High score in knowledge (historical knowledge, basic knowledge, literary knowledge, etc.). )

Bottle with small mouth and pointed bottom, 1958 Unearthed in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. The bottle is 46.2 cm high, with a big bottom and a pointed abdomen, and earrings used as tethers on both sides of the abdomen. When drawing water, put the bottle in the water with a rope, because the bottle is empty and the center of gravity is in the middle and upper part of the bottle, so the bottle will be inverted immediately in the water; With the continuous injection of water into the bottle, the center of gravity of the bottle shifts to the middle and lower part of the bottle, making the bottle mouth stand upright to ensure that the sucked water will not flow out again. The whole process is completed by the bottle itself without manual shaking.

"Surname" is born of a woman, and its original meaning comes from the same female surname, ancestral clan, and all symbols. Obviously, the surname should originate from the matriarchal clan commune, and it is based on the woman to determine the kinship, which is the symbol of the difference between clans-clan number. So, how to distinguish clans within the same tribe? This requires a new logo, and this logo gives birth to the surname. Surname and surname are actually the relationship between trunk and branch.

Generally speaking, most surnames beside female characters originated from matriarchal clan commune, belonging to ancient surnames, such as Yao, Jiang, Ying, Yan, Ji and Si. There are many stories and legends about these ancient surnames. These ancient surnames later produced many surnames, such as Wu, Guan, Lu, Wei, Shen, Han and Zheng. All countries take Ji as their surname, and each takes its title as its surname.

In slave society, there are strict hierarchical boundaries, and people can determine someone's rank according to different surnames. In the Warring States period, due to the great changes in society, some new landlords with low status gradually mastered the political power, while the former slave owners and nobles gradually declined, and their proud surnames for generations lost their sacred aura and the function of distinguishing between noble and noble. By the time the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Six Kingdoms, the nobles of the Six Kingdoms were completely defeated, and their surnames and surnames were "mixed".

Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.

Luo Guanzhong (1330- 1400), a famous book, was a popular novelist in Ming dynasty. His native place is Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and Qiantang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which is uncertain. According to legend, Luo Guanzhong was a screen guest of Zhang Shicheng, a peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In addition to the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he also wrote popular novels such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties and plays such as Meet the Dragon and Tiger of Zhao Taizu.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has created nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the noble character of "devoting all his efforts to death", and he has the ambition to help the people and rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world in modern times. Moreover, the author endowed him with the peculiar ability to call the shots. Cao Cao is a treacherous man. His life creed is "I would rather teach the world to betray me than the world to betray me". He is a political careerist and schemer, so don't confuse him with the real Cao Cao in history. Guan Yu is "resolute" and "righteous as a mountain". But his loyalty is based on personal grudges, not the national justice. Liu Bei was portrayed by the author as a model of benevolence and righteousness, a corporal who valued virtue, and a man who knew people well and did his duty well.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes wars, big and small, with grand ideas and various techniques, which let us clearly see the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is ups and downs, ups and downs, and it is thrilling to read.

The book is not vulgar, concise and lively, full of momentum and lively.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms has brought the upsurge of China's historical novel creation, and its series of characters are well-known in China.

The Water Margin is the first novel describing the peasant uprising in the history of China.

The story of Water Margin has been circulated among the people for a long time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang's "A Brief Introduction to the East" and other books have been recorded sporadically. Gong Sheng, a adherent of the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote thirty-six poems praising Song Jiang. The anonymous Legacy of Song Xuanhe describes the deeds of Song Jiang and others. There were 25 kinds of dramas with the theme of Water Margin in Yuan Dynasty, and the story of Water Margin spread to the end of Yuan Dynasty, which roughly formed the scale of this edition of Water Margin.

The author of Water Margin is generally regarded as Shi Naian in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Shi Naian (1296- 1370) was born in Suzhou. Famous novelist in the early Ming Dynasty. At the age of 35, he entered the Jinshi, then abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown to engage in creation. Legend has it that he had some connection with the peasant uprising movement at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

"Water Margin" takes the occurrence and development of peasant uprising as the main line, and describes the whole process from individual awakening to small-scale joint resistance to grand peasant uprising team through the different experiences of heroes from all walks of life, showing the inevitable law of peasant uprising in feudal times, shaping the group image of peasant uprising leaders, and profoundly reflecting the political situation and social contradictions in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

On the side of the oppressed, the author praised the just actions of the leaders of the peasant uprising to rob the rich and help the poor, eliminate violence and quell chaos, and affirmed their revolutionary spirit of daring to resist and struggle. Song Jiangyuan is a brave man who used his quick wits to help the poor. Being caught up with Liangshan, he defended the sky, strengthened the prestige of the rebel army and won a series of victories. However, due to the duality of his personality and the limitations of his thoughts, he chose to compromise and win over when the uprising reached its peak, and finally ruined the uprising. Through the failure of Sung River uprising, the novel objectively summarizes the experience and lessons of the failure of peasant uprising in feudal times.

The story begins with the rise of Gao Qiu, which is intended to show that "from top to bottom in troubled times", and Gao Qiu is the representative of the feudal ruling group. The author also wrote a large number of corrupt officials and local bullies. It is they who collude with each other and fish in troubled waters, forcing good and upright people to take risks and rise up against them. The novel deeply excavates the deep-seated reasons of peasant uprising in feudal times.

The structure of Water Margin is very unique. First, it takes a single heroic story as the main body. At the end of the last story, another character is led by the transformation of events and scenes, and the next story begins with life events. Like a ring, interlocking, interlocking. There are also some stories with their own jokes, showing many heroes, such as Zhicai birthday class and Sanda Zhujiazhuang. One story after another flows like a trickle to the Yangtze River, and finally merges into a huge torrent and a huge hero party.

The Water Margin has successfully shaped the characters such as Song Jiang, Lin Chong, Lu and so on. The author is good at putting the characters in the real historical environment and closely connecting their identities and experiences to describe their personalities. He is good at describing the characters by putting them in a critical moment of life and death, and he is also good at using contrast and contrast to highlight their characters.

"Water Margin" does not have the slightest femininity and affection, but it has bold and rough masculine beauty and lofty beauty. This aesthetic style had a certain influence on later heroic legendary novels.

The story of Journey to the West has experienced a long evolution. The historical facts of Tang Xuanzang's trip to Tianzhu (present-day India) were described and exaggerated in Records of the Western Regions of Datang and Biography of Sanzang Master in Jionji of Datang, which was widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty and evolved into fairy tales. The stories of Buddhist scriptures in the Tang Dynasty published in the Southern Song Dynasty have developed significantly, initially showing the outline of The Journey to the West's story. Walker has replaced Tang Priest as the protagonist of Buddhist stories. By the Yuan Dynasty (no later than the Ming Dynasty), a more complete and vivid story of Journey to the West was published. It is likely that Wu Cheng'en directly processed and created the manuscript, which is of great significance in the process of The Journey to the West's book writing. From Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, Buddhist stories were also active on the stage of drama. Some plots and contents are similar to those of The Journey to the West in Wuzhu. This shows that before Wuzhu's journey to the West, the story of learning the scriptures had been processed in many ways and widely circulated. The Monkey King's image has also undergone an equally long evolution process, which is related to a Huai vortex water god who was captured by Dayu when he was managing water. Wu Zhiqi was originally a well-connected monkey spirit, but later he was locked at the foot of Guishan Mountain in Huaiyin. It is on the basis of previous legends, peace talks and operas that Wu Cheng'en combined Wu's legend with the story of learning from the scriptures and integrated it into the real life, creating this grand and outstanding mythological novel The Journey to the West.

Ideological content

Journey to the West consists of three parts. The first part is about the birth of the Monkey King and the havoc in Heaven. The second part is the life experience of Tang Priest and the reasons for learning from the scriptures. The third part is about the Monkey King's conversion to Buddhism, protecting Tang Priest from going to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures, and fighting monsters along the way. After eighty-one difficulties, he finally got back the true scriptures and became a "positive result". "Noisy Heaven" vividly depicts a heroic image of the Monkey King who defies imperial power and dares to resist, and shows the author's enthusiastic praise for anti-feudal rebellious thoughts and fighting spirit such as resisting authority and despising hierarchy. The second part mainly plays the role of transition and cohesion, with obvious religious superstition. In the main part of the story, there are obvious differences and contradictions in the theme, content and thought of Buddhist stories. However, due to the consistency of the characters before and after, the variation of the object of struggle and the situation did not affect the general unity of the ideological content of the novel. The Monkey King rebelled and failed because his divine power was not as good as Tathagata's, and converted to Buddhism, and finally showed his religious thought of "boundless Buddha nature", which was inseparable from the historical limitations of the author and the religious nature of the subject matter. However, as a heroic image of the Monkey King, he always maintained the fighting spirit of overcoming evil and being brave and fearless, which is also the positive significance of The Journey to the West's book. The Journey to the West showed rich social content in the form of myth, reflected the realistic social contradictions in twists and turns, and showed the people's wishes and demands of punishing evil and promoting good. The Monkey King embodies the people's strong desire to resist autocratic oppression, defeat the dark forces and conquer nature. The Monkey King's spirit of positive optimism and courage to struggle is an artistic summary of the long-term struggle life of the people of China, and it is the product of the combination of ideal and reality. As the opposite of the Monkey King, the world of God buddha magic was unjust, and the fatuity and violence of the Jade Emperor was the epitome of the feudal ruling class at that time. The sinister lust of the demons on the way to the scriptures reflects the similarities and differences of the dark forces in society. It is because of this opposition that the Monkey King became a favorite hero. It is precisely because the book highlights the content of killing monsters that the purpose of learning from the scriptures is relegated to a secondary position and even symbolic. For the character of Tang Priest, the author is more critical than positive. He abided by religious beliefs and feudal etiquette, was pedantic and stubborn, and did not distinguish right from wrong, thus changing from a eulogized figure to an object of ridicule. This is also the difference between Journey to the West and the traditional story of learning from the scriptures. In addition, the book also depicts the image of Zhu Bajie, a small producer in society. He is simple and honest, hard-working, and never gives in in the struggle against the enemy. At the same time, he is greedy and lustful, unable to tell the enemy from me, jealous and not determined enough to fight. The author gave him banter and well-meaning criticism. It is through the different descriptions of different characters in the book that the author praises the fighting spirit of justice, fearlessness and courage, lashes the dark and evil forces, and warns people to recognize the essence through phenomena, be cruel to the enemy and do everything except evil. Therefore, this book has far-reaching influence.

achievements of art

The Journey to the West has distinctive artistic features. The story is vivid, fantastic and tortuous, showing a rich and bold artistic imagination. The characters in the book have a strong sense of magic and realism. The organic combination of divinity (fantasy), humanity (sociality) and materiality (naturalness) is a prominent feature of The Journey to the West's characterization. The language of Journey to the West is vivid and fluent, and the dialogue between the characters has distinct personality characteristics, full of rich flavor of life, showing a humorous artistic interest, which makes the whole work full of artistic charm.

affect

The Journey to the West occupies an important position in the history of China's novels, and is an outstanding representative of strange novels in Ming Dynasty. Like Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, it has become a classic novel that China people are familiar with. The earliest existing publication in The Journey to the West is the newly engraved Journey to the West as the Palace in the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592). 1954 released and sorted out. 1980 People's Literature Publishing House published the second edition.

Cao Xueqin (17 15? - 1763? ) the real name is Zhan, the word, the number, and the number of laymen. Great novelist in Qing dynasty. My ancestral home is rich in Hebei and Liaoyang, Liaoning. After the Qing people entered the customs, they entered the Zhengbaiqi internal affairs office. From his great-grandfather to his father, his family inherited Jiangning weaving. When I was young, my family was rich and powerful. Later, his father was convicted, his inheritance was confiscated, and his family wealth declined. Cao Shijia moved from the south to the north. After middle age, they lived in the northwest suburb of Beijing. Their family is very poor and lives a "family porridge" life. Cao Xueqin is versatile, good at poetry and painting, talkative and arrogant. A Dream of Red Mansions has been written for 80 times. Due to poverty and illness, and the death of my beloved son, it has become an unfinished work.

A Dream of Red Mansions, also known as "Stone Story" and "Jinyuyuan", takes the love story of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu as the main line and describes a series of love stories of young men and women inside and outside the Grand View Garden. At the same time, by describing the social environment of these love tragedies, it involves politics, law, patriarchal clan system, women, morality, marriage and other issues. In feudal society, expose the world at the end of feudal society, expose the decay and evil of feudal nobles and their rule, praise the rebels who pursue light, and declare that this society is bound to perish through the tragic fate of rebels. It can be said that A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopedia of social life in the late feudal society of China.

A Dream of Red Mansions has created vivid characters such as Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai. Baoyu has always stood outside the feudal spirit and morality. He regards his official career as an official career, the words of the entertainment circle as a tool for seeking fame and reputation, and reading sages as a fear. He has a strong gentleman pants habit and is anti-feudal. He respects women, personality and freedom, and is a typical rebel of an aristocratic family and even the feudal system. Daiyu is an elegant, aloof and sentimental aristocratic lady. She regards love as her life, but her love is ruined because the aristocratic family does not allow it. Baochai is a feudal lady who abides by the rules of women's morality. She was also a victim of feudalism.

A Dream of Red Mansions breaks through the traditional way of drawing materials and conceiving, and concentrates the society on the whole family, while the Jia family is actually the epitome of the whole society.

The skill of writing people in A Dream of Red Mansions has reached perfection. The characters described are vivid, distinctive and have multiple personalities, which breaks the characteristics of typification of novel writers in the past. The author's main methods of portraying characters are: under the broad social background, carefully portraying different characters; Pay attention to the personality of the characters, and the psychological description is concrete and concise; Put the characters in a specific artistic atmosphere to set off their inner feelings.

A Dream of Red Mansions absorbs the nutrition of China's classical literary language, refines popular language and casts it into an accurate, refined, pure, vivid and elegant language.

The plot arrangement of A Dream of Red Mansions is distinct and is an organic whole. Its structure is not only interrelated and criss-crossed, but also well-defined and orderly, just like life itself, without showing traces of artificial axes.

A Dream of Red Mansions is an ordinary trivial matter on the surface, but it can see the big from the small and reflect the essence of life, which has rich and profound social significance.

After the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions, with its profound ideological implication and exquisite artistic charm, it shocked the hearts of readers from generation to generation and had a great influence across time and space, forming a huge Dream of Red Mansions in the field of academic research. After more than 200 years of ups and downs, A Dream of Red Mansions has not declined, but has flourished, which is enough to show the artistic value of A Dream of Red Mansions.

The version of Dream of Red Mansions has two systems. One is the fat censorship transcript system, which has only been circulated for 80 times. One is Cheng Weiyuan's Gao E finishing and repairing 120 copy system. A Dream of Red Mansions published by People's Literature Publishing House 1982 has 120 revised annotated editions, which is a relatively perfect new reader.

Twenty-five histories: Historical Records, History of Han, History of Later Han, History of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Jin, Book of Song, Book of Southern Qi, Liang Shu, Book of Chen, Book of Wei, Book of Northern Qi, Book of Zhou, Sui Shu and Book of Southern Qi.

General History of China's First Biography. Written by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty. Originally known as Taishi Gongshu, also known as Taishi GongGong Ji and Taishi Gongji. Yuanfeng was the stepfather of Sima Qian for three years (108). In the first year of Taichu (104), he participated in the formulation of taichu calendar and began to write historical records. After 10 years of hard work, it was finally written.

It took more than 3,000 years for the secretary to start from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the end of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The historical events described were recorded in detail in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. According to Taishi Gongxu, there are 130 books, including 12 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 writers, 70 biographies, and 526,500 words. The purpose of this book is to explore the relationship between heaven and personnel and study the development and changes of history. The author puts forward a fixed formula of "loyalty-respect-culture", which is a cycle of dynasty change. This kind of understanding is unscientific, but people can only reach this level of understanding at that time. The book is rich in information, including Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, History Book, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Chunqiu and A Hundred Schools of Thought contend. The materials for personal interviews and on-the-spot investigations have also been added by using archives collected by the state and ancient documents preserved by the people. The author pays attention to the identification and selection of materials while drawing extensively, showing a cautious scientific attitude. In the history of Chinese historiography, this book is the first large-scale and complete general history of China. The biographical style of historical books began to have a far-reaching influence, and was later adopted by the official history of past dynasties. Most of his words are vivid and concise, and the narrative image is vivid, which has a good influence on the later prose and biographical literature in China. After Sima Qian's death, not many people knew this book. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor in the Han Dynasty, Yang Yunzu, the grandson of Sima Qian, described his book, published it in the world and spread it since then. One of the earlier editions of this book, Huang Jiashu's engraving in the Southern Song Dynasty, is recognized as a rare edition, and has been photocopied into 100 copies of Twenty-four History by the Commercial Press. 1959, Zhonghua Book Company published the punctuated version of Historical Records, which is easy to read. The original version was an engraving by Jinling Book Company.

Hanshu

Biography of China in the Western Han Dynasty. *** 100, including 12, 8 tables, 10, 70 biographies, and later generations analyzed it as 120 volumes. Author Ban Gu. His father Ban Biao wrote 65 biographies as a sequel to Historical Records. On this basis, Ban Gu set out to write Hanshu. After his death, his sister Ban Zhao continued to compile eight tables and Ma continued to compile a chronicle. The book pioneered a compilation method based on chronology. At the same time, the word "Ji" in Historical Records is called "Ji" and "Shu" is changed to "Zhi"; Chen She, consorts and kings of the Han Dynasty who were classified as "aristocratic families" in Historical Records were all classified as "biographies" rather than "aristocratic families". "Biography" is short for "biography". These stylistic changes have a great influence on some biographical history books later. At the same time, it is also an important history book to study the history of the Western Han Dynasty. As far as the historical materials of the Western Han Dynasty are concerned, Hanshu is the most complete historical book in existence. Hanshu also created a list of ancient and modern people and officials for the first time. The characters included in The List of Ancient and Modern Characters, from Tai Hao in the legendary era to Guangwu in the Qin Dynasty, were evaluated in nine grades. Although the official list is short, it clearly reflects the changes in the official system and bureaucracy at that time. The chronology of Hanshu is especially valued by people. Some records evolved from the eight books of Historical Records are also different from Historical Records in content. In addition to the contents of eight books, Hanshu also created criminal law, five elements, geography and art. The annals of criminal law systematically records the evolution of the legal system and some specific laws and regulations, as well as the evolution of the ancient and modern military system. The Records of the Five Elements is devoted to the disasters of the Five Elements, excluding the superstitious color of the feeling between man and nature. The records of natural disasters, earthquakes and eclipses are important reference materials for studying the history of ancient natural science in China. Geography recorded the administrative divisions, historical evolution, household registration figures, local products, economic situation, customs and habits of the county at that time. The history of art and literature examines the origins of various academic schools? It is the earliest existing book catalogue in China. The chronicle of Hanshu is large in scale, rich in content and innovative in content, which expands the field of historical research, so it has always been praised by future generations. But because it likes to use ancient characters and ancient laws, it is difficult to read. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu Qian and Ying Shao began to annotate and explain. In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Shigu collected the notes of 23 predecessors, corrected the fallacies and filled in the blanks, and completed the New Notes on Hanshu. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Wang Xianqian added notes to Hanshu, citing as many as 67 monographs and subscribers. Yan and Wang's annotations are the representative works of the old annotations in Hanshu. 1962 punctuation collation of Hanshu published by Zhonghua Book Company is a better version.

book of later han

Ye Fan wrote ten biographies and eighty biographies.

Fan Yezi Zong Wei, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in the second year of Jin 'an Emperor Longan (AD 398). He is the grandson of Fan Ning, the satrap of Jin Dynasty, and the illegitimate son of Fan Tai, the servant of Song Dynasty. Because of his inheritance from Tang Bo and Fan Hongzhi, he attacked Xing Wu County. Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, joined the army and was promoted many times, reaching the position of Shangshu. In the first year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (AD 424), Liu Yikang was angered by something and moved to the left, becoming the magistrate of Xuancheng. It was at this time that the Book of Were Han began to be written. Later, he was promoted several times. The officials were General and Prince Zhan. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (AD 445), it was reported that he and Kong Xixian conspired to establish Liu Yikang, so he was sentenced to death for treason.

two

Before Ye Fan, many people used biographies to compile the history of the later Han Dynasty. In addition to the official history, privately compiled and recorded books, there are also books of Wu Xiecheng, Jin Sima Biao, Jin, Shen, Ying and Jin Yuan in Dongguan. On the basis of "The History of the East View of Han Dynasty", Ye Fan wrote the later "Han Shu" by referring to the works of various schools, creating his own style and textual research. He was able to learn from others, so the history books about the later Han Dynasty were gradually eliminated, but his later Han Dynasty books were regarded as "official history", and were called "four histories" together with Historical Records, Hanshu and History of the Three Kingdoms.

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was compiled, which was originally called Biography of Ji Shi, Biography of Zhi Shi and Biography of Eighty. It was a hundred volumes, corresponding to the Han Dynasty, but it was killed before the tenth one was written. The calendar, etiquette, sacrifice, astronomy, five elements, county, country, official and clothing in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty are all taken out from Sima Biao's Book of the Later Han Dynasty and supplemented by later generations.

Ye Fan has no time to preface The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, just as The Historical Records has a preface and The Book of the Han Dynasty has a biography. In prison, he wrote a letter to his nephews, describing in detail his attitude towards scholarship and expressing his views on the unfinished part of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. This letter contains the nature of preface, and the book of the later Han Dynasty in the temple is titled preface and attached to the end of the book. Now we use the title of the prison nephew book and stick it at the back.

History of Three Kingdoms

Shou Pei Songzhi's Notes on Southern Song Dynasty.

Brief introduction of the annals of the three kingdoms

Sixty-five volumes of the reflection were written by Jin and noted by Song Pei Songzhi. The story of longevity was handed down from the books of Jin and Song. Wei Zhi has 30 volumes, Shu Zhi 15 volumes and Wu Zhi has 20 volumes. His book was based on Wei's orthodoxy, and he didn't agree until he learned to chisel teeth for the Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn Period. Since Zhu, nothing has lived longer than gnawing teeth. However, as far as rationality is concerned, the fallacy of longevity is absolutely wordless; As far as potential is concerned, it is easy for the emperor to cut his teeth, but it is difficult to live long. By the time Gai chiseled his teeth, Jin had crossed to the south, similar to Shu, striving for orthodoxy for the partisans, which was beneficial to contemporary theorists. Shou is a minister, who inherited the unity of Wei, and the pseudo Wei is the pseudo Jin. Can it be used in the contemporary era? Song Taizu usurped the throne near Wei, the Northern Han Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty approached Shu, and all Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty avoided imitating Wei. After that, Jiang Zuobian was close to Shu, while the Wei land in the Central Plains was all in Jin, and Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty rose in succession and became the Emperor of Shu. This is all about the world, and it can't be a rope. However, the example of misreading Historical Records of Zhou Qin Benji did not begin with Wei Wen, but with Cao Cao. Although it is not as appropriate as described, it is sincere.

During the Song, Yuan and Jia Dynasties, Pei Songzhi took letters as his stationery, which was mixed with various books, which was also his own present intention. Generally speaking, there are about six purposes: first, to introduce the theories of various schools to distinguish right from wrong; On the one hand, consult books and correct differences with the nuclear; One said to spread everything, detailing its twists and turns; If you don't pass it on, make up for it; Tell all people their lives in detail; A man who says he has nothing is attached to his own kind. Among them, they are often addicted to curiosity and love to write blogs, which is quite harmful. For example, Hu Muban in Yuan Shaozhuan was originally seen because Dong Zhuo invited Shao, but it was stated that "Ban's taste of Taishan Mansion and Hebo is a matter of seeking God, so it is unnecessary to say anything". In the Biography of Zhong You, there is a story about Lin, which contains the ambiguous relationship between Zhong You and the female ghost. Biographies of Jiang Ji quoted a different biography, that is, Ji Zi died as Wu Bo of Mount Tai and Sun Ying was appointed as Mount Tai. This strange language, where there are more than a dozen places, has nothing to do with skills, but is more profound than history and law. This is a defect. At the beginning, I seemed to want to learn exegesis and cite facts, just like Ying Shao's annotation on Hanshu. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Wudi, the word Jushou was noted as "lowering the voice", the word Jingping was cited as a continuation of the note "Jingping County belongs to Yuyang" in Hanzhi, the word Yong Dao was cited as "the second year of Emperor Gaozu's war with Chu", the redundant word was cited as the biography of the ram, the word Zheng Zi as the life of Hou, and the word Shi Zhi as a poem. When I arrived in Shu, there was an article explaining the doctrine. Every sentence quoted ancient things as notes to several simple words. For example, Peng Yang's biography does not teach the old, Hua Tuo's biography seems to be a special biography, Fu Qin's biography is different, and Shaohuangji is even different. This is also different, but there are no other essays. However, for example, Liao Li's Biography of Shu suddenly noted that his surname was corrected, and Wei Zhi's Biography of Liang Maochuan suddenly quoted a natural history note, etc., and there were occasional words. Cover for unfinished, but also cherish what has been done, do not want to delete, so either detailed or omitted, or with or without, but also quite impure. However, the net is full of wealth, and those who have not handed down the old books of the Six Dynasties can still see it today. There are many articles from beginning to end, unlike Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors and Shan Li's Notes on Selected Works, which are all fragmented. Therefore, the house of textual research is inexhaustible, and in turn, more people cite it than Chen Shou's books.

Shi Ming

China's biographical history books, which recorded the history of the Ming Dynasty, were compiled by officials of the Qing Dynasty. It was first compiled in the 18th year of Kangxi (1679) and in the 4th year of Qianlong (1739), and was written by Zhang, a great scholar in Baohe Hall, on the basis of the Draft of Ming History written by Kangxi. It has been 95 years since the history museum was opened in the second year of Shunzhi (1645). This is the longest official history book in China. ***332 volumes, including 24 volumes of chronicle, 75 volumes of chronicle, table 13 volume, 220 volumes of biography and 4 volumes of catalogue. This book is based on Ming History, Ming Dian, Archives, Dibao and other related works and materials, such as anthology, memorials, history books, local chronicles and biographies. Due to the collation and textual research of the famous historian Wan Sitong, the book is rigorous in style, clear in narrative, well arranged, concise in words and of high historical value. The style of Ming History is different from the previous official history or other historical books. Different from the appendix form of Shi Minglu, Wen Jian and Jingtai dynasties were both listed as disciplines. The charts in Li Zhi are easy to understand, which is unprecedented in the past. Yiwenzhi only records the writings of the Ming Dynasty, which is different from Yiwenzhi in the previous official history. In the table part, compared with the history of previous generations, the "seven-Qing table" has been added; In addition, there are biographies of Yan Dang, Rogue and Tusi, which highlight the main social problems in the Ming Dynasty and provide centralized and systematic materials for understanding eunuchs, peasant uprisings and ethnic relations in the Ming Dynasty. The chronicle of the Ming Dynasty is a little short, and the characters in the biography are not complete enough, so there are many places to protect. The current version of Ming History is the original version of Wu Yingtang, which was published by Zhonghua Book Company 1974.

As a mirror of sustainable capital management

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Mr. Bi Qiufan, the ancient minister of zhenyang, continued to learn from the past. Since Sima Wengong wrote Zi Zhi Tong Jian, both Wang He and Xue in Ming Dynasty have their own sequels Zi Zhi Tong Jian. Zhou Chaoxu studied hard and learned it from a mirror, that is, Wang and Xue increased and lost. Today's manuscripts are preserved, not without loss. Based on the official history of Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there are more than 100 kinds of books, such as Long Edition of Tong Jian, National Records of Qidan, and collections of various departments and ministries, which imitate the textual research of Tong Jian as an example. According to Hu Sansheng, things must be detailed and words must be emphasized. After more than 30 years of operation, it was once delayed to a scholar who reached the level of knowledge. He participated in the manuscript, and the rest Yao Shaoeryun approved it, and Jiading Qian reviewed it one by one. But not half an hour, only 130 volume. Wu Ji bought all the original manuscripts and incomplete plates, but it was not finished to make up for 17 volumes, while 220 volumes were actually complete. "Fate" is the final edition of Bi, so I'll sort it out a little bit, and I won't do any more textual research. The translator's name, place name and official name were also changed according to the general articles of association of Sikuquanshu and the original work.