From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, ancient science and technology were the best.

First, the application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder.

1. Movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty and its spread (blackboard writing) are the basis of movable type printing. In ancient China, after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the printing technology became more and more perfect in the Song Dynasty. But the shortcomings of time-consuming and laborious carving are also exposed. For example, in Song Taizu, the official engraving of the Chengdu Tripitaka took 12 years, and130,000 pieces were engraved. Therefore, replacing block printing with movable type printing has become an inevitable trend in the printing industry. During the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the civilian Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. The specific method is as follows: carve movable type with clay, burn hard, then arrange movable type one by one on the iron plate with turpentine and wax, heat to melt the wax, flatten the characters with a flat plate, and fix the movable type on the iron plate after cooling. Ink printing. After printing, heat the iron plate again, remove the movable type after the wax melts, and reuse it. Movable type printing in Bi Sheng laid the basic process of modern movable type printing.

( 1)? Wang Zhen-fa Ming's wooden movable-type wheel typesetting plate in Yuan Dynasty. (2)? Uighur movable type discovered in Dunhuang in Yuan Dynasty. Dissemination: Movable type printing later spread to Korea, Japan, Egypt and Europe. /kloc-The movable type edition was only available in Europe in the 0/5th century, which was 400 years later than Bi Sheng's invention.

2. The compass began to be used for navigation and communication in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Warring States period, our people have made "Sina" by using the finger polarity of magnets (see photo). It consists of a smooth magnetic spoon and a copper plate engraved with directions. When the spoon stops, the handle points to the south. In the Northern Song Dynasty, people kept experimenting, exploring and improving, and finally found that steel could be magnetized after grinding on a magnet, and its magnetism was more stable than that of natural magnets. According to this discovery, a compass was made. Later, I learned to fix the compass in the azimuth plate and made a compass needle. This greatly improves the stability of pointing, and this form of compass is still popular all over the world. Due to the unprecedented development of foreign trade in the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass, as an accurate and reliable navigation instrument, was applied to the navigation industry. During the Southern Song Dynasty, compasses were widely installed on ships in China. Communication: During the Southern Song Dynasty, it was spread to Europe by Arabs.

3? The widespread use and spread of gunpowder in the army. Gunpowder was used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and was more widely used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, in order to resist the attacks of Liao, Xixia and Jin, the Song Dynasty strengthened the production and research of weapons, and the gunpowder weapons were constantly improved. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a new breakthrough. A tubular firearm called a musket (see photo) is the most primitive gun in the world, with giant bamboo as the barrel and original bullets in it. Its invention greatly improved the accuracy of firearms shooting. In the early years of Yuan Dynasty, a large tubular firearm made of copper or iron appeared, collectively called "spear", which contained iron pellets (see figure: copper spear in Yuan Dynasty) and had a fire hole at the end for ignition, which had the basic structure of modern artillery. The widespread use of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons is an epoch-making progress in the history of world weapons, which has greatly changed the way of human warfare. Communication: During the Southern Song Dynasty, gunpowder spread to Arabia. Mongolia traveled westward and firearms also spread to Arabia. At the beginning of 65438+4th century, when Islamic countries attacked Spain, they used gunpowder weapons. At this time, European countries began to contact gunpowder weapons and manufacture them. Printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking are the four great inventions of China in ancient times, and they are also important symbols of China becoming an ancient civilization in the world. Q: What is the historical significance of the invention of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder?

Second, scientists Shen Kuo and Guo Shoujing.

1. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo created the Twelve Calendars of Qi and wrote A Talk on Meng Xi. Shen Kuo is a scientist who occupies an important position in the history of world science. He was called "the most peculiar figure in the history of science in China" by Dr Joseph Needham, an expert in the history of science in Britain. (Look at the picture) He has achieved a lot. Ask a classmate to answer. What are his outstanding achievements? A: (1) The "Twelve-qi Calendar" he created is an advanced and reasonable calendar.

(2) The author of "Meng Qian Bi Tan" described in detail many scientific and technological achievements in ancient China, including many scientific thoughts of Shen Kuo himself. (2) Guo Shoujing compiled a calendar in Yuan Dynasty and presided over the excavation of Tonghui River. (On the blackboard) Guo Shoujing is a great astronomer. He created a calendar-the year of service. The calendar takes 365.2425 as the tropic year. The tropic year of modern determination is 365.24438+09, and the difference between them is only 26 seconds. At present, the international Gregorian calendar also adopts 365.2425 days as a year, but it was promulgated in 1582, which is 300 years later than the service calendar, which has been implemented for 364 years, and is the most accurate and longest-used calendar in ancient China. Guo Shoujing is also an expert in water conservancy. He led the construction of Tonghui River between Dadu and Tongzhou, which enabled grain tankers to sail into Dadu Jishuitan, greatly facilitating transportation.

Iii. Agronomy and Medicine (Blackboard) 1? Wang Zhen's agricultural book (blackboard writing) 2? The contents of acupuncture and moxibustion and the achievements of forensic medicine in Song Dynasty (blackboard writing) are all read by students themselves. What needs to be made clear is that Wang Zhen was a famous agronomist in Yuan Dynasty, and his "Agricultural Book" was the first book to systematically study agronomy in China. The appearance of acupuncture bronze figures in the Northern Song Dynasty and medical works in the Southern Song Dynasty reflected the new development of medicine in the Song Dynasty.

Four. Mature Ancient Buildings (Blackboard Writing) Architectural Style (Blackboard Writing) Written by Northern Song Dynasty Architect Li Jie A monograph on cadre architecture appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, among which Li Jie's architectural style is the most famous. It shows that the ancient architectural technology in China has entered a mature stage. It is the most comprehensive and scientific architectural manual in ancient China and the earliest and most complete architectural work in the world. Summarizing the highly prosperous culture in Song and Yuan Dynasties makes us proud, but we should not be complacent and complacent. Let us be brave and good at absorbing all the outstanding achievements of world civilization and creating a more splendid socialist culture.

By about 1300, the decimal notation had been used in Liu Jin's Poems of Law in Yuan Dynasty, but the concept of decimal did not appear in the west until 1585, and its expression method was far less advanced than that in China.

Iron ball for dredging channels and collaterals

In our country, some people exercise their fingers with wooden balls, stone balls and walnut balls for a long time. Later, some rich and powerful nobles developed them into glass balls and jade balls, and gradually evolved into solid iron balls. These balls with different materials and playing with fingers gradually formed the early fitness balls in China. Because iron ball plays an important role in the development of iron ball culture with a long history in China, people used to call it "iron ball sport".

Specifically, iron ball began in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was a solid ball, also called an iron egg, which was a weapon for both fitness and self-defense. According to the data, the solid ball was changed into a hollow ball in Jiaqing period of Ming Dynasty, and it became popular in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. Its function of dredging meridians and activating qi and blood by stimulating hand acupoints is gradually recognized by people.

Baoding, China is the main production base of iron balls in China at present. The present iron ball is developed through improvement and innovation on the basis of ancient production technology in Ming and Qing Dynasties, with finer technology and more scientific structure. The materials of the ball are more diverse and the surface patterns are richer. The internal structure is becoming more and more complicated. There is a ball in the ball, and the soundboard is installed in pairs, commonly known as "a man and a woman". When you hold it in your hand, the sound is different, high and low, crisp and pleasant, which can not only adjust your body and mind, but also cultivate your temperament in the crisp and pleasant sound of iron balls.

Watertight cabin to increase navigation safety;

This kind of ship structure was invented in the Tang Dynasty, and was widely used in seagoing ships after the Song Dynasty, and some inland ships also adopted it. The so-called watertight cabin is to divide the cabin into unconnected cabins with bulkhead plates. The number of carriages is 13, and there are also eight. This ship structure is a great invention of shipbuilding in China, and it has many advantages.

First of all, because the compartments are closely separated, even if one or two compartments are damaged and water enters during navigation, especially during ocean navigation, water will not flow to other compartments. As a whole, the ship still maintains considerable buoyancy and will not sink. If there is too much water, the ship will not be able to support it. As long as the cargo is abandoned and the load is reduced, it will not sink to the bottom of the sea soon. If the ship is not seriously damaged and there is not much water inflow, as long as the goods in the water inflow area are removed, the damaged place can be repaired without affecting the ship's continued navigation. If the water is serious, you can also drive to the nearest port or land for emergency repair. Therefore, the watertight compartment not only improves the anti-sinking performance of the ship, but also increases the safety performance of navigation.

Secondly, the ship is divided into compartments, so it is more convenient to load, unload and manage goods. Different shippers can load and unload chemicals in a single cabin at the same time, which improves the loading and unloading efficiency and is convenient for management.

In addition, because the bulkhead is closely connected with the hull plate, it plays a role in strengthening the hull, which not only increases the overall transverse strength of the ship, but also replaces the process of rib reinforcement and simplifies the shipbuilding process.

Because of these advantages, watertight cabin structure is widely welcomed. 1974 Southern Song Dynasty ships unearthed in Houzhu, Quanzhou Bay, 1976 Yuan Dynasty ships discovered in Xin 'an, South Korea, and 1982 Southern Song Dynasty ships discovered in Fashi, Quanzhou all adopt watertight compartments. Xin 'an seagoing ship has 8 cabins, and the French seagoing ship also has about 8 cabins.

The watertight compartment structure adopted by Chinese ships has long been appreciated by foreign countries. In Yuan Dynasty, the Italian executor Kyle Poirot described China's ships in detail in his travel notes.

British Bentham once inspected the ship structure in China, improved the shipbuilding technology in Europe, and introduced the watertight cabin structure into China. In A.D. 1795, he was commissioned by the British Royal Navy to design and manufacture six new ships. In his paper, he said that the ship he built "has bulkheads to increase strength, which can protect the ship from flooding and sinking, just as China people do now." Later, Mrs. Bentham pointed out in her biography for her husband: "This is not the invention of General Bentham. He himself has publicly said,' This is what China people do today, just like what ancient China people did.' " Since then, China's advanced watertight cabin structure has been gradually absorbed by shipbuilding technology in Europe and even the world, and it is still an important structural form in ship design.

Keel structure, an important invention of shipbuilding industry

The keel structure of ancient ships in China is an important invention of shipbuilding industry, which has a far-reaching impact on the development of ship structures in the world. In the Song Dynasty, the deck of the sharp-bottomed seagoing ship was flat, the side of the ship was cut like a blade, and the cross section of the ship was V-shaped. Under the sharp-bottomed ship, the keel running through the fore and aft is set to support the hull, which makes the ship stronger and has strong wind and wave resistance. European ships began to adopt this keel structure at the beginning of19th century, hundreds of years later than China.

Astronomical timing instrument, water transport instrument, image platform

In the year of Song San (A.D. 1088), under the initiative and leadership of the famous scientist Su Song, an outstanding astronomical timing instrument, the water transport instrument, was made in Kaifeng, the capital at that time. The concept of water transport instrument image platform absorbs the advantages of previous instruments, especially the advantages of automatic time-telling device improved by astronomer Zhang Sixun in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In terms of mechanical structure, the common mechanical principles such as waterwheel, truck, orange peel, cam and balance beam are adopted, and the observation, demonstration and time-telling equipment are integrated to form an automatic observation platform.

In Su Song's New Instrument Law, the design and manufacture of water-borne instrument platform are introduced in detail, and several drawings are attached. According to the new instrument and image method, the water transport instrument and image platform are made of wood, with a square bottom, a narrow bottom and a slightly divided top. It is about 12 meters high and 7 meters wide at the bottom, and is divided into three layers.

The upper floor is an open platform with an armillary sphere supported by a dragon column, and there is a pool for leveling below. The armillary sphere is covered with a wooden roof, which can keep out the sun and rain. In order to facilitate observation, the roof can be opened and closed at will, and the concept is ingenious. It is more than seven meters high from the terrace to the base of the instrument platform.

The middle floor is a "secret room" without windows, where elephants are placed. Half of the celestial sphere is hidden under the horizon, and the other half is exposed above the horizon. It is driven by a wheel and rotates once a day, which truly reproduces the changes of astronomical phenomena such as the rise and fall of stars. The lower floor is equipped with a door facing south. There are five wooden pavilions in the door, and the mechanical transmission system is behind the wooden pavilions.

The wooden pavilion on the first floor, also called "Zhengya Bell and Drum Tower", is responsible for the standard time of the whole station. This wooden pavilion has three small doors. At the beginning of every hour (in ancient times, a day was divided into twelve hours, and an hour was divided into the beginning and the timing), there was a Woodenhead in red who rang the bell at the left door; Every time, a Woodenhead in purple rings the bell at the right door; Every quarter of an hour, a Woodenhead in green plays drums in the middle door.

The wooden pavilion on the second floor can tell the early and correct name of twelve hours, which is equivalent to the hour dial of modern clocks. There are twenty-four Chen Si Woodenhead on this floor, with time cards in their hands, which read, Zi Zheng, Ugly Chu and Ugly Zheng in turn. At the beginning of every day, at the right time, Chen Si Mu Ren appeared in front of the wooden pavilion on time.

The wooden pavilion on the third floor was specially carved. * * * There are ninety-six statues of Chen Simu, of which twenty-four have reported the start and the correct time, and the rest are carved. For example: Zi Zheng: the first moment, the second moment and the third moment; Ugliness first: the first moment, the second moment, the third moment, and so on. )

The wooden pavilion on the fourth floor tells the time. Woodenhead can shoot pheasants and report more according to different seasons.

There are thirty-eight wooden statues in the wooden pavilion on the fifth floor. With the change of solar terms, the position of wooden figures can report the details of fainting, dawn, sunrise and several watches.

Woodenhead in the five-story wooden pavilion can perform these wonderful and accurate time-telling actions, which is driven by a complex mechanical device "day and night engine". The operation of the whole mechanical gear train depends on the continuous flow of water, which pushes the waterwheel to do intermittent motion and drives the instrument to rotate, hence the name "water transport instrument image platform".

Su Song presided over the establishment of the Waterway Observatory, which was an outstanding astronomical instrument in China at the end of1/kloc-0 and the oldest astronomical clock in the world. There is a high evaluation on the design of the water transport platform in the world. It is believed that the water transport platform has designed a movable roof for the convenience of observation, which is the ancestor of the movable dome of today's observatory. The elephant rotates once a day and night, which not only vividly shows the changes of astronomical phenomena, but also is the ancestor of the rotating clock, a tracking instrument of modern astronomical observatory. The escapement mechanism pioneered by the waterway instrument platform is the key component of the later clocks, so it is the ancestor of the clocks. It can be reflected from the image platform of water transport instrument that the application of ancient mechanics knowledge in China has reached a quite high level.

Brief Instrument of Ancient Astronomical Instruments in China

Guo Shoujing invented the instrument for measuring the position of celestial bodies in 1276. The instrument is simpler in structure and use than the armillary sphere, and the whole sky can be seen at a glance except near Polaris. Therefore, it is called Jane instrument. The main device of the simple instrument consists of two large rings perpendicular to each other, one of which is parallel to the equatorial plane of the earth and is called the "equatorial ring"; The other is a double ring that stands upright in the center of the equatorial ring and can rotate around a metal axis, which is called "right ascension double ring". There is a probe with a crosshair device in the middle of the double ring, which is equivalent to a monocular telescope and can rotate around the center of the right ascension double ring. When observing, aim the peephole at a star to be measured, and then directly read out the position value of this star on the dial of equatorial ring and right ascension double ring. There are two supports supporting the metal shaft in the north-south direction, which supports the whole observation device and keeps the device in the shape of high in the north and low in the south. This is the earliest equatorial device invented by China, which is about 500 years earlier than that used by Europeans.

China ancient astronomical instruments.

Yangyi is an astronomical observation instrument in ancient China, which was designed and manufactured by Guo Shoujing, an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty.

The main body of the yang instrument is a copper hemisphere with a diameter of about three meters, which looks like a supine cauldron, hence the name. On the inner spherical surface of the inverted instrument, some regular grids crisscross to measure the position of celestial bodies. A circle of water tank is engraved on the mouth of the Yang instrument, which is used to inject water to correct the level of the mouth and keep it horizontal. The edge of the sink is evenly engraved with 24 lines, indicating the direction. Two intersecting poles are placed on the south scribe line, which is north-south and extends to the center of the Yang instrument. The northern end of the rod is equipped with a small square plate with a small hole in the middle, which can rotate around the center of the yang instrument. Inverted instrument is an observation instrument using direct projection method, which is very intuitive and convenient. For example, when sunlight passes through the central hole, the image of the sun will be projected on the inner spherical surface of the inclinometer, and the observer can directly read the position of the sun from the grid. Especially during the total solar eclipse, the whole process of solar eclipse can be clearly observed by supine instrument, and the position and size of solar eclipse at each moment can be measured more accurately. So supine instrument is a very popular astronomical observation instrument for ancient astronomers.

Suzhou stone carving

The astronomical map of Suzhou stone carvings was carved in the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1247), and the original map was submitted by Huang Shang. Wang Zhiyuan is in charge of calligraphy and inscriptions. The materials are mainly based on the observation results during the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1078 to A.D. 1085).

The stone tablet is 216cm high and 0/08cm wide. The inscription on the stone tablet says "astronomical map", so it is commonly known as "astronomical tablet" The upper part of the stone tablet is a circular all-sky star map. The outer circle diameter of the star map is about 9 1.5 cm, and the diameter of the star map itself is about 85 cm. According to the ancient method, three concentric circles with the north pole of the celestial sphere as the center and the longitude as the latitude are drawn. There are 1434 stars in the whole astronomical map, and there are more than two thousand words under the star map, which roughly describes some astronomical knowledge known at that time. It has preserved some observational data of stars in China in 1 1 century, and provided important information on the position of ancient stars, which has important scientific research value. The Chinese map is a star map made by referring to the astronomical map of Suzhou stone carvings in the way of modern constellation disk observation.

Wu Liangsi Stone Carving in Jiaxiang, Shandong, the Big Dipper.

The picture of the Big Dipper, a stone carving portrait of Wuliangci in Jiaxiang, Shandong Province, shows that the Big Dipper is a car frame, which means "fighting for the emperor's car is transported in the middle".

Star Map of Stone Carvings in Wang Gan Yuan Tomb of Wuyue Wenmu in the Five Dynasties

The star map of the stone carvings in Ganyuan Tomb of Wuwangmu in the Five Dynasties is a "sky-covering map" drawn according to the theory of sky-covering. Similar to the horoscope used for astronomical observation today: the observer sits facing south (since China is located in the northern hemisphere, the sun and the moon which have not been seen for many years appear in the south), looks up at the starry sky, with a seemingly fixed point (near the Polaris) as the top and the bottom facing south, and the sun, the moon and the stars will move from the "left". An improved map appeared in the Han Dynasty, in which there are three concentric circles with different sizes: upper gauge, inner gauge and lower gauge. The stars in the above law will not be flat all year round and can be seen at night, so they are also called "constant display circle" in the above law. The inner gauge means "celestial equator", and the stars in the middle circle between the upper gauge and the lower gauge will pass overhead one by one. The stars outside the rules are always below the ground level, so they are called "eternal hidden circles". Constant display circle and constant hidden circle are at the same distance from the middle circle. This kind of star chart is represented by 28 star charts carved in Wu Ganyuan's tomb in the Five Dynasties and astronomical charts carved in Suzhou. The astrological map of the stone carvings of Ganyuan Tomb in the Five Dynasties was built between 94 1 and 960. The carved stars are carved with negative lines, and the stars are connected with lines. The carving is meticulous and the star position is quite accurate. It is more than 300 years earlier than the astronomical map of Suzhou stone carvings, and its size is about twice the diameter of Suzhou astronomical map.