Legendary women in world history

Joan of Arc (141265438+1October 6-14365438+May 30), known as the "girl of Orleans", is a national hero, strategist and saint of the Catholic Church in France. During the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France (1337- 1453), she led the French army to resist the British invasion, supported the coronation of Charles VII, and contributed to the victory of France. Eventually arrested, she was sentenced to the stake by the Inquisition on charges of heresy and witch.

Isabella I

Today, most people only know Isabella I as the queen who helped Christophe Columbus cross the Atlantic. In fact, she is an energetic and talented monarch. She made a series of key decisions, which have had a profound impact on Spain and Latin America for centuries and still indirectly affect more people.

Her husband is Petinan of Aragon. His wisdom and talent are equal to hers. Most of her decisions were made after consultation with him and were carried out through close cooperation with him. So it seems reasonable to put them in the same chapter in this book. But the title of this chapter is Isabella's name, not both, because most of their important decisions are usually made on her advice.

Isabella was born on 145 1 in an idyllic town in the kingdom of Castilla (now part of Spain). She received strict religious training when she was a child and was a very devout Catholic. Her half-brother, Henry IV, was king of Castile from 1454 until his death in 1474. At that time, there was no kingdom of Spain, and now the territory of Spain is mainly divided into several kingdoms: Castilla, Aragon, Leon, Granada, Navarra and so on. Castilla has the largest area, Yala is located in the northeast of Spain today, Granada is in the south and Navarra is in the north.

In the late 1960s, Isabella was a candidate for the throne of Castilla and the richest woman in Europe, so many princes courted her. Her half-brother Henry IV wanted her to marry the king of Portugal. However, Isabella, who turned eighteen in 1469, ran away from home and married Petinan, the heir to Aragon's throne, despite the opposition of King Henry. Isabella's disobedience angered Henry, so he appointed his daughter Juana as his heir. However, when Henry died in 1474, Isabella announced her succession to the throne of Castile, which was opposed by Juana's supporters, and the civil war broke out. 1479 February, Isabella won by force. In the same year, John II, King of Aragon, died, and Petinan became King of Aragon, known as Ferdinand II. From then on, Pei Di South and Isabella jointly ruled the vast areas of Castilla and Aragon.

On the surface, Aragon and Castilla are still independent, and most of the administrative agencies of the two countries are still independent. But in fact, all the decisions made by Pei Dinan II and Isabella I were made by them, and both husband and wife tried their best to cooperate tacitly and become the monarch together. During the twenty-five years of their common rule, their basic policy was to establish a unified Spanish kingdom, ruled by a powerful monarch. One of their main goals is to conquer Granada, the only region in Iberia that is still ruled by Islam. The conquest began at 148 1 and ended at 1492 in February. Pei Di South and Isabella won a complete victory. After conquering Granada and other countries, Spain occupied almost as much territory as it does today. After Isabella's death, the small kingdom of Naba was annexed by Pei Dinan in 152 1.

Pei Di Nan and Isabella established the Spanish Inquisition in the early days of their rule. The court combines the powers of judges, juries, prosecuting lawyers and police investigators, and is notorious for its cruel punishment and rough trial procedures. The suspect had little chance to refute the charges against him. They can't know all the evidence against them, even the name of the plaintiff. Suspects who deny the charges against themselves are often tortured until they admit it. According to conservative estimates, at least 2,000 people were burned to death at the stake, and the number of people who received lighter punishment was many times more than this figure.

The head of the Spanish Inquisition is an extremely fanatical monk, Thomas Tongomada, who is Isabella's private confessor. Although the Inquisition was approved by the Pope, it was actually under the control of the King of Spain. The Inquisition was used to build religious unity and suppress the king's political enemies. In Britain, feudal lords always maintained enough power to limit the power of the king. The feudal lords of Spain used to be very powerful; But the Spanish king can now use the Inquisition as a weapon to suppress the feudal lords who openly rebelled, thus establishing a centralized monarchy, and can also use it to further control the Spanish priests.

However, the main target of the Inquisition is suspected religious deviants, especially some Jews and Muslims, who converted to Catholicism in name, but continued to practice their previous religion in secret.

At first, the Inquisition did not point the finger at Jews who openly believed, but in 1492, at the urging of the fanatical Tanggoma, Pei Di Nan and Isabella signed a notice ordering all Jews in Spain to leave Spain within four months if they did not convert to Christianity, and they were not allowed to take their property abroad. This expulsion order was a catastrophe for about 200,000 Jews, and many people were killed before they found a safe refuge. A large part of the most industrious and astute businessmen and craftsmen in Spain were displaced, so Spain suffered a serious economic blow.

When Lagnada surrendered, the peace agreement signed by the two sides stipulated that Muslims living in Spain could continue to practice their religion. But in fact, the Spanish government soon trampled on this agreement. So the moors rose up and were defeated. 1502, all Muslims living in Spain were forced to choose whether to convert to Christianity or go into exile. Ten years ago, Jews faced the same choice.

Although Isabella is a devout Catholic, she never allows her orthodoxy to interfere with her Spanish nationalism. In order to ensure that the Spanish Catholicism is under the control of the Spanish monarch instead of the Pope, she and Petinan fought hard and succeeded. This is one of the reasons why the religious reform in the16th century did not make any progress in Spain.

Of course, the most famous event during Isabella's reign was Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World, which also happened in the extraordinary year of 1492. Columbus' expedition was funded by the Kingdom of Castilla, but it is not true that Isabella had to pawn her jewels to finance the expedition.

Isabella died on 1504. She has four daughters and a son in her life. His son Juan died young in 1479. The most famous of her four daughters is Juana (Crazy Juana). Pei Di Nan and Isabella betrothed Juana to Philip I (Handsome Man), the son of the Austrian Habsburg Emperor and the heir to the Burgundy Kingdom. The marriage of these two unusual dynasties enabled Isabella's grandson, Emperor Charles V, to inherit the throne of one of the largest empires in European history. He was also elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the richest and most powerful European emperor at that time. The territory he ruled in name or fact includes today (Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, most parts of Italy, parts of France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia), and there is also a large area in the Western Hemisphere. Charles V and Philip II were fanatical Catholics. During their reign, they plundered the wealth of the mainland to finance the war against the Protestant countries in northern Europe. Therefore, the dynastic marriage arranged by Pei Di Nan and Isabella within one year had an impact on the European history of almost 100 years after their death.

Now let's sum up the achievements and influences of Pei Di Nan and Isabella. Through joint efforts, they successfully created a unified kingdom of Spain, whose borders at that time were basically the same as those maintained by Spain in the past five centuries; They established a centralized monarchy in Spain; The expulsion of Moors and Jews had an important impact on the deportees and Spain itself. Their religious prejudice and the inquisition they established had a far-reaching impact on the whole history of Spain in the future.

This last point should be discussed. People may simply think that the Inquisition put Spain in a cultural tights. In the centuries after 1492, culture, science and technology flourished in most western European countries, but not in Spain. In a society where the publication of deviant ideas will be arrested by the inquisition, it is not surprising that there is a lack of pioneering and creative spirit; Some different views are allowed in other European countries. In Spain, religion allows only one completely orthodox Catholic. Compared with other western European countries in 1700, Spain is a backwater in ideology and culture. Although it has been almost five centuries since Pei Di Nan and Isabella first established the Spanish Inquisition, and it has been 140 years since it was completely eliminated, Spain has not really recovered from its influence.

In other words, Isabella sponsored Columbus's expedition, which made most of South America and Central America become Spanish colonies. This means that Spanish culture and its institutions, including the Inquisition, have been established in vast areas of the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, just as Spain lags behind most western European countries in ideology and culture, it is not surprising that Spain's colonies in South America lag behind Britain's colonies in North America in ideology and culture.

In the ranking of Isabella in this book, one factor should be considered, that is, if it were not for her, the same incident would not happen under normal circumstances. From the actual situation, Spain has a strong crusade spirit because of its 700-year struggle to recover the Iberian Peninsula from Islam. But when this struggle ended at 1492, Spain had the choice of which direction to develop. It was Pei Di Nan and Isabella, especially Isabella, who led Spain to uncompromising religious orthodoxy. Without her influence, Spain seems to have always been a multi-religious society.

Perhaps people will naturally compare Isabella I with the more famous Queen Elizabeth I.. At least Elizabeth's talent can be comparable to Isabella's; Besides, because of her kind and tolerant policies, she seems to be a more enviable monarch. But she lacks pioneering spirit than Isabella, and nothing of her deeds has a far-reaching influence like Isabella's establishment of the Inquisition. Although some of Isabella's policies are abhorrent, few emperors in history have had such far-reaching influence.

I of Queen Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I (Elizabeth I,1was born in Greenwich, today's Greenwich, London, and died in Surrey on March 24th, 603), 1558 to 65438+1October1. She never married, so she was called "virgin queen". When she ascended the throne, England was in a chaotic state of internal religious division, but she not only successfully maintained the unity of England, but also made England one of the most powerful and wealthy countries in Europe after nearly half a century of rule. British culture also reached a peak in this period, and famous figures such as Shakespeare and Francis Bacon appeared. British colonies in North America also began to be established during this period. Her rule is called "Elizabethan Age" and "Golden Age" in English history.

Catherine (female name)

Ekaterina I Alekseyyevna (1684- 1727, in office 1725- 1727) is the daughter of the Russian queen and the Lithuanian farmer Samuel Scarron.

Before Catherine I converted to the Orthodox Church, her name was Marta. In the Northern War, he became a prisoner of Russian troops near Marienpol, and soon got the favor of Peter I. After her husband died, with the support of the Guards, she was crowned the queen of the Russian Empire in 1725. But he did not participate in national politics, and the real power was in the hands of Mensh Chikov. According to the will of Peter the Great, the Russian Academy of Sciences was established (1726) and the Supreme Privy Council was established. A few days before his death, he signed a testament to Peter Alekseyevich Romanov.

екатеринаII Ekaterina II (1729- 1796), Queen of Russia (1762-/kloc)

Yekaterina, formerly known as Sophia, was born in a small German duke's family. Since she was a child, she has traveled with her mother to many European cities and visited the courts of many German princes. However, the turning point of her fate occurred in 1744, when the Russian queen Yelisavita chose a wife for her heir Peter (later Peter III), and yekaterina was invited to the Russian court as a candidate.

When yekaterina and her mother's carriage galloped on the post road in the eastern European plain, she might be full of expectations for the future. Being familiar with the court struggle since childhood, she is obviously psychologically prepared for the complicated court life she will face in the future. After arriving in Moscow, yekaterina was quickly appointed as the spouse of the Crown Prince, but the next 18 years was not easy for her. Queen Jelisavita was cold and hot to her, which made her more miserable. Her husband Peter is a fragile, weak-willed and eccentric man. He dotes on his mistress and often humiliates yekaterina. During this period, yekaterina claimed that "there is no book, no pain, but never happiness", accumulated knowledge in books, and secretly organized a small group, and the young officers of the Guards Corps headed by her lover grigori lior Love became an iron hand to support her. 1762, Queen Yeli Savita died, and pregnant yekaterina dared not make a move, watching her husband and sworn enemy Peter ascend to the throne and become Tsar Peter III. After Peter III came to power, a series of jaw-dropping actions finally drove him to the wall. He ordered the Russian army, which had a good situation and was in sight of victory in the Seven-Year War, to stop fighting, withdraw from the occupied Prussian land and sign a peace treaty with King Frederick II of Prussia. Because he is an admirer of Frederick II, he is also prepared to "personally lead some troops and obey the command of Frederick II". At home, he hoped that Russians would convert to Lutheranism, declare the Orthodox Church a heretic and confiscate its property. In this way, people will naturally change their minds. With the help of orlov brothers and Cossack leader Razumovski, yekaterina staged a coup, successfully seized the throne and imprisoned Peter III. A few days later, Peter III died mysteriously. After 18 years of humiliation, yekaterina finally waited for this day and became the master of the largest empire in the world.

According to legend, Peter III died at the hands of yekaterina's favorite concubine Alexei orlov. On the night of Peter III's death, he looked flustered, with messy hair and tattered clothes. Maybe he took care of Peter III himself. On the other hand, in fact, yekaterina could have brought Peter's murderer to justice, so as to clear his suspicion and leave a good reputation. However, she didn't do this. Alexei orlov and others who made great contributions to her winning the throne died on the political stage for their own reputation. This also seems to reflect the other side of yekaterina's personality, that is, she has a manly mind and lofty sentiments, which she simply disdains. Since these people work for her, she has an obligation to protect them, promote them and share the fruits of victory with them. Perhaps this is the reason why a foreign women can ascend to the throne of the czar! Catherine II's greatest achievement is Russia's foreign aggression and expansion, which is also her main influence on history. Including three partition of Poland, two wars against Turkey and one war against Sweden.

On the Polish issue, yekaterina adopted a step-by-step strategy. First, she manipulated the Polish election meeting in 1763 to help her lover poniatowski ascend to the Polish throne. 1772, Russia divided Poland with Prussia and Austria for the first time, and obtained a part of Belarus and Latvia. Polish patriots rebelled before their demise. 179 1 year, the Patriotic Party adopted the Constitution of May 3rd, announcing the abolition of the system of freely choosing the king and the right of free veto. As a result, Russia and Prussia jointly suppressed it. Yekaterina's army captured Warsaw, declared the Constitution invalid on May 3rd, and signed an agreement with Prussia to carve up Poland for the second time. Poland is a part of western Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. Under the bayonet of yekaterina's army, 1793, the last Polish parliament passed this trampled agreement in the form of "acquiescence". Yekaterina may want to keep a puppet kingdom for his lover, but 1794, Polish national salvation uprising surged. After the Polish uprising was suppressed by the United States and Austria, in order to avoid falling asleep, she decided to carve up Poland for the third time, so that the country completely disappeared from the map. Divided Poland three times, the greedy polar bear got more than 460,000 square kilometers of land.

During the reign of Peter the Great, he failed to realize his wish to let the Black Sea lead to the sea. Turkey has always been the number one enemy of Russia. However, the yekaterina-era war against Turkey went unexpectedly smoothly. 1768, under the provocation of Russia, Turkey declared war on Russia. Originally considered as a close contest, it shows Russia's one-sided advantage. It has won great victories on the Danube, Crimea, Caucasus and Aegean Sea. In the peace treaty of 1774, Turkey recognized the independence of the Crimean Khanate and the freedom of Russian merchant ships.

Turkey and Russia are preparing for war. 1787 War broke out again between the two countries. This time, suvorov led Russia, and Izmir wiped out more than 20,000 enemies in the First World War. Turkey once again signed a contract to cede the land between the South Bug River and the left bank of the Transnistrian River, and the Crimea region was forced to be ceded to Russia. Yekaterina was the biggest catalyst in the process that the once powerful Ottoman Turkish Empire became the sick man of West Asia.

There was another episode in the second Russian-Turkish war. Gustav, the Swedish "king of actors", tried to attack the Russian Baltic fleet and was defeated. Sweden, Poland and Turkey have always been the three main targets of Russia's expansion in Europe, and they won a great victory in the period of Catherine II.

Looking at the greatly expanded Russian territory, yekaterina said with great pride: "If I can live to be 200 years old, the whole of Europe will crawl at my feet!"

Yekaterina read many works of western European enlightenment thinkers in his early years. In that era of popular "enlightened autocracy", she also made herself a fashionable suitor. After she acceded to the throne, she corresponded closely with Voltaire and sponsored Diderot, the representative of the Encyclopedia School. She founded various schools, advocated literary creation, adopted encouraging policies for the development of capitalist industry and commerce, and lifted trade restrictions. However, after sitting on the throne of czar autocracy, her thoughts gradually changed.

1773, the peasant uprising led by pugachev disguised as Tsar Peter III, after more than a year of repression, did not occupy a big city with strategic significance, but it still made her feel a great threat. She further strengthened centralization, such as changing the three-level system of "province, state and county" to the two-level system of "province and county", giving the nobles more and more power. 1787 promulgated the imperial edict of Russian nobility, freedom and privilege, which is a concentrated expression, so she is called the "noble queen". In this regard, although it is beneficial to consolidate the rule in the short term, in the long run, it intensifies the contradiction between aristocratic serf owners and serfs, and the exploitation and oppression suffered by serfs further deepens. Serfdom has always been a major problem in Russian society. Catherine II aggravated it and pushed this thorny problem to her descendants to solve.

On the other hand, by giving more freedom to the aristocrats, the advanced elements among them can fully contact with the liberal ideas of western Europe, which opens a door for Russia's modernization. The first cry of Russia to overthrow the czar's autocracy and serfdom came from the progressive aristocrats.

It is said that yekaterina is very romantic. Among her lovers are Grigol Leo Love, potemkin and Boniatowski, but she doesn't admit that she is dissolute and shameless.

In a word, Catherine II's influence on history is mainly reflected in the change of territory. She made Poland perish, Turkey rapidly declined, and at the same time made Russia strong, and its ruling power further approached the heart of Europe.

Wu Zetian

February 62417-February 65438+06,705), Han nationality. The only female emperor in China's orthodox history (there was a female emperor, Chen Shuozhen, in Tang Gaozong during the uprising) is also the oldest emperor in succession (67 years old) and one of the oldest emperors (82 years old). Tang Gaozong was the empress (655-683), and Tang Zhongzong and Tang Ruizong were the empress dowager (683-690). Later, he became the Emperor of Wu Zhou (690-705), changed the Tang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, made Luoyang its capital and named it "the capital of gods". History is called "Wu Zhou" and he abdicated in 705.

Wu's real name "Qi" began on the eve of her becoming emperor. This is the first of two new words 12 put forward by her cousin, assistant minister of Fengge Sect in Qin Ke. Although the newly created word "Qi" has the same meaning as the word "Zhao", it has a special structure and can remind people of the majestic scene of the sun and the moon in the sky, which may be the main reason why Wu Zetian loves to use it and choose her name. The word "Zetian" is the title for her in later generations. That is, because Wu Zetian announced on Zetianmen that he changed the Tang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, and because the word "Zetian" has the meaning of "imitating the law of Heaven Emperor". In the ninth year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 72 1), when compiling A Record of Zetian, the word Zetian was specially used to address this extraordinary woman who was both a queen and an emperor. This is the earliest appearance of the special name Wu Zetian. The name Wu Zetian became popular only after the evaluation of her gradually increased in modern times.

Wu Shi is the second daughter of a military commander who was the founding hero of the Tang Dynasty. His mothers were Shi Yang and Wu Zetian, from Wenshui, Shanxi, who were born in Lizhou (now Guangyuan), Sichuan. His real name is unknown. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he entered the harem as a gifted scholar (positive five products). Emperor Taizong gave him a charming name, known as "Wu Meiniang". Emperor Gaozong was honored as the "Queen of Heaven". Emperor Gaozong collapsed, Zhongzong acceded to the throne, and Wu Shi was the empress dowager, later renamed the imperial system. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he was honored as the "Holy Spirit Emperor", and after he abdicated, he was renamed "Tianhou Shunsheng". Other titles of Wu were abolished, such as Virgin Jade Emperor, Holy Emperor, Golden Wheel Holy Emperor, Yuegu Golden Wheel Holy Emperor, Yuegu Golden Wheel Holy Emperor cishi, Golden Wheel Holy Emperor, Zetian Emperor and Zetian Queen. Later generations usually call Wu Shi "Wu Zetian" or "Wuhou".

Helen Keller

Helen Keller (65438+June 27th, 0880-65438+June 1 0968) was an American blind and deaf woman writer, educator, philanthropist and social activist in the19th century.

1880 was born in Tuskegee mbia, a small town in northern Alabama. She was deprived of her sight and hearing by scarlet fever in 19 months. Soon, she lost the ability to express herself in words. However, in this dark and lonely world, she did not give up, but kept striving for self-improvement. With the efforts of her tutor Anne Sullivan, Helen overcame the mental pain caused by physical defects with tenacious perseverance. She loved life and gained knowledge from it, learned to read and speak, and began to communicate with people. Moreover, he graduated with honors from Radcliffe College in the United States and became a learned man, a famous writer and educator proficient in English, French, German, Latin and Greek. She traveled all over the United States and the world to raise money for schools for the blind and devoted her life to the welfare and education of the blind. She has won the praise of people all over the world and won many government awards.

Helen believes that the tragedy of vision and hearing loss often occurs in families that cannot treat their children in time because of poverty. In order to eliminate the evil phenomenon caused by social inequality, Helen joined the National Socialist Party of the United States and the International Federation of Industrial Workers (IWW) and became a radical socialist. I have written two articles about how I became a socialist [1] and why I joined IWW [2] to illustrate my motivation. However, western history textbooks often praise the story of Helen Keller's struggle with illness in her early years, but the fact that she became a socialist as an adult is deliberately ignored. I mentioned this problem in the book "Lies told by the teacher-mistakes made in American history textbooks" [3].

Helen Keller's main works include If I Can See Three Days [4], My Life, My Teacher and so on. Helen Keller wrote 14 works in her life. My life is her first novel. As soon as the work is published; It immediately caused a sensation in the United States and was called "an unparalleled masterpiece in the history of world literature". More than 0/00 editions of/kloc have been published, which has a great influence in the world. This book is compiled by Helen Keller's My Life, out of the dark and Teacher, and the famous essay "If you give me three days of light" published by Atlantic Monthly. This paper comprehensively and systematically introduces Helen Keller's rich, vivid, true and great life, and many words are the first time to meet readers in China. "If you give me three days of light" is the eighth lesson in the fifth grade and the ninth lesson in the sixth grade of Jiangsu Education Publishing House. In the 20th century, a unique individual life shocked the world in her brave way. She-Helen Keller, a woman who lives in the dark but brings light to mankind, a lonely weak woman who has spent 88 spring and autumn years of her life, but survived 87 years of dull, silent and speechless.

However, it is such a claustrophobic person who graduated from Radcliffe College of Harvard University. He spent all his life running around and set up a charity to benefit the disabled, and was selected as one of the top ten hero idols in the 20th century in America by Time magazine.

Creating this miracle depends on an indomitable heart. Helen accepted the challenge of life, embraced the world with love, faced difficulties with amazing perseverance, finally found the bright side of life in the dark, and finally extended her loving hands to the world. Helen Keller (June 27th 1 880-65438+June10968) is a famous blind and deaf woman writer and speaker in the 20th century in America. With a strong will, she was admitted to Radcliffe College of Harvard University, became the first blind and deaf person in the world to complete her college education, and was selected by Time magazine in the United States.

If you give me three days of light is Helen Keller's masterpiece of prose. From the perspective of a weak woman who is physically disabled and determined, she warned healthy people to cherish life and cherish everything given by the creator. In addition, The Story of My Life included in this book is a semi-autobiographical work by Helen Keller, which is regarded as "an unparalleled masterpiece in the history of world literature".

Helen Keller was blind and deaf due to illness since childhood, but she made unremitting efforts to overcome great difficulties and completed her college studies. He wrote more than a dozen works in his life and devoted himself to social activities to help disabled children, protect women's rights and interests and strive for racial equality. 1964 won the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Helen Keller's masterpiece "If Give Me Three Days of Light", from the perspective of a weak woman with physical disability and firm will, warns the able-bodied people to cherish life and everything given by the creator. In addition, The Story of My Life included in this book is an autobiographical work of Helen Keller, which is regarded as "an unparalleled masterpiece in the history of world literature".

1968, Helen died at the age of 89. She devoted her life's service to the disabled people all over the world. She wrote many books and her story was made into a movie. Teacher Sullivan gave her the most precious love. She spread this love to all the unfortunate people and brought them hope. After her death, because of her strong will and outstanding contribution, people all over the world were moved to hold activities to commemorate her.

Helen Keller was blind and deaf due to illness since childhood, but she made unremitting efforts to overcome great difficulties and completed her college studies. He wrote more than a dozen works in his life and devoted himself to social activities to help disabled children, protect women's rights and interests and strive for racial equality. 1964 won the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Her deeds have been made into movies twice.

Madame Curie

Original name: Mary Scollo Doska (Polish: Mabya Sklodowska)

Marie Curie (1867.11.7—1934.7.4), born in Poland, is a physicist and chemist in Poland, France. A world-famous scientist, who studied radioactive phenomena, discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium (P non-), and won the Nobel Prize twice in his life (physics for the first time and chemistry for the second time). In the process of studying radium for several years, as an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. 1937 The Biography of Madame Curie published by my second daughter greatly influenced the world's understanding of Madame Curie. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book "The Life of Maria Curie" was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail and depth. Elena, her eldest daughter, is a nuclear physicist. She and her husband Iorio shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering man-made radioactive substances. The second daughter Avery is a musician and biographer. As the Director-General of UNICEF, her husband received the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize from the King of Sweden.