What was the official system in ancient China?

The development of China's ancient official positions can be roughly divided into three periods:

The first period was Xia and Shang Dynasties, which lasted about 1000 years. The monarch is called "Hou" and "Wang", and the main officials are called "Shi" and "Wu". In the late Shang Dynasty, the elders of the royal family called themselves "father teachers" and "Shao Shi" and were responsible for assisting the kings, such as Ji Zi and Bigan. Servants who manage housework are called "ministers", "butchers" and "Yin". (Yin years, fatuous and helpless, brother Wei Zi resigned and disappeared; His uncle Ji Zi repeatedly remonstrated and was punished as a slave; Zhou Wang's other uncle, Beagan, died in protest. Confucius said, "Yin has three benevolence". )

The second period, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, lasted about six or seven hundred years. The monarch is called "the son of heaven" and "the king of heaven". Heirs to the throne are called "Prince" and "East Palace". Wang's wife's name is Hou. ("Poem _ Xiao Ya _ Beishan" says: Under Pu (Pu) heaven, it is the land of kings, and the land of command. Is it Wang Zhichen? ") vassal fiefs are called countries, doctors fiefs are called cities, the royal family is the central government, and countries and cities are local governments. In the central government, except the king, the three public offices (Taishi, Taifu and Taibao) have the highest positions, and they can act on behalf of the king when he is young or absent. The government departments headed by Qing history manage military, administrative, judicial and foreign affairs, while the cultural and educational departments headed by Taishi manage gods, religions, secretaries and calendars, which are also called "Qing Dynasty History Liao" and "Taishi Liao" in bronze inscriptions. Under the bluestone, there are Dr. Situ, Dr. Sima and Dr. Sikong. Si Tuleideng is in charge of land and servants, Sima is in charge of military taxes and chariots and horses, and Sikong is in charge of major projects such as building cities and roads. Under Taishi, there are literature and history, imperial history, too servant, Zongbo, musicians and so on. Literature and history are responsible for planning the affairs of Dr. Qing, Imperial History is responsible for archives, Taibu is responsible for divination, Zongbo is responsible for etiquette, and musicians are responsible for music and education. The temporary tutor is called Xiang, the one in charge of royal affairs is called Zi or Tai Zi, the one in charge of the imperial army and teaching martial arts is called Shi, the imperial army is called Bian, and Wang's near minister is called. The establishment of local governments is basically the same as that of the central government. However, the ministers in power are all appointed by the Zhou Emperor and have been attacked from generation to generation. They can only be called "Qing" or "Zhengqing" or "Zhengqing", not "Qing history".

The third period began in the Warring States period and lasted for more than 2300 years. The characteristics of this period are as follows: ① the status of monarch was greatly improved and the power was highly concentrated; (2) In the state institutions, the history of witchcraft and imperial clan aristocrats do not occupy an important position, while the servants and attendants of the monarch rise to the main position; (3) The ruling area is getting wider and wider, the organization is getting bigger and bigger, and the division of responsibilities is getting more and more detailed and complicated.

1, monarch

Xia, Shang and Zhou were called the Emperors, Kings and Heavenly Kings.

During the Warring States period, it began to be called "Emperor" and "Emperor" (Emperor is the title of supreme god, and Emperor originally described the emperor. )

Qin began to call himself "the emperor" until the Revolution of 1911.

Huns are called Shan Yu (ch_n) Yu, Shan Yu's wife (yānzhι), Wusun Kunmo, Hou Loushou (f_) Le, Xianbei, Rouran, Turk, Uighur (h_), Khitan and Khitan. Tubo is called "Three Treasures".

2. Prime Minister

The prime minister is the highest office under the monarch to assist the monarch in handling government affairs.

Xia and Shang Dynasties were the history of witchcraft, the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the minister, and after the Warring States Period, he was the prime minister.

The prime minister developed from the vassal of the monarch. Zaiben is the title of the monarch's chief housekeeper, which means assistance. It is the essence of a prime minister to manage state affairs with the head of a vassal. The title of Prime Minister was first seen in Han Feizi's Constitutional Studies: "Therefore, the Prime Minister must start from the state department, and the fierce generals must be dispatched."

The origin of the prime minister's office is earlier. Chu set Lingyin, Chyi Chin set Xiang, Song set, Wu set Taizai. Guan Zhong, who helped Qi Huangong establish hegemony, was the first outstanding prime minister in the history of China. After the reunification of Qin, the title of prime minister was "Prime Minister".

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the functions and powers of the prime minister were transferred to Shangshutai (Shangshutai was originally a small organ in the emperor's private house responsible for sending and receiving documents), and its chief officer was Shangshuling (eunuch served as the secretary).

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful ministers Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao returned to the position of prime minister or prime minister, but they held this position and their real power was above the emperor.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shangshutai became independent from the palace and became the general organ of the central government to carry out government affairs. The chief and deputy chief of Shangshutai are both prime ministers. After Shangshutai was changed from an imperial clerical organ to an administrative organ of the imperial court, in order to receive and send documents, draft and convey imperial edicts, the Chinese Book Department was set up as a document processing organ, and its chief officials were the Chinese Book Supervisor, the Chinese Book Order and the Prime Minister. Zhongshu province is more important than Shangshu province, because Zhongshu province is in charge of confidential information and close to the emperor. In ancient times, it was called "Fengchi" and "Fengchi". The post of prime minister in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties belongs to Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, so the governors of the three provinces are also called prime ministers.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the name of the Prime Minister changed. The Sui Dynasty called it the internal history order and the internal book order, and the Tang Dynasty called it the right phase order, the Fengge order and the Wei Ziling. Shang Shuling held this position when Li Shimin was the king of Qin, but he didn't say anything later. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the provincial governor of Shangshu had only left and right servants to shoot (y_).

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was another official position of the Prime Minister, which was called "Zhengting Hall", "Zhongshu Gate" and "Zhongshu". In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council was the highest military institution, and its chief, Tang ambassadors and deputy ambassadors were consuls commensurate with Fu, and together with the Prime Minister, they were called "domination".

In the Ming Dynasty, the positions of Zhongshu Province and Prime Minister were abolished, and college students such as Gaihuatang, Shenshentang, Wuyingtang, Wenhua Hall, Wenyuange and Dongge were established as advisers to the emperor. Later, these college students became the actual prime ministers, known as "assistant ministers", and the chief college students were known as "yuan fu" and "records", with the heaviest authority and presided over the major affairs of the cabinet.

Imitation of Ming dynasty in early Qing dynasty. It was the "south study" in Kangxi and the "minister of military aircraft" after Yongzheng.

Among all kinds of official positions, the prime minister changes most frequently, and there is no fixed position, title and personnel, which is determined by the fundamental nature of absolute monarchy. The monarch can't live without the prime minister, and he is most worried that the prime minister's power is too heavy and his power is sidelined. This is the main reason why the official position of the Prime Minister is constantly changing.

3. Head of the Central Department

The division of government agencies began in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

There were six departments in the Western Zhou Dynasty: Situ, Sima, Sikong, Sikou, Daxie and Zongbo. These six official positions represent six departments. People who hold these positions are generally doctors.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a saying of "Nine Nobles", which was an honorific title for the heads of central departments. The monarch's family and state affairs are not divided, and political affairs are mixed together, which is an important feature of Jiupin nobles in Qin and Han Dynasties.

(1) Tai Chang (Feng Chang) is in charge of ancestral temple etiquette. Subordinates are Taishiling astronomical calendar, Taiyi doctor, and Dr. Zhang Jing;

(2) The bodyguard in charge of the palace gate is the doctor's palm, which is introduced and conveyed by the palm;

(3) Zhang Weiwei Palace guards;

(4) Servants are in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses, and are in charge of the national horse administration;

(5) Ting Wei is the highest judicial officer in China;

6. Pawn accepts minority affairs;

7 Zong Zheng is in charge of royal affairs;

⑧ Manage the history of millet, and be in charge of rent, money, salt, iron and national financial revenue and expenditure;

Pet-name ruby ShaoFu palm royal money, royal supplies and various court services.

In addition to Jiuqing, Jin Wu is in charge of public security in Beijing, and will be in charge of civil buildings such as palaces, ancestral temples and tombs, while Da Changqiu will announce the queen's will and manage palace affairs. Jiuqing and these three Qing are twelve Qing.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the system of Shangshu developed rapidly. The total number of Shangshutai has soared from seven in the Qin Dynasty to more than 60, making it the general organ of the central government to carry out government affairs. After that, each Cao in Shangshu gradually became a department, and it was determined to be six in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty was named after officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers, and it has been used since the Qing Dynasty. Six departments are the main government departments after Sui and Tang Dynasties.

(1) The official department is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment and commendation of civil servants nationwide;

(2) The Ministry is in charge of national household registration, land, taxation, money and grain, fiscal revenue and expenditure, etc. ;

(3) The Ministry of Rites is in charge of etiquette, sacrifice, imperial examinations, schools and other affairs;

(4) The Ministry of War is responsible for the selection of military attaché s and military and political management;

⑤ The Ministry of Punishment is in charge of national judicial administration;

⑥ The Ministry of Industry is in charge of various projects, craftsmen, reclamation, water conservancy and transportation.

Most of the functions and powers of Jiuqing in Qin and Han Dynasties were replaced by six ministries. Although the name Jiuqing still exists, its content has undergone great changes, and some are even completely different, such as:

(1) is often called Taichang Siqing;

(2) Guanglu Luxun is called Guanglu Siqing;

(3) Wei Wei called Wei Wei four clean-ups;

(4) Taipu is called Taipu Temple Minister;

⑤ Ting Wei called Dali Temple Minister;

6. Zong Zheng called Zong Zheng Si Qing;

⑦ Dahongyan is the secretary of Honghongyan Temple;

Today, Daxinong is called the secretary of Xinong Temple;

Pet-name ruby a teacher called a teacher Dian Qing.

There are only five temples in Qing Dynasty: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple.

The temple established during the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty was the first institution in China to manage Buddhism, and its main leaders were Datong and Tong.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties began to set up five prisons. The five prisons in the Tang Dynasty were imperial academy, Shaofu, Jiangzuo, Qi Jun and Dushui.

① imperial academy is the institution in charge of school education;

(2) ShaoFuJian is in charge of the royal wealth, royal supplies and all kinds of court affairs;

(3) The chief supervisor is the office of civil construction institutions such as palaces, ancestral halls and tombs;

(four) military equipment supervision is responsible for the manufacture, storage and distribution of military equipment;

⑤ The water supervisor is the organization that manages canals, beams, dikes and weirs.

In the Qing Dynasty, only imperial academy was left in the five prisons, and the other four prisons were merged into the Ministry of Industry. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a new Qin Tianjian established a calendar in charge of astronomy. In addition, from Sui and Tang Dynasties to Qing Dynasty, Imperial Hospital and Zongren Hospital were established successively. The central administrative department in Qing Dynasty can be summarized as six departments, five temples, two prisons, two hospitals, one government and sixteen hospitals.

4. Army attache

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was no distinction between military and political affairs. The ruler is responsible for administrative and military affairs. During the war, the army was divided into left, middle and right armed forces. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the generals of the upper, middle and lower armed forces were called generals, generals (also known as marshals) and generals, which was the beginning of the establishment of Wu Zhi.

After Qin and Han Dynasties, the establishment of military attache can be divided into three aspects:

(1) generals guarding the palace and the capital;

(2) Wu Zhi is in charge of military and political affairs;

(3) the general who led the troops to fight.

Qiu (called Sima by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) is in charge of the national military and political affairs. Senior military attaché s include generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals riding chariots and generals Wei.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, ministers with the highest power often gave them the title of "Fake Huang Yue" when they went to war, which meant to represent the emperor. Local military and political chiefs were given the title of "making festivals" and the power to kill officials below the intermediate level. Wu Zhi's aides said whether to join the army or not.

In the Tang Dynasty, when the governor was in charge of festivals, he was called our festival envoy. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the imperial court set up ten new central imperial armies: Left and Right Guards, Left and Right Long Jun, Left and Right Shence Army, Left and Right Shenwei Army (the most powerful, with a guard lieutenant as the commander-in-chief of the imperial army), with generals, generals, longwu, Ce Shen and SHEN WOO as the unified armies.

The regular army in the Song Dynasty was called Forbidden Soldiers, and there were more than 800,000 people in Renzong. The imperial army was commanded by three officials, who were called Dian Shuai, Ma Shuai and Bu Shuai respectively. Military attaché s who teach martial arts are all coaches, but the status of coaches is very low. (For example, Lin Chong) The power to transfer the imperial army is in the Privy Council and directly controlled by the emperor. The Privy Council is a military administrative organ, and its chief executive is a Tang Dynasty. In local provinces, prefectures and states, there should be a viceroy or viceroy (hereinafter referred to as viceroy) or viceroy (hereinafter referred to as viceroy). (such as Zhang Dujian and Lu Tihai)

The guard of Genghis Khan in Yuan Dynasty was called "afraid of Xue", and the chief called it "afraid of Xue". During Kublai Khan's reign, five garrison troops, left, right, middle, front and back, were established as a standing army to guard the capital, and each guard was in charge.

In the Ming dynasty, the army implemented the system of health centers. Health is the basic establishment of the army, consisting of thousands of households and hundreds of households. Wei, the great official, called the governor, called thousands of households and hundreds of households, and there were also general flags and small flags. The emperor's Sineitai increased from 12 to 26, and the Royal Guards was one of them.

The Qing army was divided into two systems: the Eight Banners and the green camp. The Eight Banners include Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Army Eight Banners; Green camp soldiers, also known as green flag soldiers, are composed of Han Chinese recruited after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The governor in charge of green camp is called the Nine Magistrates. The titles of generals stationed in various places are crowned with the names of their places of residence, such as General Shengjing and General Yili. In order to suppress the peasant uprising in the Qing Dynasty, the soldiers recruited temporarily in the local area were called "Yong" and their troops were called "Yong Camp". The Xiang and Huai armies established by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang were the main armed forces of the Qing government to suppress the insurgents.

5. Supervisors and lecturers

The supervisor is an official (eyes and ears) who supervises officials at all levels on behalf of the monarch. Chen Chen is an official who bluntly exhorts and corrects the monarch's fault. In ancient times, the envoys and admonishers were also called Taiwan remonstrance, also called speech officials.

The State of Supervision was first established during the Warring States Period, when Shi Yu, the secretary of the monarch, also served as the State of Supervision.

The imperial government was set up in Qin and Western Han Dynasties, headed by the imperial doctor, supplemented by Cheng. Those who keep files in the imperial palace and urge officials are called imperial advisers; Go out and monitor the reputation of the county as a supervisor. In special emergencies, the emperor temporarily sent an imperial censor with the right to kill, which was called embroidered imperial censor, or embroidered imperial censor. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the censor was changed into a general, the censor was changed into a censor, the censor was changed into an official, and the censor was changed into a shaofu, which became a special supervisory organ. Since then, Shi Yu has become a proper noun for supervisors.

After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yushitai became independent from Shaofu and became a national supervisory organization.

In the Tang Dynasty, Yushitai was divided into three courtyards: Taiyuan, Dianyuan and chayuan.

In the Ming Dynasty, Yushitai was changed to Duchayuan. Every province has a provincial judge's office, which is headed by a provincial judge and is in charge of justice and supervision, and is called the supervision office.

In the Qing Dynasty, the leaders of Douchayuan were Zuodu Shi Yu and Zuo Fu Shi Yu.

The remonstrance officer was set earlier than the supervisor. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, a great remonstrance was launched in Qi Huangong, which was the beginning of remonstrance officer setting. Traditional Chinese medicine in the state of Jin, Zhao's left and right division and Chu's left disciple all belong to the nature of admonition.

There were remonstrators in Qin and Han Dynasties, but there were no special remonstrators. Dr. Guanglu, Dr. Taizhong, Dr. Jian, Dr. Zhong San, Mr. Ichiro and other official positions in the Han Dynasty all belonged to Guanglu Xun, who was in charge of discussion and attended by the emperor and consultants. Shi Zhong and Zhong Chang Shi in the Eastern Han Dynasty became official titles and belonged to a small government.

The Sui Dynasty changed the position of the courtiers in accepting characters, while Wu Zetian added left and right gleanings and left and right addenda.

In the song dynasty, it was changed to make up for the deficiency, make up for the deficiency, make up for it, set up an advice court, and left and right counselors and doctors as the main officials, and the advice was returned.

After the Liao Dynasty, the remonstrating officials existed in name only, or in name only.

6, the monarch's secretary and literary attendants

A secretary is an official who works in writing and books around the monarch. The monarch's secretary evolved from the position of historian. During the Warring States period, the secretary of the monarch had different titles, such as imperial history, master book, palm book, imperial book and history book. Scholars who advise the monarch at any time are called bachelors, doctors, and scholars.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Yushi was a minister and belonged to Lantai. Lantai is the place where books and files are collected in the palace.

The Qilin Pavilion in the Western Han Dynasty and the Dongguan (gu_n) in the Eastern Han Dynasty were forbidden places to collect books, and the emperor ordered other officials to take charge. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, ministers were placed in charge, and Taishi ordered only astronomical calendars, and there was no job of compiling history. The compilation of historical books was carried out by the emperor's temporary appointment of literary scholars in the East View, which is called the East View of Works. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, called a famous Confucian to give lectures in Shiqu Pavilion, and Zhang Di, Emperor Gaozu, called a famous Confucian to give lectures in Baihuguan. This is the beginning of giving lectures, and it is called Tanlang. Most of the records of the emperor's words and deeds were written by the female history of the palace, and some were written by the queen herself.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the position of writing imperial edicts was held by China calligraphers in Zhongshu Province. The title of China's book Scheeren has been changed many times. From Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, it was called "Sheren in Internal History" and "Sheren in Internal Books", while Wu Zetian called "Sheren in Fengge" for short.

The establishment of the Hanlin Academy, which began in the Tang Dynasty, was originally a place where the imperial court worshipped all kinds of literary and artistic technologies, and the scribes were only a part of it. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty first made Hanlin an imperial edict, then changed it to Hanlin as a sacrifice, and later changed it to a bachelor's degree and set it up as a bachelor's college. The person admitted to the hospital is called Hanlin Bachelor.

The secretary provinces in the Tang Dynasty were renamed Lantai and Lintai. The history museum was established in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong took the history museum as the prime minister and post, which was called the national history supervision and repair. Tang also set up a living room at the gate of the provincial capital to repair the notes of the mansion. In the early Tang Dynasty, he set up the Hong Wen Pavilion, which was in charge of four books and other books. During the Kaiyuan period, there was also Jixian Temple Academy, with a bachelor as prime minister, who was responsible for publishing and compiling ancient books, writing articles and writing imperial books. The bachelor from Hong Wen Pavilion and Jixian Temple Academy was also ordered to participate in secrecy and draft imperial edicts. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the emperor often treated the bachelor with more courtesy than the prime minister.

The Song Dynasty paid special attention to bachelor's degree. The college was renamed Hanlin College, or Hanyuan and Forbidden Forest. Because of the forbidden area in the palace, the treatment is excellent, so it is called jade department and jade hall. In the Northern Song Dynasty, along the Tang system, the history museum was used with Zhao Wennettle. What? Buy brain skeleton: what do you want? Hey? Hey? How many frogs are there? Hey? Planting? Are you really scratching? Tuotuo? Raise money? h？ The warbler is oval? Pingping, 9 years old? . ? Yu Yun Donkey] Hey? Is it far? Zhu? Paralysis? Sue? Hey? Hey? br & gt

In the Ming Dynasty, imperial examinations, works, historical compilation and library collections were all incorporated into imperial academy, known as Linz. Since then, imperial academy has become a special name for literary scholars, and imperial academy has officially become an official institution of foreign countries.

In the early Qing dynasty, a literary museum was established as a minister of literary attendants, known as a literary scholar. Later, it was changed to the Third Hospital, namely the Institute of Internal History, the Institute of Internal Secretaries and the Institute of Internal Hong Wen. The civil history notes the emperor's daily life and imperial edicts, and collects imperial figures; The internal secretariat prepares foreign documents, decrees and eulogies; In the courtyard of Hong Wen, the palm of your hand interprets the gains and losses of ancient and modern politics and speaks for emperors and princes.

7. Learning Officer

Academic officials, also known as instructors, refer to officials and official teachers in charge of academic affairs.

Legend has it that there were schools in the Xia Dynasty. The earliest schools were, Xu and Xiao, which mainly taught martial arts.

Schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty are divided into universities and primary schools. The scholar of the emperor is called Bi (b_) Yong, and the scholar of the vassal is called Pan (p_n) Palace. He teaches martial arts with teachers and poetry, ceremony and music with music, and the secretary becomes the official in charge of learning.

There were doctoral officers in the early Qin and Han dynasties. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the suggestion of the palace and established the Five Classics Doctor. Since then, the doctor has specialized in teaching classics and has become a faculty member. In the Western Han Dynasty, a doctor servant shot as its leader, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed as a doctor offering wine. The place where the doctor gives lectures is called Imperial College, and his disciples are called Imperial College. The doctor was called a university teacher at that time. Schools are generally established at the county level. Counties say "learning", counties say "learning" and towns say "gathering" and "ordering".

During the Northern Qi Dynasty, the central government set up a special educational institution named Guo Zi Temple, whose main official was to provide wine.

Emperor Yang Di changed Guo Zi Temple to imperial academy. It belongs to Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Calligraphy, Arithmetic and so on. , each with a doctor.

The academy, which is a collection of books and lectures, appeared in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Its founder is either a private person or an official, and the recipient is called the founder Shan Chang.

Imperial academy and Guo Zi were United in Ming Dynasty, and imperial academy followed the Ming system in Qing Dynasty. During the Guangxu period, the Ministry of Education was reformed, and the provinces set up prefects to study politics, also known as inspectors or learning stations. Studying politics is the highest official of a province's education.

8. Court Clerk

Palace Office refers to officials who serve the monarch and his family. This kind of official originated from the monarch's retainer, which was called retainer, Yin and Zai in Xia and Shang Dynasties.

In the Ming Dynasty, there was no institution in charge of state affairs, which was divided between eunuchs and female officials. Eunuchs have twelve prisons, four divisions, eight bureaus and other * * * twenty-four yamen, each with officials such as prefect eunuchs and handprint eunuchs.

In the Qing dynasty, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was established as an institution to manage court affairs. There are seven departments and three hospitals under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Besides the Seventh Division and the Third Hospital, there are three weaving offices in Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou, Weaving and Dyeing Bureau, Royal Tea Restaurant, Royal Pharmacy Bureau and hall of mental cultivation.

9. local governor

The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment. The local governor is a bannerman and a doctor. The vassal's fief is called the country, and the doctor's fief is called the city. During the Warring States period, the princess was called Shou (or Taishou) and the princess was called Ling. After the reunification of Qin, counties with more than 10,000 households were called orders, and counties with less than 10,000 households were called chiefs.

In the Han Dynasty, the county where Liehou ate was called the county, and the county where Empress Dowager, Empress and Princess ate was called the county. The chief executive of the state of Hou is Xiang. At the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, thirteen states were established as prison areas, and each state set up a secretariat (sometimes called herding).

Beiqi County is divided into nine grades, and all officers give orders. The county magistrate still calls it the satrap. The governor called it the secretariat.

In the early Tang Dynasty, there were 10 lanes, which increased to 15 lanes in Xuanzong. This is a monitoring area, and each channel is equipped with observation envoys (judges and journalists). In the Tang dynasty, the military region set up a viceroy's office, and the viceroy and ambassador held festivals, calling our time. Our era was first established in the border town and then in the mainland. Our times have three functions: military, administrative and inspector, and become a powerful local military and political chief.

New changes have taken place in local administration in Song Dynasty. The court sent officials to understand (preside over) the affairs of a county, which was called a magistrate; The chief executive of the country said that he has the right to know the affairs of a country, which is called Zhizhou for short.

The Governor of Liao Dynasty was the envoy of our time, or an observer, or a group envoy, or a historian. The sheriff is order.

The next administrative region in the Ming Dynasty was the government, which was equivalent to the county in the Han Dynasty and the state in the Tang Dynasty. The governor's yamen is called the magistrate and the Beijing yamen is called the prefect. There are two kinds of government: one is Zhili government, which is at the same level as the government; One is the scattered state, which is at the same level as the county. The governor of a state is known, and the governor of a county is called a magistrate.

The local administration of the Qing dynasty generally followed the system of the Ming dynasty, but it was slightly different. At the provincial level, the governor or governor is the official top official. Governors and governors are also called government officials, or ministers, officials and job. When Qianlong was in power, the senior officials in charge of the state and government were called Taoist priests, not Taoist priests and observers. In the Qing Dynasty, the establishment of the guild hall was established in the newly developed areas, and its chief was Tongzhi or Tongguan.

10, assistant officials, subordinate officials and small officials

Officials who assist the Chief Executive in handling various specific affairs are assistant officials, subordinate officials or small officials.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Cheng was the most important assistant official in the imperial court from the central government to the local government.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, assistant ministers or subordinate officials in Shangshu, Menxia and Secretarial provinces were often called Lang, Assistant Minister, Langzhong and Yuanwailang. There are secretaries, authors and proofreaders in the secretary province.

In the Song Dynasty, judges were set up in state government offices, which means * * * is the same as handling government affairs. In the court of the Song Dynasty, there was an official uniform that ran around giving orders, called Kuaixing, also called Kuaijia. In the inner and outer yamen, there are also official positions called Confucius and protector. (such as Song Jiang)

There are so-called "three classes and six rooms" in the official business of local officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The third category refers to fast, strong and soap, which is a handyman and specializes in arresting people; Six rooms refer to clerks who handle specific affairs in six rooms: official, household, ceremony, soldier, criminal and worker. From governors and governors to prefectures and counties, we need to hire a group of knowledgeable people to help us deal with various affairs. These people are called aides, also known as screen guests, screen friends, screen guests, teachers and so on.

1 1. trial officers, support officers and gift officers

There are regulations in the official system of the Han Dynasty: all officials should be on probation for one year at the beginning of taking office and should be retained. People with lower positions temporarily replace people with higher positions. A person who works in two jobs at the same time is called a part-time job. Let a person with a higher position concurrently hold the post of a person with a lower position, which is called receiving or leveling. Adding a specific official number and adding a new position to the official is called adding an official.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the military and political officials who were ordered to conquer were given the titles of "Fake Huang Yue", "Envoy", "Holding Festival" and "Fake Festival", with more power. The surname Xu was originally a retinue officer. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the emperor's son-in-law added this title as usual, referred to as Xu for short.

In the Tang Dynasty, the system of adding officials, posts and titles was more widely used. In the Tang Dynasty, there was no fixed official title. Anyone who adds the word "proofreading" before an official position is generally promoted to an official position. Tang trainee, who exercises his professional title (or insider) during the internship. Those with higher positions and lower ranks are called "officials", while those with lower positions and higher ranks are called "officials".

The post in Song Dynasty refers to the honorary titles of Tang, Ge, University, Bachelor, Straight Bachelor and Waiting System. , commonly known as the waiter. Officials are proud of adding a bachelor's degree. For example, Bao Zheng holds a bachelor's degree from Tianzhangge and Longtuge in Zhi Dai. At that time, the bachelor's title of Longtuge was commonly known as: the bachelor called the old dragon, the straight bachelor called the big dragon, the system called the little dragon, and the straight Dragon Tuge called the pseudo dragon. The official atmosphere in the Song Dynasty was completely opposite to that in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: emphasizing literature and restraining martial arts.

12. Jue, Xun, Xiao and Ling

Jue, Xun, Pin and rank indicate the rank of an official.

The title of title is generally called the title of title, which is a kind of honorific title to express social status and material treatment. Granted by blood relationship or merit, unchanged for a long time. In most cases, it can be hereditary.

There are three levels of titles in the Western Zhou Dynasty: princes, doctors and scholars.

During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries included Jun, Hou, Qing and Doctor. Gui Zhi is a special name of Chu State. During the Warring States period, most titles were divorced from official positions, and some were just titles without official positions.

In the Han dynasty, the imperial clan was named king and marquis, and the hero was named twenty.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the titles of imperial clan and heroes in past dynasties were mostly Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong. Kings are divided into princes, heirs and county kings. The prince only gives it to the prince and the emperor's brother. The heir king refers to the heir of the prince, and the county king is the second prince.

In the Han Dynasty, the emperor's daughter was called a princess, and the emperor's sister was called princess royal. The daughter of the king of the Tang Dynasty was called a princess. In the Qing Dynasty, the queen's daughter was called Princess Gulun, the concubines were called Princess Heshuo, the daughter of the royal family was called Gege, and the daughter of the prince was called Princess Heshuo, that is, the princess. The princess's husband, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, was named Ma Xu, and in the Qing Dynasty, he was called the forehead.

Xueba, commonly known as Xueba, is a title that rewards meritorious personnel. Its system began in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and was initially used to reward soldiers who had made meritorious deeds, and then gradually spread to court officials. Customized in the Tang Dynasty, * * * twelve turns, most of which are expensive, and the decorated person is called a decorated officer.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were ten articles and twelve martial arts.

In the Qing Dynasty, meritorious officials merged into titles.

Product refers to the official rank.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, officials had nine lives, with nine lives being the highest and one life the lowest.

In the Han dynasty, the rank of officials was expressed by the rank of Lu, such as, two thousand, one thousand and eight hundred stones. Every official has a fixed salary scale, so sometimes the salary scale refers to the official position. For example, the salary of a county magistrate is 2000 stone, which is the general name of a county magistrate.

Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, officials have been divided into nine grades, with the first grade being the highest.

In the Sui Dynasty, the nine grades to the first grade officials were called "inside the stream", and those who did not enter the nine grades were called "outside the stream". There are grades outside the stream, which are used to arrange petty officials. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were always called dirty.

Rank is rank officer, also known as scattered officer. Song dynasty called it the guard officer, which is the rank and title of the official's actual rank.

Some officials say that they have no actual duties, but only hand over their duties to old and sick ministers or people with certain honors and services, only as the basis for receiving salaries and enjoying certain courtesy, and do not bear actual responsibilities. Such officials are called scattered officials.

Appointment and removal of ancient officials:

(1) Transfer: transfer, transfer, generally refers to promotion; Moving to the left is demotion and transfer.

(2) Chen: Demoted and transferred.

(3) worship: granting official positions.

(4) Grant: Grant an official position.

(5) Zhuo: Selection and promotion.

(6) Except: Withdraw old posts and take new posts.

(7) Strike: recall and suspension.

(8) Exemption: Exemption from official position.

(9) Disturbance: dethroning and abdication are also used to deprive the throne or prince of his inheritance.