Xu Zhimo's Autobiographical Writing

Autobiography of Xu Zhimo tells the legendary life and emotional life of Xu Zhimo, a famous modern poet in China. I first knew Xu Zhimo's poems, such as Farewell to Cambridge, Accidental and Sacrifice. I was deeply attracted by his poems, which were romantic and delicate, and made me feel the urge to know him personally. Xu Zhimo was born in a relatively wealthy family. Being the only child in his family, he was forced to marry Zhang Youyi, whom he didn't like, and gave birth to two sons, one of whom died at an early age. After studying in England, he met Lin, fell in love with her, and resolutely divorced Zhang Youyi, ending this loveless marriage. All this made him the first person to get divorced in China, which also caused quite a storm. His family, classmates and teachers all advised him not to do this, and he didn't understand why he did it. However, he wrote: "I will visit my only soul mate in the vast sea of people;" I am lucky to get it; No, my life. That's all. " He resolutely did this, but Lin was finally forced to marry Liang Sicheng, which made Xu Zhimo sad and decided to teach at Peking University. Just when Xu Zhimo was depressed, he met Lu Xiaoman, a woman who dared to love and hate. They fell in love, so Lu Xiaoman divorced and finally they got married. However, this marriage has also attracted a lot of criticism. So they moved to Shanghai, but because of the luxury of Lu Xiaoman, Xu Zhimo often traveled by train to teach in order to satisfy her, because he gave up half of his fortune for her. But Lu Xiaoman knew Xu Zhimo and Lin's past because of inferiority, but he could not compare with Lin. Coupled with the gossip outside and the indifferent attitude of Xu Zhimo's parents, she began to smoke opium to anesthetize herself and make herself no longer miserable, which made Xu Zhimo miserable. Xu Zhimo died in an air crash on his way to Beijing to give a speech. Xu Zhimo was a wonderful flower in the literary world of China at that time. Although his marriage is not recognized, his articles and poems are very popular. However, his untimely death was a great blow and loss to the literary world in China at that time. Although he passed away, his poems and articles remain in people's hearts forever, including his emotional stories. First, Xu Zhimo completed the formation of the Crescent School before the poetry was published. 1. Established the Crescent Society, the predecessor of the Crescent School. 2. Completed the formation of the Crescent School. Second, Xu Zhimo promoted the prosperity of the Crescent School in the period of "poetry engraving". 1, the hard-working magazine host. 2. A serious advocate of the metrical movement. 3. Practitioners who express their poems objectively. Third, after the publication of Lithography stopped, Xu Zhimo led the mainstream of crescent school's later creation. 1, opened a bookstore and publications, and Xu Zhimo painstakingly managed the Crescent School. 2. The negative decadence of Xu Zhimo's thought influenced the creative tendency of the Crescent School in the later period. In the historical time and space of the development of China's new poetry, the Crescent School, known as the spiritual aristocrat, is a dazzling and arrogant constellation. As the star of this constellation, the lyric poet Xu Zhimo has a decisive influence on the Crescent School from beginning to end. His life's creative experience is related to the back and forth of the Crescent School. His ideal pursuit and his literary master Zhang, to a great extent, influenced the overall movement direction of the crescent constellation and the light and shade of this constellation. Xu Zhimo's ideal determines his creative career. His ideal is to pursue "poetic life" and "poetry" with "love, freedom and beauty" as the core. His ideals always run through his works in different periods. Taking the publication of Poetry Magazine on April 1926 and the closure of Poetry Magazine on June/0/926 as two watersheds, the author divides Xu Zhimo's creative career into three periods: 1. Before the publication of Poetry Magazine, Xu Zhimo completed it. Second, Xu Zhimo promoted the prosperity of the Crescent School in the period of "poetry engraving". Third, after the publication of Lithography stopped, Xu Zhimo led the mainstream of crescent school's later creation. The author intends to explore the process of Xu Zhimo's pursuit of "poetic life" and "poetry" from the above three periods, so as to highlight the great influence of his ideal pursuit on the rise and fall of Crescent School. First, Xu Zhimo completed the formation of the Crescent School before the poetry was published. 1. As a historical phenomenon, the emergence of crescent school, the predecessor of crescent school, can be traced back to the establishment of crescent society in 1923. Xu Zhimo is one of the main founders of Crescent Society. From studying abroad in August of 19 18 to returning to China in August of 1922, Xu Zhimo, who lived abroad for four years, experienced unexpected changes. 19 18 In August, Xu Zhimo went to Clark University to study banking, and then went to Columbia University to specialize in politics. Two years later, ambitious Xu Zhimo resolutely gave up the temptation of doctoral title, written by American writer Goss Wasui. Dickinson's recommendation made him enter Cambridge University in order to "study hard" with the philosopher Russell. However, what he didn't expect was that Russell, known as "Voltaire of the 20th century", had just been expelled from Cambridge University because of his political views and private life. In this way, Xu Zhimo's plan to choose a good teacher fell through. When life lost its pursuit, mental imbalance, depression and decadence, Xu Zhimo met Lin, so the idyllic Cambridge life he built with his first wife Zhang Youyi lost its former warmth, and finally they agreed to divorce. Because of his marriage, Xu Zhimo not only lost his former warmth and sympathy among his friends, but also became an unwelcome person at home. Since then, his heart has been "occupied by a deep melancholy", his poetic soul has awakened in sorrow and painstaking efforts, and his career as a poet has since begun. After four years of tossing and turning, Xu, who is ambitious and ready to seek a job in the financial and political circles, won the tears of readers with fragile feelings. "If someone like me will become a poet-what's there to say?" It is conceivable that the poet's exclamation is full of complicated feelings. Personal life suffered setbacks, and the ideal life in dreams was ruthlessly torn by reality. He felt that the whole life process in the past was "adventure-pain-failure-disappointment". He is determined to be a calm poet, but he doesn't want to be a mediocre poet. He would rather have his songs sound "arrogant, rude and absurd", but he must not lose the truth, goodness and beauty. After returning home, Xu Zhimo was very envious of the salon he had contacted when he was lonely and distressed abroad, so he was very keen on organizing such a party. 1923 In March, under the enthusiastic mediation of Xu Zhimo, the Crescent Society with Hu Shi, Chen Xiying and Ding Wenjiang as its main members was established in Beijing. Crescent Society is neither political nor purely literary. It was originally a "dinner party" to connect feelings and cultivate influence. Its purpose is not literary creation, but performance, so its nature is at best a social group of upper-class people with cultural tendencies. However, Xu Zhimo himself does not want the crescent society to be "the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen with property and industry level", and hopes that the crescent society will show its edges and corners and think that "it is shameful not to show its edges and corners". However, his hopes were dashed. "At the beginning, it was a dinner party, which led to the' Crescent Society' and the' No.7' club with the Crescent Society. The result was about' no music department'!" 1in July, 925, after a sad trip to Europe, Xu Zhimo gradually lost interest in social affairs after returning to China, and the crescent society gradually entered a dead silence. 2. Complete the formation of the Crescent School. 1925 10, the famous supplement "Morning Post Supplement" was officially taken over by Xu Zhimo. At this time, Xu Zhimo not only had his own small group, the Crescent Society, but also had a garden to display his literary ambitions, the Morning Post Supplement. His hopes were dashed in the crescent society, and now he is pinning his hopes on the supplement of the Morning Post. Wen Yiduo, another leading cadre of the Crescent School,1returned from studying in the United States in the summer of 925, and always insisted on leading a literary trend. With the help of Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo became the president of the National Academy of Art and participated in some activities of the Crescent Society. Later, he joined several young people who were interested in poetry and wrote and talked about poetry at home. 1in the late spring of 926, one of them, Liu, proposed to run a publication similar to the Poetry Journal run by the Literature Research Association a few years ago, and then agreed to borrow the layout of the Morning Post Supplement edited by Xu Zhimo. * * * The same ideals and interests made two great poets, Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo, officially publish Lithography in the Morning Post Supplement on April 1926, and took this as a position to unite a large number of famous poets, such as Liang Shiqiu, Zhu Xiang and Sun Dayu, and formed a fixed literary group, namely the Crescent School. The appearance of The Book of Songs marks the formal formation of a new poetry family-New Metric Poetry School in the poetry kingdom. The Book of Songs entrusts the pursuit of two ambitious poets, who hope to show their edge and lead the trend. It is a combination of European and American students from Peking University (Xu Zhimo) and Tsinghua (Wen Yiduo). This combination based on European and American ideology and literary background has a great influence on the future trend of Crescent School. From the above, we can easily see that it is Xu Zhimo's unremitting pursuit of the ideal "poetic life" and the "poetry" in real life that contributed to the emergence and evolution of the Crescent Society, which gradually promoted a non-pure literary social group to a new poetry school-Crescent School, which helped to correct the abuses of poetry at that time (excessive sentimentality and excessive romanticism); It was also because of Xu Zhimo's intervention and great help that Wen Yiduo's social status changed, and he entered the circle of "high style" at that time from an international student, which provided some possibilities for him to show his talents in the activities of the Crescent School and provided conditions for the rapid development of the Crescent School. Xu Zhimo played a decisive leading role in the establishment of the Crescent School and promoted its prosperity. From 1 April, 9261day to1June, 926 10 day, Morning Poetry Magazine only existed for 70 days, but in this short time, Crescent School completed the theoretical achievements of New Metric Poetry School. It is true that Wen Yiduo had a great influence on the Crescent School in the lithograph period, and he put forward the famous theory of "three beauties" in the article "Metric Poetry" published in May 1926, which became the classic theory of the New Metric Poetry School. However, Xu Zhimo's contribution to the prosperity of Crescent School in this period can not be ignored. 1, the diligent periodical host, at the beginning of the publication of Morning Post Poetry, Xu Zhimo and others agreed to take turns editing, and each person edited twice, the first and second periods were edited by Xu Zhimo, the third and fourth periods were edited by Wen Yiduo, and so on. However, the actual implementation situation is that after the first four issues were carried out as planned, Rao Mengkan compiled the fifth issue and gave it to Xu Zhimo as editor-in-chief. They also agreed to hold a party every two weeks, mainly to circulate manuscripts and discuss with each other. After the sixth issue of the poetry edition, the party was also invisibly interrupted, and the manuscript was handled by Xu Zhimo alone. In other words, in the eleventh period of poetry engraving, Xu Zhimo managed eight periods by himself. Full of enthusiasm and self-confidence, he devoted himself tirelessly to the thriving poetry circle of the Crescent School, which provided a strong guarantee for the Crescent School to continuously display its works. 2. Crescent School is a sober advocate of metrical movement, and is called metrical poetry school by many people, which is closely related to its vigorous advocacy of metrical poetry. During the period of "Poetry in Morning Post", the Crescent School put forward the concepts of "architectural beauty" and "syllable", criticized excessive sentimentality and romanticism, and advocated meter. They extended the theory of painting art to poetry creation and noticed the importance of art form. Xu Zhimo said: "The secret of a poem lies in the uniformity and flow of syllables it contains." "Only when we understand that the life of a poem lies in its internal rhythm can we appreciate the true interest of a poem." He is fully aware of the importance of poetic meter. Although Xu Zhimo used to be very poetic, such as Flash Flood, he later changed. He criticized "abusive sentimentalism" and criticized that impulsive emotions were out of the control of understanding. He said, "Love is indispensable, but it can't be too hot, and emotions can't be adjusted for no reason". This is consistent with the typical characteristics of the crescent school, which advocates rationality and moderation, demands moderate performance, and demands respect for the head rather than the heart. Xu Zhimo not only noticed the importance of the metrical form of poetry, but later he became more aware of the disadvantages of "metrical form" and clearly realized the difficulty for poets to grasp the content and form of poetry as a whole. "I don't take the trouble to say this, just for us. I'm ashamed to say that I found the terrible shortcomings of our propaganda' meter'. So when we start to learn poetry, there is a double danger. It is easy for us to make the content very bad, or to be a' pseudo-philosophical school'. On the other hand, it is meaningless, even meaningless formalism, to talk only about the results of appearance. In order to criticize the disadvantages of the former, we inevitably have a tendency to cause the disadvantages of the latter. That's why we should always take a warning. The fundamental purpose of the Crescent School in advocating meter is to criticize sentimentality and excessive romanticism, while overemphasizing meter is inevitably in danger of overcorrection, so that Li Jianwu ridiculed that "the format of Xu Zhimo and others is an artificial skill or restraint. "Although Xu Zhimo failed to pull the Crescent School out of the decline in the discussion of poetic forms, he could also sensitively and timely recognize the disadvantages of' metrical', pointing out that it was a contradiction between the content and form of poetry, and also put forward the word' double danger of beginners' poetry, which played a certain warning role at that time and fully showed Xu Zhimo's unique insight and rationality as an advocate of metrical movement. 3. The practitioners of objective lyric poetry are related to paying attention to form and advocating meter. The Crescent School adopted an objective and lyrical method in artistic expression. The members of the Crescent School strive for objective means of expression, not only avoiding subjective elements and personal sentimentality as much as possible, but also sometimes the lyricist is not similar to the poet himself. The objective lyric of the Crescent School has brought a new genre to new poetry: objective lyric poetry. In this regard, Xu Zhimo, together with other colleagues of the Crescent School, made active and beneficial explorations. In his poem "The Grand Commander" published in the Morning Post SupplementNo. 10 on June 3, 926, he showed the readers the reality of the warlord scuffle in the mid-1920s with the objective expression of the dialogue between two soldiers. In the poem "People Become Animals" published at the same time as "Marshal", the chaos and cruelty of the society at that time were objectively described by talking with friends in the second person. The author tries to avoid the participation of subjective emotions and personal sentimental elements, and does not comment on the words and deeds of the characters, but let the readers carefully understand between the lines. These two poems are unique in artistic expression, and together with other similar works of the Crescent School at the same time, * * * formed a novel poetic genre of objective lyric poetry; In content, it is also in tune with the revolutionary climax and literary trend that rose in the mid-1920s, which is really commendable for Xu Zhimo, who is good at entanglement and love stories. It is also a silhouette of his pursuit of the revolutionary pace of the times and his concern for the sufferings of the working people. In a word, after the disillusionment of the Crescent Society, Xu Zhimo pinned his hopes on the supplement poems of the Morning Post. With his enthusiasm and confidence in art, he almost single-handedly managed "Poetry", a literary garden for the early activities of the Crescent School. He not only managed it properly, but also published poems about it one after another, which made great efforts for the prosperity of this garden. Although The Book of Songs has not existed for a long time, as Liang Shiqiu said, "This is the first time that a group of people get together to do a sincere experiment to write a new poem", and its influence is far-reaching. In this period, Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo were also in a decisive leading position in the discussion and exploration of the new metrical poetry style. He not only put forward the poetic theory that "the life of poetry is an internal syllable", but also keenly pointed out the "double dangers of learning poetry", which fully reflected the continuous deepening and self-reflection of the crescent school in the exploration of poetic forms, reversed the trend of poetry's freedom and looseness, made it tend to be refined and concentrated, and consolidated the position of new poetry in the poetic world. Xu Zhimo and his colleagues of Crescent School devoted themselves to the exploration and practice of objective lyric poetry, formed a new school of poetry, and made positive contributions to the development and progress of new poetry. Xu Zhimo devoted himself to the early prosperity of the Crescent School and played an indispensable role. Third, after the publication of Lithography stopped, Xu Zhimo led the mainstream of crescent school's later creation. 1, opened a bookstore and publications, and Xu Zhimo painstakingly managed the Crescent School. In the Morning Post Supplement, after the holiday of Poetry Magazine on1June, 926 10, Drama magazine was changed. From June to September, Drama magazine published fifteen issues. Xu Zhimo continued to be the host with his "double passion" for art, the drama magazine of Crescent School was the position of public opinion, and relying on the National Art College where Wen Yiduo and Yu Shangyuan were located, the national drama movement was launched all over the country. However, this period is the gradual maturity of the love between Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman. Xu Zhimo, who is addicted to love, has lost his enthusiasm for the supplement of the Morning Post. In addition, due to the change of political situation and the separation of colleagues, Drama magazine became more and more embarrassing and ended without results, and the national drama movement was not as spectacular as the new metrical poems. 19261On October 3rd, Xu Helu got married in Beijing. Finally found the ideal partner, Xu Zhimo's life will be enriched. After marriage, he resigned as editor-in-chief of the Morning Post Supplement and settled in Shanghai with Lu Xiaoman. /kloc-0 In the spring of 927, Xu Zhimo, Hu Shi, Wen Yiduo and Shao founded the Crescent Society in Shanghai. Xinyue Bookstore founded the monthly magazine Xinyue, with Xu Zhimo as the editor-in-chief, and the later activities of Xinyue Society began. This is a memorable period on Xu Zhimo's creative road, and his brushwork seems to have added a little miraculous spirituality. During this period, he published a collection of essays, Leaves, Scales and Paws, Self-anatomy, and a collection of poems, A Night in Kethleen and A Collection of Tigers. If Xu Zhimo's leadership in the Crescent School is obscured by Wen Yiduo, then Xu Zhimo of the Crescent Society should be the protagonist of the Crescent School. He was not only an activist and organizer of the Crescent School, but also poets such as Fang and Chen who appeared in the literary world during this period grew up under his influence. 2. The negative decadence of Xu Zhimo's thought influenced the creative tendency of the Crescent School in the later period. From the beginning, the main tendency of modern literature was revolutionary literature, especially in the 1920s, with the development of the revolutionary situation, revolutionary literature also set off a climax. However, the crescent school holds a critical and negative attitude towards revolutionary literature, which runs through all the activities of the crescent school after the opening of the crescent society. This is not unrelated to Xu Zhimo, who is in the leading position. Xu was born in an industrial and commercial family and later traveled to Europe and America. He was deeply impressed by bourgeois democracy and freedom and admired western-style democracy and freedom, so he was a bourgeois liberal in political position. Consistent with his political position and class position, Xu pursues "poetic life" and "poetry" with "love, freedom and beauty" as the content. Law and practice. Seemingly deconstructive and disappointed? On the contrary, the poet and his friends have become people, just like the streets around us. Although they are all engaged in literature, they are very close. The distant literary world of 1920- 1930 was not mysterious, but it had the same joys and sorrows as people today. 193 1 year 1 1 month, exhausted Xu zhimo was killed in a plane crash, which is not only the end of a person's life, but also the beginning of a community's loss of soul. Even with the spiritual leader Hu Shi, the crescent society finally dispersed into a sunset glow in the historical sky, and the moment when the song ended left eternal beauty.