Concise Chinese knowledge (100 Chinese knowledge)

1. The first female poet was: Cai Yan (Wen Xi) 2. The first poetess was Li Qingzhao 3. The first dictionary is: Erya 4. The first encyclopedia is: Yongle Dadian 5. The first book of poetry is: Book of Songs 6. The first anthology is: Selected Works of Zhaoming, Volume 7. The first dictionary is: explaining the text. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: Search Ji Shen 1 1. The first recorded work: The Analects of Confucius The first biographical history: Historical Records 12. The first chronicle book is: Chunqiu 13. The first dynastic history: Han Shu 14. The first war book: Sun Tzu. Mulan's word Peacock flies to the southeast, and the rhyme is the three unique poems of Yuefu 17. The Double Treasure of History: Historical Records as a Mirror 18. Two beats: the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise (Ling Mengchu) 19. Da Du Li: Li Bai Du Fu Xiao Du Li: Li Shangyin Du Mu 20. Biographies of three great figures in China's modern literary world: Zuo Zhuan Yang Gongzhuan Gu Liangzhuan 23. Three Kings: Shang Gong 24. Sanshan: Penglai abbot Yingzhou 25. Three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 26. Sangong: Zhou Zhou: Sima Situ Sikong Western Han: Prime Minister Tai Yuwei Shi Da Fuqing, Ming: Taishi Taifu Taibao 27. Three Cao Cao: Cao Cao and Cao Pi's 28th. Jiangnan Sangu Building: Yueyang Tower in Hunan, Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang and Wangtengting Pavilion in Nanchang. Three friends in the cold age: Song 30. Scientific research ternary: after having obtained the rural examination, you have to take the exam, the palace exam, and the child will win the first place (,Huiyuan, champion) 3 1. Palace examination Sandingjia: Top 32 in the top draft. Three quintessences of China: Peking Opera, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese Painting. Three sentences: Yu Shiming's words of warning and awakening the world (Feng Menglong) 34. Confucian classic three rites: Zhou Li Ji 35. Three officials: Xin 'an official, Shiguan official and Tongguan official. Three Farewells: Newly Married. Pursuing the trilogy of the countryside: spring silkworm autumn harvest, winter silkworm winter 38. Ba Jin's Trilogy of Love: Thunderstorm and Torrent Trilogy: Family, Spring and Autumn 39. First national history: Mandarin 40. The first part of recording the words and deeds of counselors: National Policy and Warring States Policy 4 1. The first historical essay devoted to personal words and deeds: Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Annals, 42 pages. The first one. (Cao Pi) 45. The first pastoral poet: Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming 46. The first monograph on literary theory and criticism: Liu Xie's > 47. The first monograph on poetry theory and criticism: Zhong Rong. 48. The first popular science work, a comprehensive academic work written with notes: Shen Kuo's In the Northern Song Dynasty; 49. The first diary travel notes: Xu Hongzu's Ming Dynasty; 50. The first poetess, also known as "one pronoun Sect": Li Qingzhao 5 1. China's first satirical novel: The Scholars, page 52. China's first translation of evolution: Huxley translated by Yan Fu >: He is a man who knows nothing and becomes a translator.

53. China's first collection of short stories in classical Chinese created by individuals: Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. The first short story in the history of China's new literature is: Diary of a Madman 55. The first writer who opened up the "Fairy Tale Garden" was Ye Shengtao, 56. China's first romantic fairy tale: Journey to the West 57. The first reportage work is: (Xia Yan) Contract Worker 58. New China was first awarded the title of "People". His works are: Longxugou 59. Two outstanding schools in the pre-Qin period were: Confucianism and Mohism 60. The two representatives of Confucianism are: Kong Qiu and Mencius, who are regarded as the most holy and the less holy respectively.

6 1. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years in the Tang Dynasty, there appeared two schools of frontier fortress ci, represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can, and frontier fortress ci represented by Wang Wei and Meng Zai. The former is bold and bold, while the latter is simple and simple. 62. Song Ci is usually divided into two schools: bold and graceful. The former is represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji, while the latter is represented by Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and Li Qingzhao.

63. The May 4th New Culture Movement held high the two banners of opposing old ethics, advocating new morality, opposing old literature and advocating new literature. 64. Two pieces of 65. There are two great epics in world literature: Iliad Odyssey. 66. The three treasures of Buddhism are: Buddhism (the teachings of the Buddha) and monks (the people who inherit or preach the teachings), 67. Four virtues and three obedience, and three obedience between China and Germany. The third Geng day in summer is the first day of the first stay, the fourth Geng day is the first day of the intermediate stay, and the first Geng day after the autumn festival is the first day of the last stay.

The first stay is ten days, the last stay is ten days, and the middle stay is ten days and twenty days. 69. Three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the group is the minister, the husband is the wife, and the five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. Three aunts and six grandmothers: matchmakers, teachers and grandmothers (wizards), aunts and goddesses, midwives and midwives 7 1. Three Emperors and Five Emperors: Huang San: Five Emperors of Fuxi, Yinren and Shennong: Wuyue: Dongyue Taishan Nanyue Hengshan Xiyue Huashan Beiyue Hengshan Zhongyue Songshan 74. Three natures: cattle, sheep and pigs are sacrificed (too prison) (less prison without cattle) 75. Three unification: the principle of drama creation formulated by European classical generalized drama theorists is the consistency of place, time and plot.

76. Samoan Buddhism: Stop worrying and focus on one situation. (One of the methods of practice) 77. Buddhist Sanzang: It is always said that the fundamental doctrine is scripture and the precepts are dharma. Explain the doctrine as a theory (Master Sanzang knows Sanzang) 78. Three provinces and six departments: three provinces: Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Xiamen Province (deliberation), Shangshu Province (execution), and six departments: Li Hu Li Gongzheng 79. Su San: Su Su Xun Su Shizhe's three armies: up, down, left, right, sea, land and air. San Wu: Wu Jun, Xing Wu Huiji (Danyang), Three Kingdoms. 82. Three Chu: Ling Gang-South Chu Wu-East Chu Pengcheng-West Chu 83. Three primary colors: red, green and blue. Three Graves and Five Codes: Three Graves: Fuxi Shennong Huangdi Five Codes: Shao Hao Zhuan Xu Gaoxin Tang Yaoyushun 85. Three-body stone sutra: Shangshu Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan Gu Wen Xiao Zhuan Han Li three fonts 86. Classic Four Books: The Analects of Confucius in the Doctrine of the Mean University. Four kinds of books.

2. What little common sense do you have about Chinese? It's better to be shorter.

Elementary school, junior high school and senior high school, this range is so wide.

Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.

2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as "Liu Han", were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.

3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).

4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as "Su Xin"; Graceful poetess: Li Qingzhao (poetess)

5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.

6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of "Chu Ci" and the romantic style of China's poetry.

7. Confucius' famous hill, the word Ni, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as "Confucius Sage" and Mencius as "Yasheng", both of whom are called "Confucius and Mencius".

8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting."

9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called "the history of poetry", so Du Fu is honored as a "poet saint". There are three famous officials: Tongguan officials, Shi Hao officials and Xin 'an officials. "Three Farewells": wedding farewell, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.

10. China's first biographical general history is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), written by Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians", including: 12 biographies, 30, 70 and 650.

1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Han History, Later Han History, History of the Three Kingdoms.

12, four masters of the Yuan Dynasty: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.

13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty. "Liaozhai" is the name of his library, "Zhi" is a narrative, and "Alien" is a strange thing.

14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng (f incarnation).

15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:

Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius

Legalist: Han Feizi

Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.

Mohist school: Mozi

16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.

17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.

18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin Song Zu: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Hanwu: Han Wudi Liu Che.

19. The first pastoral poet in China was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He "does not bow down for five buckets of rice."

20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Overflow Higgins and Abalone.

2 1, a typical miser in China: Yan Jiansheng. Second, the most China literature:

The earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.

The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;

The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty.

The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in Tang Dynasty.

The patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.

The most famous historical novel in ancient times is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty.

The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.

The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty.

The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty.

The most outstanding collection of classical short stories in ancient China is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty.

The earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius.

The earliest chronicle work in ancient times was Zuo Zhuan.

The earliest biographical history in ancient times was Historical Records.

The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in Tang Dynasty.

The greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;

The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun.

The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream.

3. Little knowledge of Chinese or short interesting stories about Chinese.

In 496 BC, a war broke out in wuyue in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River because of trivial grievances! Gou Jian, the young king of Yue, took Fan Li as his strategist, which made Wu Jun utterly defeated, and the old king of Wu also died of injury! Young Fu Cha ascended the throne.

He vowed to wipe out Yue State. Three years later, Fu Cha led the army to attack Vietnam.

After the war between the two sides, the more Wu Sheng was defeated, the more Wu troops attacked. Wen Zi bribed the Minister of Wu and Fu Cha, and tried his best to solve this matter. At last, Fu Cha was moved with kindness and stopped destroying Yue.

The state of Yue was preserved. Gou Jian led the queen and became a slave in the state of Wu.

After three years as a slave, Fu Cha fell ill. Fan Li seized the opportunity to let Gou Jian find the source of the disease and let Fu Cha taste the dung, which thoroughly influenced Fu Cha and let Gou Jian go.

Back in Gou Jian, Yue, I slept on straw with a rope hanging from the beam. Pig bile is tied to one end of the rope. Wake up every day, the first thing is to taste bitterness! For twenty years, he can't get rid of it, every day. In 473 BC, Gou Jian secretly selected 30,000 soldiers hiding among the people and besieged Gusu City in one fell swoop.

At this time, there were 50 thousand soldiers and horses in Fucha, but they dared not go out of the city for World War I because of difficulties in food and grass. Gou Jian created a miracle in the history of human kings! He worked hard to inspire and strengthen the country, and created the human myth of beating the big with small, defeating the strong with weak, and hitting the stone with eggs! The allusions of eating one's bread and drinking one's courage can be called the classics in China's thousands of years of civilization history, and Gou Jian's superhuman will may have more humanistic significance! One summer, Cao Cao led his army to crusade against Zhang Xiu. The weather is unusually hot, the sun is like fire, and there is not a cloud in the sky. The troops walked on the winding mountain road, with dense trees and hot rocks on both sides, which made people breathless.

By noon, the soldiers' clothes were soaked, the marching speed slowed down, and several weak soldiers fainted on the side of the road. Cao Cao was worried that the marching speed was getting slower and slower, and that the fighter plane would be delayed.

However, at present, tens of thousands of people can't even drink water. How can we speed up? He immediately called the guide and asked him quietly, "Is there a water source near here?" The guide shook his head and said, "The spring is on the other side of the valley. It's a long detour. " Cao Cao thought for a moment and said, "No, it's too late."

He looked at the forest in front of him, thought for a moment, and said to the guide, "Don't say anything, I'll think of something." He knew that even if he ordered the troops to speed up at the moment, it would not help.

A brainwave, the solution came. He grabbed the horse by the stomach and quickly rushed to the front of the team. Pointing at the front with a whip, he said, "Soldiers, I know there is a large area of Merlin in front, where the plums are big and delicious. Let's hurry around this hill and get to Meilin! " Hearing this, the soldiers seemed to eat it in their mouths, and their spirits were greatly boosted, and their pace could not help but accelerate a lot. The story comes from a false prophecy in Shi Shuo Xin Yu.

The idiom "looking at plum to quench thirst" is to comfort yourself or others with fantasy. Description: Metaphorically, there are * * * call signs and displaced victims everywhere.

Ai Hong: A whining wild goose. There is a poem named Hongyan in The Book of Songs Xiaoya. Two of them are: "Wild geese come and they are crying."

It means: Hongyan can't find a place to live, flying aimlessly and crying sadly. Describe the tragic scene of the displaced refugees calling for help.

Because of these two poems, people later called the refugees who could not live in peace "love red"; There are so many people suffering that they are almost everywhere that they are called "everywhere is sad" or "everywhere is sad". The word "wow" in the original poem is often used to describe the noisy voice of crying and hunger, such as "crying for something to eat".

Love me, love my dog: a metaphor for loving a person and caring about people or things related to him. According to legend, Shang Zhouwang, the last emperor of Shang Dynasty, was a luxurious, cruel and heartless bad king.

Jichang, the Xibe nationality, later Zhou Wenwang, tried every means to escape from prison because he opposed the imprisonment of Zhou Wang. At that time, the capital of Zhou was Qishan (now Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). After returning to Qishan, Zhou Wenwang was determined to overthrow the rule of Shang Dynasty.

First, he hired Jiang Shang (Jiang Taigong), a military strategist, to actively train and prepare for war, and then he annexed several small vassal states around him, and his power gradually became stronger. Then, the capital moved to Fengyi (now near Huxian County, Shaanxi Province) and prepared to move eastward.

However, Zhou Wenwang died shortly after moving the capital. Zhou Wenwang's son Ji Fa succeeded to the throne, namely Zhou Wuwang.

Jiang Taigong continues to be a strategist. King Wu's half-brother Ji Dan (Duke Zhou) and his half-brother Ji Shi (Zhao Gong) are two right-hand men.

At the same time, King Wu won the support of several other governors. So, it was officially announced that it would send troops to attack Zhou.

The army crossed the Yellow River in Jin Meng (now the South Yellow River Ferry in Mengxian County, Henan Province), pushed northeast, and approached Song Chao in Shang Dynasty (now the northeast of Qixian County, Henan Province). Because Shang Zhouwang had lost all his heart, and the army didn't want to die for him, so he ran away and fell down, and the uprising was soon conquered.

Zhou Wang committed suicide, and the Shang Dynasty was over. In the next 800 years, it became the world of Zhou Dynasty, known as the Zhou Dynasty in history.

At the beginning of Zhou Wuwang's conquest of Chao Ge, King Wu was worried about how to deal with the nobles and officials left over from Shang Dynasty and whether he could stabilize the situation. To this end, he held consultations with Jiang Taigong and others.

There is a written record in the "Shuo Yuan Gui Fa" compiled by Liu Xiang, a man of Han Dynasty: "Yin Ke, the king of Wu, called Taigong and asked,' What will happen to a man who is a weapon?' Taigong said to him:' I love people who love them, and I love black houses; People who hate others hate others. What if Xian Liu defeated the enemy and made it more than enough? Zhou Wuwang defeated the Shang Dynasty, summoned Jiang Taigong and asked, "What should we do with their personnel?" Taigong replied: "I heard that you love that person and will love his crow;" If you hate that man, get rid of his servants and servants.

How to treat killing all the hostile elements and leaving none behind? "The so-called" Seo Woo "in the original text refers to the petty officials, slave owners and aristocratic butlers with the lowest status, and so on. (Yu, Wei, etc. ; Xu; Small officials. )

There is a similar record in the biography of Shangshu compiled by Fu Sheng in the Han Dynasty: "When he died, the prince of Wu was in a dilemma.

4. Some simple literary knowledge

Common sense of literature

1. The first female poet was Cai Yan (Wen Xi).

2. General history of the first biography: Historical Records

3. The first dictionary is Erya.

The first encyclopedia was Yongle Dadian.

5. The first book of poetry is The Book of Songs.

6. The first anthology: Zhao Ming Anthology

7. The first dictionary: Explain Chinese characters by explaining them.

8. The first collection of myths: Shan Hai Jing

9. China's first collection of classical novels: Shi Shuo Xin Yu

10. The first collection of strange stories in classical Chinese, Search for Ji Shen.

1 1. The first bibliography: The Analects of Confucius

12. The first chronicle book is: Spring and Autumn Period.

13. The first dynastic history: Hanshu

14. The first art book: The Art of War by Sun Tzu

15. Part II Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru

16. Yuefu: Mulan word Peacock flies southeast, Fu Qin Yinjia. . .

.. 17. A mirror of historical records.

18. Erpai: the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise (Ling Mengchu)

19. Da Du Li: Li Bai Du Fu Xiao Du Li: Li Shangyin Du Mu

20. Gemini in China's modern literary world: Lu Xun and Guo Moruo.

2 1. Three Immortals: Lide made meritorious service.

22. Three generations: Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

23. Three biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals: Zuo Zhuan, Ram Zhuan and Gu Liang Zhuan.

24. Three Kings: Yu Xia, Duke of Shang Tang.

25. Sanshan: Yingzhou, the abbot of Penglai.

26. Three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism

27. Sangong: During the week, Sima Situpu was ordinary.

In the Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Qiu was a doctor.

Qingming, Taishi, Taifu Taibao

28. Three Caos: Cao Cao and Cao Pizhi

29. Three elements of public security: Yuan Zhongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zongdao.

30. Sangu Building in Jiangnan: Yueyang Building in Hunan, Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang and Wangtengting Pavilion in Nanchang.

3 1. Three friends in the cold year: Songzhumei

32. Sanfu: Zuo Fengyi, You Fufeng and Jing.

33. Three elements of scientific research: the first after having obtained the provincial examination, the first after winning the exam, the first in palace examination, and the first in the school (Huiyuan, the champion).

34. the palace exam is three-fixed: the champion first explores flowers.

35. The three quintessences of China: Peking Opera, Chinese Medicine and Chinese Painting.

36. Three words: Yu Shiming's words of warning and awakening the world (Feng Menglong)

37. Confucian Classic Three Rites: The Book of Rites of Zhou Li and Yi Li.

38. Three officials: Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan and Tongguan official.

39. Three Farewells: Don't get old and homeless when you get married.

40. Guo Moruo's "Goddess" trilogy-the rebirth of Guo Xiang Tang Di's "Flower of the Goddess"

4 1. Mao Dun's "Erosion" Trilogy: The Pursuit of Disillusionment and Shake

Rural trilogy: Spring Silkworm Harvest in Autumn and Remaining Winter

42. Ba Jin's Trilogy of "Love": Fog, Rain and Electricity

Riptide trilogy: Spring and Autumn Homeland

43. The first national history: Mandarin

44. The first album recording the words and deeds of counselors and military strategists: National Policy and Warring States Policy.

45. The first historical prose with the theme of personal words and deeds: Yan Zi Chun Qiu.

46. The first great patriotic poet: Qu Yuan

47. The first narrative poem: Peacock Flying Southeast (357 sentences, 1785 words).

48. The first monograph on literary criticism: Canon? Paper (Cao Pi)

49. The first pastoral poet: Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming

50. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Liu Xie, a native of A Liang, wrote his first monograph on literary theory and criticism, Wen Xin Diao Long.

5 1. The first monograph on poetry theory and criticism & Zhong Rong's Poems, born in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

52. The first popular science work, a comprehensive academic work written in the form of notes: Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty.

53. The first diary travel notes: Xu Hongzu's Travel Notes of Xu Xiake in Ming Dynasty.

54. The first poetess, also known as "one pronoun Sect": Li Qingzhao.

5. Some simple literary knowledge

Expression, also known as writing.

It refers to various specific methods and techniques used to create images and reflect life in literary creation. Including: contrast, symbolism, supporting objects to express meaning (supporting objects to express meaning), first restraining and then promoting, setting off (setting off), exaggerating and satirizing, using scenery to express feelings, and taking care of before and after.

For example, the article "Praise of Poplar" praises the farmers in the north by praising the tall and straight spirit of Poplar, and adopts a symbolic writing method. Common interpretation methods: There are 10 common interpretation methods, such as giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting materials, etc.

We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.

(1) example. Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method.

To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples. (2) reference information.

In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can quote materials to explain. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs.

(3) Make a comparison. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison.

The characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When making comparisons, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.

(4) Column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand.

It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate. (5) classification.

According to certain standards, the interpreted objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification. Classification is an important way to clarify complex things.

(6) for example. Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.

The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.

(7) imitation. In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.

(8) Definition. Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition.

Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion. When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description.

Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science". (9) Interpretation.

Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics. Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so".

The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation. For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged.

The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow". It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.

(10) Draw a chart. In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely.

Rhetoric: 1. Metaphor does not directly describe the described object A, but uses a similar B, which makes the described object A more acceptable in image and function. Generally speaking, metaphor needs three elements: ontology (a), vehicle (b) and the metaphor connecting them.

According to these three aspects, metaphor can be divided into: (1) simile uses metaphors such as "image, such as, as if" to make a simple and clear analogy. (1) *** likes the sun.

Of course, if the sentence before and after is long and the meaning is clear, the simile can also omit the metaphor. Such as: (2) iron will rust when not used, water will stink when it is not flowing, and people's brains will shrink when not used.

(2) Metaphor uses metaphors such as "being" and "becoming", and directly takes ontology as the carrier. (3) The position of Dawangzhuang became a sharp nail, which was firmly nailed into the forehead of stevie hoang Corps.

(4) The difficulty is the spring. You are soft, it is strong. (3) There are no ontologies and metaphorical words in metonymy, and metaphors refer to ontologies directly.

Once the enemy is destroyed, the bright red sun shines all over the world. The "big red sun" here refers to the new social system.

Second, compare the figures of speech that directly add the characteristics and attributes of thing B to thing A, and describe thing A in a cross-category way. There are two parts: ontology and quasi-ontology. Ontology is generally a nominal thing, while quasi-body is mostly a predicate component.

From the semantic features, quasi-body can not form a declarative relationship with ontology. According to the relationship between noumenon and simulacra, analogy is generally divided into: (1) personification writes inhuman things as adults.

(1) Oil bugs sing here and crickets play the piano here. (2) Coins are quietly "retiring".

(2) Quasi-things directly treat people as things, or write this thing into another thing. (3) Beat the Japanese devils and ran away with their tails between their legs.

(4) When the moon appears, the stars are scattered all over the sky. Thirdly, metonymy directly replaces the figure of speech of A with B related to ontology A. ..

(1) Justice can't be killed, because truth always exists. (2) Those who are willing to stay are not allowed to take other people's things.

(3) Do a good job in the vegetable garden and enrich the vegetable basket. Fourth, repeatedly use B to make statements or descriptions, and then transfer A to Ben Can't.