What were the great changes that took place in China during the American Civil War?

1861April 9

American Civil War, American Civil War, is the only civil war in American history.

China 186 1 year is a year of heart (the eleventh year of Xianfeng). This year, there was a coup in the heart, and Cixi officially took power.

The Westernization Movement began.

In the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), Zeng Guofan set up an armory in Anqing, marking the beginning of the Westernization Movement in China's modern history. First, after the Second Opium War, foreign colonial forces further invaded China politically, economically and culturally. In order to comprehensively manage all foreign affairs and related "Westernization", the Qing government set up the Office of the Prime Minister in Xianfeng at the end of 10, and then set up foreign trade ministers and industry ministers in Nanyang and Beiyang. Since then, Westernization has gradually become a major event in the political and economic activities of the Qing government. Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, who actively advocated and initiated various Westernization, have become the main representatives of the Westernization School. They tried to maintain the feudal ruling order of the Qing Dynasty by learning some systems and methods of modern western science and technology and politics, economy and culture. Therefore, the first task of the Westernization School is "Qiang Bing". In order to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army Uprising, the Westernization School began to hire foreign officials in Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and other places in the early 1960s, bought foreign guns and some ships to train the Qing army, and set up military factories to manufacture guns, bullets and ships by themselves. Since Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute was founded, the Westernization School has successively established a large number of military enterprises in Shandong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shanghai, Zhili, Sichuan, Gansu and other places, the most important of which are: Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Jinling Machinery Bureau, Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau, Hubei Gun Factory, etc., all of which belong to government-run industrial enterprises. In order to cultivate westernization talents, the Qing government also set up Wentong Museum and Western Learning Museum in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and sent overseas students to study abroad. With the continuous increase of military industry, the required funds, raw materials, fuel, transportation tools, etc. also increase. Are increasingly nervous, so the Westernization School set up a number of civilian industrial and mining enterprises and transportation industries from the 1970s to the 1980s under the slogan of "seeking wealth". The most famous ones are: Shanghai Shipping Merchants, Keelung Coal Mine, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Lanzhou Weaving Bureau, Shanghai Weaving Layout, Hubei Railway Bureau, Hubei Weaving Layout, Tianjin Shanhaiguan Railway and so on. Among these enterprises, there are government-run, government-supervised commercial enterprises and government-business joint ventures, all of which belong to large-scale modern capitalist enterprises, but they all have a strong comprador and feudal nature. In addition, the Westernization School also bought and took refuge in a large number of warships and created a new navy. Before the Sino-French War, the Qing navy was composed of Beiyang Navy, Nanyang Navy and Fujian Navy. In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), the Qing government set up a naval yamen to manage all coastal defense matters. The Westernization School held the "New Deal" and advertised "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth", but insisted on being enemies of the people and relying too much on foreigners, and finally suffered a crushing defeat in the Sino-French and Sino-Japanese wars. However, its military and civilian enterprises played an advocacy role in the emergence and development of modern industry in China.