, Harper Wilson, solemnly declare that the United States of America has territorial sovereignty over the moon. Every step taken by Americans is the expansion of American territory. " When Wilson made a completely different speech on the moon, the military was very angry. When Wilson returned to Earth, he was forced to announce "retirement" and warned him not to tell the truth. At the same time, the United Nations passed a resolution that the moon belongs to all mankind. It was not until 20 years later, 1989, that Wilson broke the silence and told what happened in those four and a half minutes, which attracted the attention of the world.

The magical Apollo

Six months after the new president Richard Nixon took office in the White House, he was greatly encouraged psychologically, because at that time, NASA's long trip to the moon, which was ordered by John F. Kennedy eight years ago, has now reached its destination. The mission was carried out by Apollo 1 1. This is the climax of a very amazing effort-20,000 contractors and 300,000 workers contributed to it-although people can talk endlessly about whether it is worth spending so much money, its success is undeniably a victory for the United States.

Richard Nixon issued a statement saying that although exploration was "a lonely cause" in the past, "today, the miracle of space travel has been accompanied by the miracle of space communication; Television can even cross the huge distance from the moon and immediately transmit extremely important discoveries to our homes, making us all direct participants. " When he says "everyone", he means not only Americans, but more people. About 528 million viewers watched the moon landing on TV.

There is little possibility of failure. Because American space science has made great progress since its initial failure 12 years ago. The manned flight of Mercury and Gemini from 196 1 to 1966 16 has proved that people can live and move in space. The information sent back by cruise missiles, lunar spacecraft and observers proves that the surface of the moon is a space pilot. I have encountered terrible setbacks. 1 967 65438+1In October, Apollo1exploded on its launch pad, killing all three pilots. However, after a delay of 2 1 month, the command module of manned Apollo flew. At the end of 1968 and the beginning of 1969, NASA followed a strict schedule and launched the Apollo spacecraft every two and a half months, in order to complete the task before the deadline set by Kennedy in May 196 1, that is, a man landed on the moon "before the end of 1960s" and returned safely.

1At 9: 32 am on July 6, 1969, Apollo 1 1 and its 36-story Saturn V rocket were launched from the 39A comprehensive launch pad at Cape Kennedy. There are civil aviation captain neil armstrong, two air force officers, Colonel Edwin Aldrin and Lieutenant Colonel Michael john collins on board. Saturn's third stage sends them into an orbit 1 18 miles high. After checking all the working systems for two and a half hours, they launched the third stage rocket again, which enabled them to get a speed of 24,245 miles per hour, leave the earth's atmosphere and go to the moon 250,000 miles away.

At a distance of 50,000 miles from the earth, Collins manipulated the command module named Columbia to face the fragile lunar module (abbreviated as Eagle or L.M.). As soon as Colombia hooked up with the eagle, Saturn III was abandoned. On Thursday, the second day of the voyage, they started the engine of Columbia, which enabled them to enter the orbit 69 miles from the back of the moon on Saturday. On Friday afternoon, Cape Kennedy time, Armstrong and Aldrin climbed the pipeline between the two aircrafts and entered the lunar module Eagle. At dusk that day, astronauts entered the lunar gravity field. At this time, they are less than 44000 miles away from the moon, and the speed is getting faster and faster.

On Saturday afternoon, they slowed down to 3736 miles per hour and entered the orbit around the moon. They were woken up by the air traffic control station at 7: 02 am on Sunday, July 20th (their wireless telegram was connected to the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston) because it was scheduled to land on the moon. In the Eagle module, Armstrong and Aldrin stretched out four ugly legs for the lunar module landing. The air traffic control station told them, "You can leave the dock completely." So, the lunar module was separated from Columbia, and Armstrong said, "The eagle has grown wings!" " At 3: 08 pm, he started the engine of the spaceship, so they flew to the sea of tranquility on the moon.

They entered a low orbit 9.8 miles from the surface of the moon and flew in the terrible lunar wilderness full of mountains and craters. At this time, a computer in Houston started flashing on their dashboard to remind them. Now that we are so close to our destination, of course, we can't turn back. Just follow the instructions of a young guide in Houston and fly forward. Armstrong holds the manipulator, and Aldrin keeps reading out loudly the sailing speed and altitude displayed on the instrument. They had some trouble at the last minute of the descent. When Armstrong found that they were going to land in the vast inaccessible western crater (so called because they were 4 miles west of the target), the distance between the Eagle module and the moon was less than 500 feet. He flew outside the crater, but the unplanned extension of the journey meant that his fuel was about to run out; He must make a decision at once, either turning over or risking the plane crash. Just then, two white lights appeared on the dashboard in front of him, showing the words touch the moon. The eagle has landed.

He said, "Houston, this is Jinghai base, and the Eagle module has landed." It's Sunday, July 20th, 1969, 4 pm Eastern Daylight Time.

After checking the instruments for three hours, two astronauts asked Houston if they could get off the plane now if there was no scheduled four-hour rest. Houston replied, "We support your action." They put on $300,000 worth of spacesuits, which reduced the pressure on the lunar module. Then Armstrong turned his back outward and began to descend slowly from the ninth ladder. In the second step, he pulled a rope and turned on the lens of the TV camera, so that 500 million people could see him carefully landing on the desolate moon.

His nine and a half B boots touched the surface of the moon. He said, "This is one small step for man, but one giant step for mankind." It's afternoon 10, 56 minutes and 20 seconds. He dragged around on the ground. He said: "The surface of the moon is thin and pink, covering my soles and uppers layer by layer like charcoal powder. I stepped less than an inch deep, maybe only an eighth of an inch, but I could see my footprints on the sandy ground. "

Armstrong put some fine powder into the trouser pocket of his spacesuit. Then, 0/9 minutes after he got off the boat, Aldrin came up to him and said, "Beautiful, beautiful, magnificent and desolate scenery." Armstrong drove a stake into the soil and installed a TV camera on it. The eagle cabin, which looks like a spider, is 60 feet away from the camera and is located in the center of the TV image. Behind it is the eternal night in outer space. The gravity here is 1/6 g, which is only 16.6% of the gravity on the earth. Television viewers saw the two men jumping around like antelopes and heard Aldrin say, "When I was about to lose my balance, I found it very natural and easy to regain my balance." He raised an American flag 3 feet long and 5 feet wide and tied it to the flagpole with wire. Aldrin saluted it. They also stored a container containing telegrams from leaders of 76 countries and a stainless steel plaque that read: "People from the earth set foot on the moon for the first time in July 1969. We came here peacefully on behalf of all mankind. "

When collecting 50 pounds of stones for scientific research, they measured the temperature outside the spacesuit: 234 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun and 279 degrees below zero in the shade. They took out a metal foil to collect solar particles, set up seismographs to record the vibration of the moon, and set up mirrors to send the results to telescopes on earth. They returned to the eagle cabin in the middle of the night, stayed on the moon for 265,438+0 hours and 37 minutes, then started the engine and left the moon. (The air traffic control station says, "You can take off." Delin said, "Yes! We are the number one aircraft on this channel. " After returning to orbit, they will meet Corinth who stayed in Colombia. Collins reconnected the two flying tools. They climbed through the pipe to stay with him, and the Eagle module was released and floated into space, and finally crashed on the moon.

At 1: 56 in the morning, Collins turned Columbia to the earth, started the engine, and liberated the command module from the gravity of the moon. It takes 60 hours to return. That night, the astronauts sent photos of the earth itself 175000 miles away from TV. Aldrin said; "It's beautiful to sit here and watch the earth get bigger and bigger and the moon get smaller and smaller." Armstrong said, "No matter where you sail, it's always good to go home." On Thursday, they sailed at a speed of 24,602 miles per hour and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere 57 miles above the Pacific Ocean. At the most critical moment of this stage, the baffle of the spacecraft was scorched by the high temperature of 4 thousand degrees. Clouds surrounded the command module, so the radio contact was interrupted for three minutes.

The radar on the waiting aircraft carrier Bumblebee has detected that the landing Columbia is 13.8 miles away and dived under three 83-foot orange and white parachutes. Then, the command module splashed on the sea, set off a 6-foot-high wave and capsized. However, after three people in the cabin tried to inflate the airbag beside the boat, it immediately regained its balance. The helicopter that took off in Bumblebee circled overhead to guide the spacecraft to its destination. President Nixon waved binoculars on the bridge. The band on the boat played Columbia, You are a Pearl in the Sea. Throughout the United States and many foreign cities, church bells are ringing everywhere, air flutes are ringing, and drivers are honking their horns.

Materials: Apollo program:

The Apollo program was completed by NASA in the 1960s and 1970s. The plan was announced in May of 196 1, but after a long and in-depth study, the technology of returning to the moon was chosen. The final plan is to use the lunar orbit rendezvous method to send a 50-ton spacecraft into lunar orbit with a high-power vehicle (Saturn V). Several lunar landing vehicles (mainly large rockets) and spacecraft have been built. Apollo spacecraft itself is equipped with a small rocket engine, which can slow down the spacecraft into orbit around the moon when it approaches the moon. Moreover, a part of the spacecraft, the lunar module with rocket engine, can be separated from the spacecraft, carrying astronauts to the moon, returning to orbit around the moon and meeting with the Apollo spacecraft. The first manned Apollo flight was delayed by a tragic accident. During a launch exercise, the spaceship caught fire suddenly and three astronauts were killed. Apollo 7 has been around the earth for many times, carrying three astronauts1968101October 1 1. Apollo 8 took the first step of manned lunar exploration. It goes from orbiting the earth to orbiting the moon, and returns to the earth safely after completing its orbit around the moon. Apollo 9 flew around the earth for a long time to test the lunar module. Apollo 10 flew into the orbit around the moon, and then lowered the lunar module to within 15 km from the lunar surface to test its performance. 1In July 1969, Apollo 1 1 landed on the moon, which pushed the Apollo moon landing plan to a climax. Armstrong became the first astronaut to land on the moon. Apollo 1970 launched in April had an accident due to the explosion of oxygen cylinders, but it still returned to Earth safely. The rest of the Apollo flight extensively investigated the surface of the moon, collected a large number of lunar rock samples, and installed many instruments on the moon for scientific research, such as solar wind experiments and lunar seismic measurements. The last flight of Apollo-Apollo 17 was carried out in February 1972.