Brief introduction of Hong Xiuquan.

Hong Xiuquan (1814.1-1864.6.1), formerly known as Hong Renkun and Hong Huoxiu, was born in the 18th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (/kloc-0

The achievements of his life mainly include:

First, the establishment of 1843 "Worship God" played an important role in promoting and organizing the masses to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Later, he wrote books such as Saving the World, Awakening the World and Awakening the World to prepare for the Taiping Rebellion. After several years' efforts, with the help of Feng Yunshan, an outstanding peasant leader, Hong Xiuquan's worship movement developed rapidly, laying the foundation for jintian uprising.

Second, from 1 8511jintian uprising to1the fall of Tianjing 1864, Hong Xiuquan led the whole process of this peasant war, which lasted for 14 years and its power developed to/.

Third, establish the core of leadership twice. The establishment of Yong 'an enfeoffment system in the early stage made the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom take shape, strengthened its leadership, improved the fighting capacity of the Taiping Army, and laid the foundation for the rapid development of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In the later period, under the situation of "no one in the country and no general in the DPRK", Hong Xiuquan selected Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and other young generals to take charge of military affairs, and appointed his younger brother Hong Rengan to manage China affairs, forming a new leading group, which enabled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to continue its struggle.

Fourth, the promulgation of the revolutionary program. The Land System of China was promulgated in the winter of 1853, and social reform measures such as changing the land system were put forward. Its content shows farmers' anti-feudal demands and strong desire to solve land problems. The completeness and profundity of the program made the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution reach the highest ideological level that China's peasant revolution could reach.

1859, the book "Senior Minister's New Chapter" written by Hong Rengan to imitate western capitalist countries was promulgated. This is an important platform in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which shows that his attitude towards capitalism is more enlightened and broad-minded than that of the contemporary landlord ruling class.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement became the highest peak of China's peasant war for thousands of years, which was inseparable from his great contribution. Even Sun Yat-sen, the pioneer of China's democratic revolution, is willing to be the second Hong Xiuquan, which shows its far-reaching influence on later generations. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed under the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. However, as the supreme leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Hong Xiuquan's serious mistakes cannot be ignored. Hong Xiuquan's mistakes mainly lie in,

First, after Tianjing, the capital, the feudal consciousness was increasingly strengthened, especially the concept of hierarchy and hedonism. Hong Xiuquan lived in seclusion in the Heavenly Palace and was seriously divorced from the military and civilians. Hong Xiuquan played a particularly bad leading role in the process of transforming the revolutionary regime of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom into a new feudal dynasty regime. The qualitative change in ideological style made him more like a feudal emperor. The infighting between heaven and Beijing is the inevitable result of the development of this feudal thought within the leading group.

Second, in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, in order to prevent the power from being marginalized, Hong Xiuquan opposed the previous route of employing people, and implemented "kinship employing people", which formed a Hongpai school that rejected different surnames, which made the politics in the later period increasingly corrupt and brought a fatal crisis to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Shi Dakai is the best commander-in-chief of Taiping Army, and all his men are elites of Taiping Army. He has both ability and political integrity and won the support of all the soldiers and civilians. After the infighting in Tianjing, he was the only one who could unite the masses to help Hong Xiuquan revive the country. However, Hong Xiuquan became suspicious of him and held him hostage and squeezed him out with two kings, An and Fu. Therefore, the departure of Shi Dakai led to the division of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Later, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng attacked Jiangbei Camp and Jiangnan Camp, and Hong Xiuquan was immediately knighted, regardless of merits and demerits. Relatives, fellow villagers in Guangdong, or people who donate money and food can all be crowned kings. The number of kings has reached more than 2,700. It caused political chaos, corrupt official management and weakened military affairs in the later kingdom of heaven.

Third, in his later years, Hong Xiuquan was not only narrow-minded and conservative, but also plunged into the tragic quagmire of religious superstition.

1March 864, after Tianjing camp, there was no food in the city. Hong Xiuquan took the lead in eating "manna" (grass balls) to satisfy his hunger. Cruel struggle and hunger made Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, ill. 1June, 864, Hong Xiuquan died in Nanjing.

On the other hand, Hong Xiuquan died of suicide. Before the 1960s, most people thought that Hong Xiuquan died of suicide.

Li Xiucheng was a major general in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Hong Xiuquan presided over the defense of Tianjing in Tianjing when he died, so he knew more about the situation of Tianwangfu. In Zeng Guofan's "Li Xiucheng's Self-Report", it is said that Hong Xiuquan died: "Tianwang (Hong Xiuquan) was anxious every day, and he died of poison on April 27." The second half said: "The heavenly king committed suicide, and the overall situation was even more chaotic." Zeng Guofan, the opponent of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the leader of the Xiang Army, said in his speech on June 23 (July 26) of the same year: "The first rebellion against Hong Xiuquan was actually in May this year, when government troops stormed and died of taking poison." On the seventh day of the seventh month of the same year, he said, "Those who have fake maids are women surnamed Huang in Daozhou, that is, those who bury their bodies with their hands. I questioned them myself. According to the confession, Hong Xiuquan had not seen courtiers for many years before his death. On April 27, he died because of a sudden attack by the government and taking poison to keep a secret. The thieves in the city and the officers and men outside the city have all been publicized and will be announced in ten days. " According to the above information, most historians believe that Hong Xiuquan committed suicide by taking poison. Guo Tingyi said that Hong Xiuquan's death was "taking poison close to the truth"; Jane Youwen pointed out in The Whole History of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom that Hong Xiuquan's suicide was a "fact"; According to Li Xiucheng's self-report, Luo Ergang's Historical Draft of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom holds that Hong Xiuquan "died of poison on April 19th (calendar, i.e. 1864.6. 1)". However, scholars at that time had some doubts about Hong Xiuquan's suicide theory.