What's the name of the spaceship?

Spacecraft is a disposable spacecraft that transports astronauts and cargo into space and returns safely. Basically, astronauts can live in space for a short time and do some work. Its running time is usually a few days to half a month, and it usually needs two or three astronauts.

Classification of spacecraft

Single cabin type

Among them, the single cabin is the simplest, only the astronaut cockpit, and Glenn, the first American astronaut, took the single-cabin "Mercury" spacecraft to heaven; Double cabin type

Dual-cabin spacecraft consists of cockpit and service cabin, which provides power, power, oxygen and water, and improves the working and living environment of astronauts. The world's first male and female astronauts on the former Soviet "Oriental" spacecraft, the world's first extravehicular astronaut on the former Soviet "Ascension" spacecraft, and the American "Gemini" spacecraft all belong to the double cabin type; The most complicated three-cabin spacecraft is the three-cabin spacecraft, which is based on the two-cabin spacecraft, or adds 1 orbital module (satellite or spacecraft) to increase activity space and carry out scientific experiments, or 1 lunar module (moon landing spacecraft) to land or leave the moon, shenzhou spaceship in China, the former Soviet Union/Russian Federation series and the United States. Soyuz series spacecraft are still in use today.

"Oriental" spacecraft

The "Dongfang 1" spacecraft belongs to the former Soviet Union. It consists of crew cabin, equipment cabin and last stage rocket, with a total weight of 6. 17 tons and a length of 7.35 meters. The crew cabin is spherical, with a diameter of 2.3 meters and a weight of 2.4 tons. The outer side is covered with high-temperature resistant materials, which can withstand the high temperature of about 5000 degrees Celsius caused by friction when re-entering the atmosphere. The crew cabin can only carry one person. There are three doors, one for astronauts to enter and exit, one for connecting with the equipment cabin, and one for taking a parachute when returning. Astronauts can observe or photograph the scene outside the cabin through the porthole. The astronaut's seat is equipped with an ejection device, which can eject out of danger in the event of an accident. At the same time, when the spacecraft descended to 7000 meters from the ground, the astronauts popped out of the cabin together with the seats and opened the parachute to descend. When reaching the height of 4000 meters, the astronaut separated from the seat and returned to the ground by parachute alone. The equipment cabin is a conical cylinder with a length of 2.25 meters and a weight of 2.27 tons. Before the spacecraft returned to the atmosphere, it was separated from the crew and abandoned in space and became useless. The "Oriental 1" spacecraft opened the way for human beings to enter space.

The cargo ship "Progress"

The "Progress" series of cargo spacecraft perform the task of regularly replenishing food, goods, fuel and equipment to the space station. By the end of 1993, it had developed for two generations, and * * * launched 42 "Progress" and 20 "Progress M". After docking with the space station, he entered the atmosphere and set himself on fire. This spacecraft consists of an instrument cabin, a fuel cabin and a cargo cabin. The cargo hold has a volume of 6.6 cubic meters and can transport 1.3 tons of cargo. The fuel tank carries 1 ton of fuel. It can fly by itself for 4 days and dock with the space station for 2 months.

"Ascension" spacecraft

Ascension spacecraft belongs to the former Soviet Union and weighs 5.32 tons. The diameter of the spherical crew cabin is roughly the same as that of the Dongfang spacecraft. The improvement is to improve the sealing and reliability of the cabin. Astronauts don't have to wear spacesuits in the cabin, and they don't have to eject when they return, but they take the crew cabin to a soft landing. "Ascension 1" carries three astronauts and flies in space for 24 hours 17 minutes; Ascension 2 carried two astronauts and flew in space for 26 hours and 2 minutes.

Soyuz spacecraft

Soyuz spacecraft belongs to the former Soviet Union and Russia, and consists of three parts: orbital module, command module and equipment module, with a total weight of about 6.5 tons and a total length of about 7 meters. Astronauts work and live in the orbital module. The equipment cabin is cylindrical, 2.3 meters long, 2.3 meters in diameter and weighs about 2.6 tons. It is equipped with telemetry, communication, energy, temperature control and other equipment. The command module is bell-shaped, with a bottom diameter of 3 meters, a length of 2.3 meters and a weight of 2.8 tons. transport

Before the spacecraft returns to the atmosphere, throw away the orbital module and equipment module, and the command module will carry astronauts back to the ground. Starting from Soyuz 10 spacecraft, the spacecraft of the former Soviet Union switched to docking with the space station for manned flight, which pushed manned space activities to a higher stage.

In addition to the three spacecraft of the former Soviet Union and Russia, the United States also developed and launched three types of spacecraft, namely Mercury, Gemini and the famous Apollo. Among them, Mercury is the first manned spacecraft in the United States, and Apollo is the moon landing spacecraft. In addition, the Shenzhou series spacecraft developed and launched by China became the seventh manned spacecraft in the world.

Mercury manned spaceship

Mercury spacecraft is the first generation manned spacecraft in the United States. It has carried out 25 flight tests, six of which are manned flight tests. The "Mercury" spacecraft project started in June of 1958+00 and ended in May of 1963, which lasted for 4 years and 8 months. The "Mercury" project cost 392.6 million US dollars, of which the spacecraft cost 65.438+35.3 million US dollars, accounting for 34.5% of the total cost; The launch vehicle is 82.9 million US dollars, accounting for 21.1%of the total cost; Ground tracking network 7 19% USD, accounting for18.34%; The operating and recovery expenses are USD 49.3 million, accounting for 65,438+02.6%; Other facilities amounted to USD 53.2 million, accounting for 65,438+03.46%. The main purpose of "Mercury" project is to achieve a breakthrough in manned space flight, send a spaceship with an astronaut into Earth orbit, return to the ground safely after many flights, and investigate the impact of weightlessness on human body and human working ability in weightlessness environment. The key point is to solve the problems of reentry aerodynamics, thermodynamics and human error in high acceleration and zero gravity that have never been encountered before. The total length of Mercury spacecraft is about 2.9 meters, the maximum diameter at the bottom is 1.86 meters, and the weight is about 1.3 ~ 1.8 tons. It consists of a truncated cone cockpit and a cylindrical umbrella cockpit. Only one astronaut can sit in the cockpit, and the longest flight time is designed to be 2 days, 34 hours and 20 minutes, and it will fly around the earth for 22 weeks (Mercury -9 spacecraft flew from May 1963 to May 16). Mercury's six manned flights lasted 54 hours and 25 minutes. The attitude control system of Mercury spacecraft is mainly automatic control, and there are two other manual control methods as backup. Astronauts only use manual control devices to control the flight attitude of the spacecraft when necessary, and only play an auxiliary role in the spacecraft manipulation. They are basically topics for ground researchers to understand people's adaptability to the space flight environment. But it also shows people's subjective initiative in flight.

Shenzhou Spaceship

Shenzhou 1 is the first unmanned experimental spacecraft launched in People's Republic of China (PRC)'s manned spaceflight project. The spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan space launch site at 6 am on June 20, 2008. The launch mission is Long March II, which was developed on the basis of the Long March II bundled rocket. Ten minutes after the launch and ignition, the ship and arrow separated and entered the scheduled orbit accurately.

After the spacecraft was put into orbit, the ground monitoring and control center and survey ships distributed in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean tracked and controlled the spacecraft. In the same place, the life support system and attitude control system in the spacecraft were also tested.

At 3 a.m. Beijing time 1 65438+1October 2 1, the ground command center issued a return instruction to the spacecraft, and the "Shenzhou1"spacecraft arrived at1999165438+/kloc-. The spaceship flew in space for 2 1 hour.

Shenzhou II spacecraft is the second experimental spacecraft launched by China and the first full-scale unmanned spacecraft in China. The technical state of the spacecraft is basically the same as that of the manned spacecraft, which consists of three parts: the propulsion module, the return module and the orbital module.

Shenzhou II was launched from Jiuquan Space Launch Center at 1+0 Beijing time and successfully entered the scheduled orbit.

During the flight of Shenzhou-2 spacecraft, all kinds of test instruments and equipment have stable performance and work normally, and a large number of valuable flight test data have been collected. At this time, the spacecraft also carried out scientific experiments in many fields such as space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics in microgravity environment for the first time.

At 65438+1October 16 19: 22, Shenzhou II successfully landed at the main landing site in central Inner Mongolia. The spacecraft has been in space for nearly 7 days, circling the earth 108.

Shenzhou III is the third unmanned experimental spacecraft launched by China. It is also the prototype of an unmanned spacecraft, and its technical status is exactly the same as that of a manned spacecraft except that there are no astronauts on board. The spacecraft consists of propulsion module, return module and orbital module. The spacecraft was successfully launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 22: 15 Beijing time on March 25th, 2002. Spacecraft equipped with simulated astronauts can quantitatively simulate astronauts' human metabolism, physiological signals and important physiological activity parameters in space. In addition, "Shenzhou III" is also equipped with a number of experimental devices and plant seeds.

On April/KOOC-0/day, 2002, Shenzhou III circled the Earth in space/KOOC-0/08 times and landed at the landing site in central Inner Mongolia.

Shenzhou IV manned spacecraft is one of the shenzhou spaceship series in China and the third full-scale unmanned spacecraft in China. Its technical state is exactly the same as that of a manned spacecraft except that there is no one on it. Spacecraft consists of propulsion module, return module, orbital module and additional parts. The total length is about 7.4 meters, the maximum diameter is 2.8 meters, and the total mass is 7794 kilograms.

65438+In the early morning of February 30th, 2002, Shenzhou IV was launched from Jiuquan Space Launch Site. The spacecraft flew in space for 6 days 18 hours as scheduled. After circling the earth 108, it was launched at 9: 00 on1Beijing time on October 5, 2003.

"Shenzhou IV" spacecraft is further improved on the basis of the first three spacecraft and designed and manufactured according to the safety requirements of manned space flight. Two seats have been added to the spacecraft's return module, and two simulated astronauts are sitting. Astronauts need work, life and medical care, including sleeping bags, pressure suits, space food, and various life-saving items needed in case of accidents after landing.

In addition, Shenzhou IV spacecraft carried out a series of actions in space, such as deploying solar panels and adjusting attitude, and successfully implemented orbit change. At the same time, life support subsystem, spacecraft environmental control subsystem, manned space application subsystem and astronaut subsystem have all been comprehensively tested. In addition, there are several experimental projects on the Shenzhou IV spacecraft, and there are 8 scientific research projects on the * * * spacecraft with 55 payloads.

Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft is one of the shenzhou spaceship series in China, and it is the first manned spacecraft launched by China, sending astronaut Yang Liwei into space. This successful launch marks that China has become the third country, after Russia and the United States, capable of sending a man into space alone.

Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft is one of China shenzhou spaceship series. There is no difference in appearance between "Shenzhou VI" and "Shenzhou V". It is still a three-cabin structure of propulsion module, return module and orbital module, and its weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons. They were launched by the Long March II F carrier rocket. It is the second spaceship carrying astronauts in China and the first manned spaceship in China to carry out the mission of "many people and many days".

On September 25th, 2008, the Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China on 2 1: 10: 04: 988. Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft is one of China shenzhou spaceship series, which was launched by Long March II F rocket. This is the third manned spacecraft in China. Break through and master the technology related to extravehicular activities. The scientific research units of Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft are China Academy of Space Technology and Shanghai Academy of Space Technology under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. The scientific research unit of "Long March II" F-type launch vehicle is China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.

Shenzhou VII spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module and propulsion module. The total length of Shenzhou VII spacecraft is 9. 19 meters, which consists of orbital module, return module and propulsion module. "Shenzhou VII" manned spacecraft weighs 12 tons. The Long March 2F carrier rocket and escape tower are 58.3 meters high.

-As the working and living cabin of astronauts, the airlock cabin used when leaving the cabin. Equipped with pressure relief control, extravehicular spacesuit support and other functions. There are living facilities for astronauts. The top of the orbital module is equipped with a flying satellite and five recompression gas cylinders. There is no tracking function.

Return module-the module for astronauts to return to earth, which is connected with the orbital module. Equipped with parachutes and anti-thrust rockets to land and achieve a soft landing.

Propulsion cabin-equipped with propulsion system, partial power supply, environmental control and communication system, and a pair of solar panels.

apollo spacecraft

America's "Apollo" program is a great project that human beings landed on the moon for the first time. It started in May of 196 1 year and ended in February of 1972, lasting for 7 months. The purpose of "Apollo" program is to send human beings to the moon, realize human field trip to the moon and make technical preparations for manned planetary exploration.

Apollo spacecraft consists of three parts: command module, service module and lunar module.

command module

The cockpit where astronauts live and work in flight is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The command module is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons. The command module is divided into three parts: front module, astronaut module and rear module. Landing components, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front cabin. The astronaut cabin is a sealed cabin, which contains necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts' life 14 days. There are 10 attitude control engines, various instruments and tanks in the rear cabin, as well as attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, airborne computers and radio subsystems.

service module

The front end is connected with the command module, and the back end is equipped with the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system. The cabin is cylindrical, 6.7 meters high, 4 meters in diameter and weighs about 25 tons. The main engine is used for orbit change and orbit change maneuver. The attitude control system consists of 16 rocket engines, which are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module, and separate the command module from the service module.

lunar module

It consists of a descending stage and an ascending stage. When taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters.

① Descending stage: It consists of landing engine, four landing legs and four instrument cabins.

② Upward upgrade: it is the main body of the lunar module. After completing the activities around the moon, the astronauts drove up to upgrade and returned to orbit around the moon to meet the command module. The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cockpit, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system. Astronaut seat; The cabin can accommodate two astronauts (but there are no seats) and is equipped with navigation, control, communication, life support and power supply.

Apollo 1 1

"Apollo11"(Apollo11) undertook the fifth manned mission in the Apollo program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This is the first human mission to the moon. The three astronauts carrying out this mission are commander neil armstrong, command module pilot Michael john collins and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin. 1969 On July 20th, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the moon.

Gemini spacecraft

American manned spacecraft series. From March 1965 to June 1966,165438+1October * * * carried out 10 manned flights. The main purpose is to carry out maneuvering flight, rendezvous and docking, and astronauts' on-orbit attempt of extravehicular activities. Make technical preparations for the manned landing of Apollo spacecraft on the moon (see Apollo plan). Gemini spacecraft weighs about 3.2 ~ 3.8 tons, with a maximum diameter of 3 meters, and consists of two parts: cockpit and equipment cabin. The cockpit is divided into sealed and unsealed parts. The capsule is equipped with display equipment, control equipment, waste disposal device and two ejection seats for two astronauts, as well as food and water. Radio equipment, life support system and parachute are installed in unsealed cabin. There are radar and rendezvous and docking devices at the front end of the cockpit, and the bottom of the cockpit is covered with reentry heat protection materials. The equipment cabin is divided into upper cabin and lower cabin. The four brake engines are mainly installed in the upper cabin. In the lower cabin, there are orbital engines and their fuels, orbital communication equipment, fuel cells, etc. There are many pipes flowing coolant in the inner wall of the equipment cabin, so the equipment cabin is also a space radiator. Before returning, the spacecraft abandoned the equipment cabin and lowered it, then ignited four brake rockets, and then abandoned the equipment cabin and the upper cabin. The cockpit re-enters the atmosphere and opens the parachute when it descends to low altitude. The astronauts splashed down on the sea with the cockpit.

Japan space cargo spacecraft

Japan standard time 1 1 2: 00 a.m.1(Beijing time 1: 0 1), the space station transfer vehicle launched from the Seed Island Space Center is the first space cargo ship in Japan, and will undertake the heavy responsibility of transporting experimental equipment, food and other supplies for the International Space Station.

The space station transfer vehicle waiting to be launched is cylindrical, with a total length of about 10 meter and a maximum diameter of about 4.4 meters. It can carry about 6 tons of goods, and the mass at launch is about 16.5 tons. After being separated from the launch vehicle, it can fly autonomously until the space station; After supplying materials, it can be separated from the space station and burned out when it rushes into the earth's atmosphere. The space station transshipment vehicle consists of pressurized cargo hold, non-pressurized cargo hold, exposed container frame, electronic module and propulsion module, and is also equipped with communication system, antenna and reflector. The pressurized cargo hold mainly carries the internal materials of the International Space Station, including the experimental platform, drinking water and clothes. When the space station transfer vehicle is docked with the space station, astronauts can enter the pressurized cargo hold for operation. The exposed pallets are stored in the unpressurized cargo hold, which is the shelf for transporting the external experimental devices and batteries of the International Space Station. As a means of transportation for the replenishment of the International Space Station, there are Russian "Progress" spacecraft and European automatic cargo spacecraft (ATV) in addition to the Japanese space station transshipment aircraft, but carrying domestic and foreign materials at the same time is one of the specialties of the Japanese space station transshipment aircraft. The mission plan of "Space Station Transfer Vehicle 1" lasts for about 36 days, mainly transporting about 4.5 tons of materials for the space station, such as 7 test beds, 1 storage platform needed in the storage room of the "Hope" experimental module, and external experimental devices of the space station. The purpose of this mission is to test the rendezvous flight technology, the safety technology and control technology of the space station transfer vehicle after leaving the launch vehicle and approaching the International Space Station, and to verify the composition of the propulsion system and the corresponding design of astronauts entering the cargo hold when docking with the space station.

European "ATV" automatic cargo spacecraft

The cargo capacity of the "ATV" automatic cargo spacecraft manufactured by the European Space Agency is close to 8 tons, which is larger than the Russian "progressive" cargo spacecraft. In addition to transporting goods to the International Space Station, the "ATV" spacecraft can also be used as a space tugboat to help the International Space Station improve its orbit when necessary. A major feature of "ATV" spacecraft is its advanced high-precision navigation capability, which can automatically dock with the International Space Station with less ground control.

The research and development of ATV space cargo spacecraft carried on the ground is of great significance to the European plan, and Europe will join the International Space Station mission from here. If Europe can transport 6 tons of materials a year, its astronauts can stay in the space station for 6 months. The automatic rendezvous and docking technology of "ATV" makes it have a unique way to connect with the space station without human control. The capability of this vehicle will be able to meet many exploration tasks on the moon, Mars and other solar system targets.

Spacecraft in service in the future

Russian "clipper"

The proposal of using Ukrainian Zenith rocket to launch Clipper runs counter to Russia's established policy of transferring all subcontracts of space and national defense projects of the former Soviet Union to Russia. Especially in the context of the political turmoil in Ukraine at the end of 2004, RKK's proposal is particularly surprising. However, the supporters in favor of using Zenith convincingly argue that Clipper can use the existing launch vehicle without developing the onega rocket originally proposed for Clipper, which will make the whole Clipper project more realistic in terms of technology and funds.

This iron-shaped "clipper" weighs 13 tons and will be able to make 25 repeated flights. It is designed to carry two drivers, four passengers and up to 700 kilograms of cargo, while the Soyuz series spacecraft developed by RKK can't have more than three crew members. Kliper's shell, that is, its thermal protection system, is based on the materials developed for the space shuttle Blizzard.

The reusable cabin with a volume of 20 cubic meters is designed as an independent cabin, which can be equipped with two kinds of shells that can change aerodynamic force: one is a space shuttle winged glider; The other is the so-called lifting body. The shape of the latter (without wings) can provide effective aerodynamic lift. It is necessary to control this lift during the reentry of the aircraft.

Aircraft-type (or winged) "clippers" can maneuver as far as 2000 kilometers when deviating from the designed landing route; Lifting body shape airship (or wingless) can only maneuver 500 kilometers. The former can land on the runway like an airplane, while the latter uses a three-piece parachute to land.

The "clipper" can transport crew and cargo to the space station, or take a six-person 10 day tour. A detachable living cabin is installed at the back of the main crew cabin, which is borrowed from Soyuz series spacecraft and can meet the needs of some crew members. The living area is equipped with a docking port, a toilet and a life support system.

American "O 'Ryan"

The newly designed "Orion" combines many latest technologies in the fields of computer, electronics, life support, propulsion system and thermal protection system. Its conical shape is considered to be the safest and most reliable shape design for spacecraft to re-enter the earth's atmosphere.

Apart from adopting new technology, Orion is quite similar to several spacecraft currently in use in the world, including shenzhou spaceship in China. The first similarity is that they all adopt recyclable technology. The landing design of "Orion" combined parachute and airbag makes the manned cabin reusable after landing, and also saves the expensive search and rescue expenses for landing at sea. At present, both Russian Soyuz spacecraft and China Shenzhou spacecraft adopt this design.

The second point is the insulation layer peeling technology. Mercury spacecraft previously used in the United States, Soyuz spacecraft in Russia and Shenzhou spacecraft in China all adopted this technology, that is, after the spacecraft rushed out of the atmosphere, the thermal insulation layer covering the surface of the spacecraft fell off to reduce the landing weight. Because of this, O 'Ryan can be reused 10 times.

The spacecraft flew to the International Space Station on 20 15, and began to land on the moon in 2020, and began to fly to Mars on 203 1.

Learning point

Kuruguayan

The Kulu launch site is located in the Kulu area of French Guiana in the north of South America. Built in 197 1. It is the only space launch site in France at present and the main place for ESA to carry out space activities. Covering an area of about 90,600 square kilometers, it is under the leadership of the French National Center for Space Research, and is mainly responsible for launching scientific satellites, application satellites and sounding rockets, as well as testing and launching some related launch vehicles. Kulu launch site, also known as Guyana Space Center, is located on a long and narrow grassland along the Atlantic coast. Because the launch site is close to the equator, it is extremely beneficial to launch geostationary satellites. The Kulu launch site started in 1966 and was completed in 197 1 year, costing 520 million francs. In the early days, only sounding rockets and "diamond" launch vehicles were launched. The Ariane launch vehicle was successfully launched here for the first time in February 1979. Up to now, the success rate of this series of launches has reached more than 90%, monopolizing half of the global satellite launch market.