Brief introduction of Liu xiu

Introduction to Liu Xiu Liu Xiu (5th BC-29th March, 57th AD), the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the temple name "Shizu" and posthumous title "Guangwudi", was a famous politician and strategist in the history of China. In the last years of Xin Mang, the sea fell apart and the world was in chaos. As a civilian, Liu Xiu, who is of former dynasty descent, took advantage of this situation to fight in his hometown. In AD 25, Liu Xiu openly broke with the regime that started a new stove and proclaimed himself emperor in Hebei. In order to show Liu's revival, he still takes "Han" as his country name, which is called "Eastern Han" in history.

After 12 years of unified war, Liu Xiu eliminated the separatist forces in Kanto, Longyou and Xishu successively, ending the warlord melee and separatist situation that lasted for nearly 20 years since the end of Xinmang. In thirty-three years, Liu Xiu carried forward Confucianism and respected honesty. The Eastern Han Dynasty was once praised by later historians (Sima Guang and Liang Qichao) as "the most beautiful and prosperous era of Confucianism" in China history.

Liu Xiuqin is in politics. "Every time I look at the DPRK, it will be sunny. I have said the manager several times and I will be sleepy at night." During his reign, he issued many imperial edicts to release handmaiden and prohibit their abuse. In order to reduce the poor from selling themselves into handmaiden, relief food is often distributed, the corvee rent is reduced, water conservancy projects are built and agricultural production is developed. Cut and merge counties and streamline officials. As a result, more than 400 counties were laid off, and officials were one in ten. In history, it was called the reign of Emperor Guangxu. During this period, the country was prosperous and was called "Jianwu Shi Sheng".

After Liu Xiu unified China, he was tired of the military and didn't talk about the army. In 5 1 AD, Hou Cang Gong of Langling and Hou Mawu of Yang Xu wrote: Please take advantage of the split of Xiongnu and the weakness of the northern Xiongnu to send troops to attack it and make "the achievement of stone carving through the ages". Guangwu wrote a letter: "There is no good governance in this country, and disasters are endless. People don't protect themselves, and they are far from the point of desire! " It is better to let the people rest. ".Liu Xiu treated heroes well, and named more than 360 heroes as liehou, giving them respect and knowing only their military strength.

In the second year of Jianwu (AD 57), Liu Xiu died of illness in the front hall of Nangong at the age of 62. The testamentary edict said: "I am of no benefit to the people. Everything should be done according to Emperor Xiaowen's system and we must be frugal." Don't leave your city, don't send officials or mail letters of sympathy. "After Liu Xiu's death, his son Liu Zhuang succeeded to the throne. In March of the same year, Ding Mao and Liu Xiu were buried together in the original mausoleum, where the temple names of Sai-jo and Emperor Guangwu of posthumous title were enshrined.

According to Dongguan records, on the night of+10/October 65438 BC +05, Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu was born in Luoyang County, which is the imperial palace in lankao county today. At that time, Liu Xiu's father Liu Qin was the magistrate of Luoyang. The palace was originally used to receive the emperor, but it has been closed since the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Because there was no suitable place for his wife to have children, Liu Qin didn't care much, so he let her into the palace. It is said that when Liu Xiu was born, the palace shone with red light. In Luode County, it was another golden harvest that year, with nine ears on one stem. Liu Qin named the child "Xiu" for this reason, because he is the third son, so the word "Uncle Wen".

Merit politics of the office

Yan Wu made great efforts to govern the country.

In the next 20 years, the people here suffered heavy casualties, died in the battlefield, were hungry and cold, and countless people died. After Liu Xiu reunified the world again, the world population was already "10% and 2%". In order to restore and develop the war-torn Central Plains as soon as possible, Liu Xiuze "knows that the world is tired, thinking about music and resting his shoulders." For a long time, I was flat, not anxious, and never said anything. "

At the same time, Liu Xiu issued six consecutive orders to release handmaiden, which greatly improved the problem that a large number of landless peasants became handmaiden since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and also solved the problem of a large number of barren land and insufficient population after the war. At the same time, Liu Xiu also vigorously abolished officials and merged the county. Emperor Guangwu issued a letter: "More than 400 counties will be saved, and the number of official posts will be reduced, so one of the ten will be set up", which greatly reduced the burden on the people. By the end of Liu Xiu's reign, the population had reached more than 20 million, more than doubled, and the economy had also developed greatly.

During his reign, he implemented light taxes, built water conservancy projects, eliminated corrupt officials, strengthened centralization and simplified administration. Culturally, it attaches great importance to scholars and sages, and is called "glorious revival" in history. Attach great importance to the construction of book culture and the royal collection. In the last years of Wang Mang, ancient books were burned. In view of the scattered government books and numerous folk books in the Western Han Dynasty, he never got off the bus every time he arrived, but first visited Ruya to ask for the missing items and make up for the omissions.

He commands the world and gathers it widely. First, he is a bachelor from all directions. He is afraid of books and escaped from the forest. Since then, Hongsheng has claimed to be a Confucian scholar, eager to learn from the classics and raise funds. In the past few decades, the imperial court has a large number of books, including old books and new books. For example, in many places, such as Shishi, Lantai, Renshou Pavilion, Dongguan, etc., the scale and quantity of books collected exceeded that of the Western Han Dynasty. When he moved back to Luoyang, his secretary took away more than 2000 cars. It laid the foundation for the collection of books in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Centralization belongs to Shangshu.

Guangwu, in the name of giving preferential treatment to the hero, named him a big official of Tian Zhai and removed his military and political power. In view of the separation of the three powers in the early Western Han Dynasty, the authority of Guangwu moved down. Although he set up the position of tripartite confrontation, he put all administrative powers under the direct command of the emperor in China and North Korea. Shangshutai has a Shangshuling, ranking 1,000 stone, a Shangshu servant and a Liucao Shangshu, all of which are 600 stone, and are in charge of all kinds of government affairs.

There are Cheng, Lang, and other officials below. All government decrees are submitted directly to Emperor Chen by Shangshutai and ruled by the Emperor. Since then, "everything in the world is in history, and it is the next three (public) houses that participate in the decision-making with the owner"; "Although there are three places, it belongs to Taige" and "the three places are for staff only". However, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful ministers added the title of "Shangshushi", which made their power move down again, and Shangshutai became the tool of ministers' dictatorship.

Simplify the organization and reduce redundant employees.

In the sixth year of Jianwu (A.D. 30), Liu Xiu issued a decree to transfer the ministries of state animal husbandry, so as to keep the number of officials, and those who could merge with the chief executive in counties and towns were sent to Da Situ and Da Sikong. So "in more than 400 counties, the number of official positions has decreased, and one in ten has been released." At the same time, the local military system in the Western Han Dynasty was abolished, and the soldiers in the inland counties and counties were abolished, and the post of chief was abolished. The annual conscription training in the county was also cancelled, and the local defense was replaced by the recruited professional army. However, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the history of state animal husbandry gradually gained weight, with both military, political and financial power, and local forces gradually rose.

economy

Release handmaiden and criminals.

Since the late Western Han Dynasty, the number of peasants who became slaves and abusers has increased day by day, which has become an important issue in sharpening class contradictions in the late Western Han Dynasty. In the last years of Wang Mang, many handmaiden and criminals took part in the uprising. At the same time, there are also many handmaiden and torturers among some separatist forces.

In the process of rebuilding Liu Han's feudal regime, Emperor Guangwu repeatedly issued imperial edicts to release handmaiden in order to disintegrate the enemy, strengthen his own strength, stabilize social order and ease class contradictions, and stipulated that anyone who abused or killed handmaiden was guilty. In addition, it is also stipulated that handmaiden shall not be killed at will, and the law of "handmaiden shooting and wounding and abandoning the city" has been abolished, which shows that the status of handmaiden has improved compared with the past. At the same time, in the imperial edict of saving and reducing punishment, the prisoner was released many times, that is, "I am exempt from being Shu Ren."

Rectify official management and advocate thrift.

In view of the corruption of bureaucracy and extravagance of bureaucrats in the late Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu paid attention to rectifying bureaucracy, practicing thrift, rewarding incorruptibility and selecting talents as local officials after he ascended the throne. Moreover, it is strict with local officials and strict with rewards and punishments. Therefore, after the rectification, the official atmosphere has changed. Therefore, the biographies of officials in the later Han Dynasty have a good reputation of "internal and external bandits are slack and people are comfortable".

Tax collection is thin, criminal law is saved, martial arts literature is suppressed, marginal work is ignored, and people share weal and woe.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in view of the post-war production depression and the sharp drop in population, Guangwu paid attention to the policy of recuperating with the people, and the first thing was to collect taxes. In the sixth year of Jianwu (AD 30), a letter was issued to restore the tax system of thirty taxes and one tax in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Followed by the provincial criminal law. Secondly, Yanwu's writing, which has not been marginalized. Guangwu "knows the exhaustion of the world, thinks about music and rests on his shoulders. Since Longshuping, he has never said anything about the army."

In the 21st year of Jianwu (AD 45), sixteen countries, such as Shanshan and Dongshi in the Western Regions, "all sent their sons to serve, and they are willing to ask them to protect them. Emperor to China, not riches to foreign affairs, but also its son, generous reward ". In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 5 1 year), nirvana in fire hero Cang Gong and hero Ma Wu wrote: Please send troops to destroy the Xiongnu when the Xiongnu is divided and the northern Xiongnu is weak, so as to make "the power of carving stones immortal". Guangwu wrote: "Without good governance in this country, the disaster is endless. People don't protect themselves, and they are far from the point of desire! " It is better to let the people rest. "

In order to curb powerful forces, cross-disciplinary policies are implemented.

The Eastern Han regime was originally established with the support of powerful forces. However, the development of powerful forces and the gradual serious land annexation not only threatened the imperial power, but also affected people's lives. In order to strengthen the imperial court's control over land reclamation and labor throughout the country and average the burden of tax corvee, in the 15th year of Jianwu (AD 39), imperial edicts were issued to all counties and counties to measure land and verify household registration, as a basis for correcting land reclamation, population and taxation, and an inspection was also ordered for the unjust officer of 2,000 stones. After the imperial edict, I met with strong resistance. Guangwudi ordered the execution, Henan Yin, prefect of other counties in other places, etc. 10, and said that it would be strictly investigated. As a result, it caused the resistance of powerful people from all over the country, "especially in Qing, Xu, You and Ji", and "the most powerful people in the county and thieves in the army are everywhere", which was given to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

A huge threat. Faced with two different kinds of resistance, Emperor Guangwu used both repression and appeasement. On the one hand, "the emissary went to the county and listened to the bandits to correct me, and five people * * * beheaded one person, except for his crime." Soon, the thief was dismissed. On the other hand, he moved the captured uprising leaders to his county, "Abel Tamata is a reward", and cut them off from the original county.

After the Watanabe incident, the opposition between the county and the country subsided, and there was a good situation of "cattle and horses eating grass, and the gates were not closed". Du Tian also became a custom in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the implementation of various policies and measures, it created favorable conditions for the recovery and development of social production and greatly increased the cultivated land and population, thus laying a material foundation for the country's powerful "Meiji" in the early 80 years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. culture

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, imperial academy was established in Luoyang, and doctors of the Five Classics were established, which restored the study of fourteen doctors in the Western Han Dynasty. I often go to Imperial College London to talk with students. Under his advocacy, many counties have set up schools, and many private schools have emerged among the people.

Guangwudi inherited the tradition of exclusive respect for Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, imperial academy and doctors were established, and all kinds of classics were taught in their own ways. When Emperor Guangwu visited Lu, he sent a general to offer sacrifices to Confucius. Later, he named Confucius' descendant, Kong Zhi, as a tribute to Confucius. In particular, it worships the divination superstition created by Confucianism in modern literature.

At the same time, Guangwu praised the integrity of some bureaucratic celebrities who were greedy for money and attached to Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, praised and appointed those bureaucratic celebrities who lived in seclusion in the Han Dynasty, and praised them for being loyal to the Han Dynasty and not being an official.

Family situation, family background

Sixth ancestor: Emperor Liu Qi of the Western Han Dynasty

The fifth ancestor: Liu Fa, Wang Ding, Changsha.

Grandpa Gao: Later, I was in the mausoleum.

Great-grandfather: Yulin satrap Liu Wei

Grandfather: Captain Liu Hui of Julu.

Father: Liu Qin, the county magistrate of Nanton.

Mother: Fan Xiandu (daughter of Fan Zhong)

Empress and empresses

Yin Lihua, the queen of light intensity, is known as the queen of light intensity or the queen of light intensity.

Guo Shengtong, Emperor Guangwu of Guo, was later abolished.

allow

son

Liu Jiang, Donghai Gong, Guo Huang.

Mother, Queen Guo.

King Jin 'an, Queen Guo.

King Fuling, Queen Mother Guo

Jane Wang of Zhongshan is the queen of Guo.

Liu Ying and Li, kings of Chu, are a beautiful woman.

Liu Zhuang, formerly known as Liu Yang, was the queen of Mother Light.

Liu Cang, the king of Dongping, is the queen of Mother Guangmu.

Liu Jing, the king of Guangling, is the queen of the mother of light.

Liu Heng, Duke Huai of the Huaihe River, is the queen of Mother Light.

Liu Jing, the filial piety of the wolf, is the fierce queen of the light mother.

daughter

Liu, whose birth mother is unknown, was named princess royal and a dancer in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, and married the servant of Lingxiang Hou.

Liu Zhongli, whose birth mother is unknown, was named Princess Nie Yang in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, married the great hero Dou Gu, and was honored as princess royal when he was emperor in Zhang Han.

In the fifteenth year of Jianwu, the unknown mother was named Princess Guantao and married Han Guang, a captain of Xu.

Liu, whose birth mother is unknown, was named Princess Ganyang in the seventeenth year of Jianwu, and married Shaofu and Yang Anhou in Changle.

Liu Shou, whose mother is unknown, was named Princess Yili in the 21st year of Jianwu and married Hou Shizi.

Related historical allusions: An official should be golden couple, and his wife should be Yin Lihua.

When Liu Xiu was young, he was just a declining royal family and a humble cloth. Liu Xiuyou once went to Chang 'an to study and saw Jin Wu passing by in the street. The scene was spectacular and extravagant, and he sighed greatly, so he wrote an essay about his ideal: "When an official is Wu, his wife is Yin Lihua." This sentence is widely circulated, and it will become an eternal famous saying in the future, which has triggered many * * * voices of "going in troubled times". The love story between Liu Xiu and Yin Lihua is also celebrated through the ages.

Lose the East and Gain the West-Make up for the loss of swinging at the roundabout

After Liu Xiu became emperor, he sent general Feng Yi to lead an army to the Western Expedition to pacify the Red Eyebrow Army. Red eyebrow pretended to be defeated and defeated Feng Jun behind the stream. After Feng Yi's defeat and returned to camp, he gathered scattered troops to mix with red eyebrow, and then attacked from inside and outside to defeat the red eyebrow. Afterwards, Liu Xiu gave it a letter saying that Feng Yichu lost in Huixi, but finally won in Mianchi. It can be said that you lost something here first, and then got something there. When you reward your merit, you can show your merit.

Knowing the roots is not a servant.

Taiping Yulan (Volume 39/KLOC-0) quoted from History of the East View of Hanshu: Guangwu Wei's family and Chen Deng expected that Liu Xiu would be emperor. Or "Liu Xiu, a Buddhist, should accept it". Guangwu said, "Know how to be a servant"? Jianwu three years, called the old life Xinle. Dawn calmly said to the emperor, "Actually, I did it." The emperor laughed! "

Servant (pú), an ancient title of respect for men.

When Emperor Guangwu was an ordinary citizen, he and his brother-in-law Chen Deng visited other people's homes. At that time, everyone saw in the prophecy that "Liu Xiu should be the son of heaven". Someone nearby said: Liu Xiu mentioned in Oracle Bone Inscriptions must be a monk Liu Xiu (at that time, the monk Liu Xingang of the new dynasty was renamed Liu Xiu). But Liu Xiu, who was present at the time, said, "How do you know that Liu Xiu, who said that he was going to have a son in this book, didn't mean me?" Everyone laughed as a result! In the third year after Liu Xiu ascended the throne, he talked with Chen Deng about the past. Chen Deng calmly said to Emperor Guangwu: "In fact, it was a servant." Guangwudi laughed after listening!

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, divination was very popular, and Wang Mang took the characters in divination as his theoretical basis. In fact, divination is only a tool used by the feudal ruling class to deceive people all over the world, which is absurd and groundless. At the end of the new dynasty, natural disasters continued and people were confused. Liu Xin, a master of Buddhism in the New Dynasty and a master of classical Chinese classics, was proficient in divination, but changed his name to Liu Xiu, so everyone guessed that the "Liu Xiu" mentioned in the divination book was Liu Xin, a master of Buddhism. Liu Xin was a great scholar at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. He was knowledgeable and respected, and made great contributions to Wang Mang's Han Dynasty.