What are the characteristics of ancient architecture in China?

The purpose of studying China ancient architectural culture is to inherit and protect it. We should conscientiously implement Scientific Outlook on Development and do a good job in inheritance and protection with the scientific concept of development. In the process of rapid economic and social development in China, it is very important to carry forward the spirit of ancient architectural culture in China and fully tap the essence of ancient architectural culture in China. According to the requirements of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society put forward by the central government, I think there are four items that need to be explored and studied seriously and combined with the times.

suit measures to local conditions

China's ancient buildings are surrounded by mountains and rivers, with local materials and various forms. There are buildings around the mountain, and there are buildings in Pingchuan. There are stone wood structures in mountainous areas and brick wood structures in plains. There are dry fence buildings in the southern forest area, dry adobe houses in the northeast and cave buildings in the loess plateau. China's ancient buildings have such rich and diverse forms and styles, forming distinctive local and national characteristics. The important reason is to adjust measures to local conditions, not to force, not to compare with each other.

people-oriented

The structural form, spatial layout and battlements of ancient buildings in China serve people. Northerners live in quadrangles, with the courtyard as the center, and the doors of each room face the courtyard. Every day, the life of a family is centered on the yard, painting under the big locust tree and vines, and parents are short-lived. Man and nature live in harmony. The south pond is in the courtyard, and the window mirror borrows the scenery. Taomi, everything is convenient for people's lives, and everything starts from people's lives. Feudal society respected feudal etiquette, and the houses of the rich were built in the yard. People who have no money live in the first room, and young people live in the wing. In the Forbidden City, the tallest house in the middle must be lived and used by the emperor. No matter whether the house is in the middle or the tallest, it still serves people, but at that time people were divided into three categories and nine categories.

Stress order

Paying attention to order is a feature of ancient architectural culture in China. The central axis of Beijing's ancient buildings is a prominent embodiment of emphasizing order. It starts from Yongdingmen in the south, passes through Zhengyangmen, Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City, and ends at Andingmen in the north. On the one hand, the imperial power is supreme, on the other hand, it is extremely powerful, showing the most basic social and political order. In the past, there were dengshikou, zhushikou and Caishikou in Beijing. There are Gangwa City, Yangfang Store and Liulichang. These markets are formed by transactions, which also meet the needs of social economy and show the social and economic order. There is a saying in the history of Beijing that "the east is rich and the west is expensive". Around the central axis, there are many rich people living in Dongcheng and many people living in Xicheng. There are courtyards and courtyards in the courtyard, which are divided into main rooms and wing rooms, showing the life of society and people. Order is the foundation of harmony. In a sense, the architectural order makes the social order clear and solidified. Advocating simplicity can be used to describe the characteristics of ancient buildings. The word "simplicity" can be used in ancient buildings in China, and the word "luxury" can be used in European buildings. The ancient buildings in China are made of earth and brick, while the buildings in Europe are made of stone and metal. A house, even a palace, often takes several years to build. Europe often takes decades and hundreds of years to build. It took more than 300 years to rebuild the Louvre. Architectural decoration is carved on wood, while European architecture is carved on stone. We are watercolors, and Europe is oil painting. The basic unit of ancient buildings in China is courtyard, so-called big house, but several courtyards are connected together on the plane, which adds up to a large scale. If we say a building, we are thousands of square meters. Europe is tens of thousands of square meters. Jiangnan gardens introduce natural mountains, waters and forests into their own courtyards. In a relatively narrow space, they are full of many natural interests, giving people a natural, fresh and simple aesthetic feeling. But if you look at Versailles in France and Darjeeling in India, it's hard for you to use nature and freshness.

Although the four-character idiom "Harmony between Man and Nature" appeared late, the idea of "Harmony between Man and Nature" has a long history in China traditional culture. Among many factors affecting the development of architecture, the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is fundamental. Heaven is a historical category, which originated from the ancient people's awe of unpredictable boundless space. After Xia and Shang Dynasties, "Heaven" was regarded as the supreme master with will and personality. The worship of this master established the relationship between man and nature.

China ancient sages observed the whole universe with simple system concepts, Zhuangzi? The theory of everything says: "Heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me", which is Zhuangzi's basic thought of "the unity of heaven and man". The Book of Rites puts forward that "the harmony between heaven and earth is fun, and the order of heaven and earth is ritual", which means that the whole universe is in a state of "endless and inclusive" and that the universe is always in a neat, harmonious and orderly migration. There is a saying in China's classical biography that "Heaven and man are in harmony with virtue, the sun and the moon are at four o'clock, good or ill luck and ghosts and gods are born with heaven, and the day after tomorrow is heaven. "This kind of resignation and obedience to God's will is even more used by the rulers, who will use it as the legal basis for ruling the people. There is also a proverb in the Book of Changes: "If you look up, you will see the sky; If you look down, you will see the law. "

Laozi said in a sentence: "Heaven and man are interlinked, and essence and qi are interlinked". Laozi's Tao Te Ching also said: "Man should be a teacher in the earth, the earth should be a teacher in the sky, the sky should be a teacher in the Tao, and the Tao should be a teacher in nature." Pointed out the same root of man and nature. In ancient China, people paid attention to "harmony between man and nature", that is, the natural environment and the living environment could exchange needed goods and live in harmony. The Forbidden City is facing Ziwei Star, and the architecture and environment are integrated and infiltrated with each other. The characteristics of China's ancient architecture are also reflected in its architectural concept of "harmony between man and nature", which embodies the unity of nature and spirit. The architectural concept of "harmony between man and nature" discussed in this paper is also based on this basic meaning. "Gan Lan Culture" is the main body of ancient southern architectural culture in China. It is the representative of the historical turning point in the period of the integration of the southern Ganlan building and the high-rise building originating from the northern cave. It is a building system based on wood structure, which always pays attention to the high coordination with nature, respects nature and embodies the realm of "harmony between man and nature". In artistic character, it pays special attention to the pursuit of neutral, simple, implicit and deep beauty. In the selection of materials, wood gives people implicit and deep natural beauty, which is light, tough and easy to process. Just in line with the ancient people in China, it became the first choice of ancient buildings in China. In addition, architecture always serves people. China is rich in ancient natural resources, so it is inevitable to choose wood.

There are many types of ancient buildings in China, including palaces, ancestral halls, public houses, pavilions, underground palaces, detached palaces, altars, shrines, police drums, stages and viewing pavilions. Although their types and functions are different, they always reveal the idea of "harmony between man and nature", which is based on the highly coordinated cultural spirit of loving nature and respecting nature and architecture.

The ancient buildings in China pay attention to the concept of high harmony with nature, which is manifested in the location and layout naming of cities, villages, palaces and tombs, and strive to reflect the pursuit of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Urban construction:

Wu Zixu designed and built Helucheng, the capital of Wudu, and recorded in "Wu Yue Chun Qiu": "Zi Xu made Xiangtu taste water, such as heaven and earth, build a big city, and return to forty-seven miles and eight gates in the week, such as eight gates in the sky; The gate of eight waters, the gate of eight laws, and the gate of eight wisdom. Build a small town, ten miles a week. Three doors of the mausoleum. Those who don't open their minds are brighter. Those who set up a regular gate are like Tianmen, and those who set up a snake gate are like landlords. " When the Sui Dynasty built Daxing City, Yu Wenkai not only considered the terrain, but also put the Taiji Palace in a dry position and inherited the heaven. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing's architecture was built according to the stars in the sky, and the Forbidden City was facing Ziwei Star. The architecture and the environment were integrated and infiltrated each other. Village construction: Village is a form of settlement, and the ancients paid attention to the harmony between man and nature. Tang Yue Village in Shexian County, Anhui Province is a typical example. The location of Tang Yue accords with the principle of "pillow mountain, surround water and screen" in Feng Shui. The Fengle River, which originated in Huangshan Mountain, flows from west to east, surrounded by lush trees. There is a poem in Tang Yue Genealogy: "Thinking of the Tang Dynasty is clear and clear, and it will last forever" ("Chu Ci Two Trees Meet the Shade" Pian Yu). This is the origin of the village name, and "the victory of mountains and rivers here and the width of Harada are enough to make future generations immortal." This is exactly what Tao Yuanming said.

The construction of the palace:

Among the palaces, the most famous is the Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City. The word "purple" in the Forbidden City refers to the Purple Star Wall. Ancient astronomers in China divided the stars in the sky into three constellations, such as the Three Walls and the Twenty-eighth Palace. These three walls refer to Qiu wall, Wei Zi wall and Shi Tian wall. Wei Zi Wall is the middle wall, also called Wei Zi Palace and Purple Palace. It's in the northeast of the Big Dipper. "Sitting in the middle of the emperor taiping, clear. The ancients thought it was the place where the Emperor of Heaven lived. The feudal emperor claimed to be the son of the Emperor of Heaven, and the place where he handled state affairs and daily life became the center of the world. Because the imperial palace is the highest forbidden place in the hierarchical feudal society, there is a word "forbidden" in the Forbidden City to emphasize the incomparable dignity of the imperial palace. There are three stars in the south of Taiwei Courtyard, which are regarded as three doors, namely, the end door, the left door and the right door. Accordingly, the end gate and the meridian gate are set in front of the Forbidden City, and the left and right doors are set on the east and west sides. Between the meridian gate and the Taihe gate, the Jinshui River winds through, symbolizing the Milky Way in the Heavenly Palace. The words "dry" and "Kun" mean heaven and earth. The Rijingmen and Yuehuamen on the east and west sides symbolize the sun and the moon, the six palaces of the east and the west, and others.

The construction of the Forbidden City shows the idea of harmonious coexistence between man and nature in ancient architecture to the fullest.

Mausoleum architecture: In the tombs of ancient emperors, the heavenly palace, astronomical phenomena and stars were used, which implied the effect of "harmony between man and nature" and "the soul belongs to Beidou". The Han tombs excavated in Luoyang and Nanyang, Henan Province, are all painted with celestial phenomena, which all show the goal of looking up to heaven and isomorphism with heaven. The Ming Tombs are the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Ma Shi, the empress of the Ming Dynasty. Archaeologists have made an amazing discovery: the layout of the Ming tomb is a picture of the Big Dipper. The "spoon head" is the guiding Shinto part around Meihua Mountain, and the "spoon handle" is the mausoleum building part arranged in a straight line in the north direction. The "Seven Stars" on the "spoon head" and "spoon handle" are Sifang City, Shinto Watchtower, Lingxingmen and Jinshui Bridge in turn.

The ancient buildings in China have always been a combination of "harmony between man and nature" and "ritual and patriarchal clan system". "Harmony between man and nature" pursues nature, while "ritual patriarchal clan system" pays attention to hierarchy and rules, which seems contradictory, but reflected in architecture, they are not completely separated. Buildings such as "Palace" and "Mausoleum" are ritual buildings, but they still pursue "layout"

Generally speaking, the architectural concept of "harmony between man and nature" is the central idea of China's ancient architecture, and it is a profound embodiment of ancient people's ethics, aesthetics, values and nature.