Mathematical short stories

Euler is a famous mathematician in the history of mathematics. He has made outstanding achievements in several branches of mathematics, such as number theory, geometry, astronomy, calculus and so on. However, this great mathematician was not liked by teachers at all when he was a child. He is a student expelled from school. Things are caused by stars. At that time, little Euler was studying in a missionary school. Once, he asked the teacher, how many stars are there in the sky? The teacher is a believer in theology. He doesn't know how many stars there are in the sky, and the Bible doesn't answer. In fact, there are countless stars in the sky, which are infinite. We also have thousands of stars visible to the naked eye. The teacher didn't pretend to understand, and answered Euler: "It doesn't matter how many stars there are in the sky, as long as you know that the stars in the sky are inlaid by God. Euler feels very strange. " God himself put them in the sky one by one. Why did he forget the number of stars? Could God be too careless? "He asked the teacher a question in his heart, and the teacher was confused again, blushed and didn't know how to answer. A sudden anger rose in the teacher's heart, not only because a child who just went to school asked the teacher such a question, but also because the teacher put God above everything else. Little Euler blames God for not remembering the number of stars. The implication is that he doubts Almighty God. In the teacher's view, this is a serious problem. In Euler's time, there was absolutely no doubt about God. People can only be slaves of ideas, and they are absolutely not allowed to think freely. Little Euler didn't "agree" with the church and God, so the teacher asked him to drop out of school and go home. However, in his mind, the sacred aura of God disappeared. He thinks God is a coward. He thinks that God is a dictator and even asking questions has become a crime. He thinks that God may be a guy made up by some people and doesn't exist at all. After returning home, he helped his father herd sheep and became a shepherd boy. While herding sheep, he read many math books. His father's flock increased gradually, reaching 65,438+000 .. Dad decided to build a new sheepfold. He measured a rectangular piece of land with a ruler, 40 meters long and 15 meters wide. After his calculation, the area is exactly 600 square meters, with an average of 6 square meters per sheep. When he was ready to start construction, he found that his materials were only enough to enclose the fence of 100 meters, which was not enough at all. If the fence is 40m long, the circumference of the sheepfold with the width of 15m will be110m (15+15+40 =110). My father felt embarrassed. If he wants to build it as planned, he will have to add another 65438. If the area is reduced, the area of each sheep is less than 6 square meters. However, little Euler told his father that there was no need to shrink the sheepfold and not to worry that the territory of each sheep would be smaller than originally planned. He has an idea. His father didn't believe little Euler would have an idea, so he ignored him. Little Euler was in a hurry and said loudly that all he had to do was move the stake in the sheepfold a little. His father shook his head and thought, "What is so convenient in the world?" However, little Euler insisted that he would be able to kill two birds with one stone. His father finally agreed to let his son try. Seeing his father's consent, little Euler stood up and ran to the sheepfold to get ready to start work. He shortened the side length of 40 meters to 25 meters with the wooden stake as the center. His father was anxious and said, "How can that be done? "Then how to do it? This sheepfold is too small, too small. " Little Euler didn't answer. He ran to the other side, extended the original side length of15m, and added10m to 25m. After this change, the original planned sheepfold became a square with a side length of 25 meters (25+25+25 = 655). Little Euler confidently said to his father, "Now, the fence is enough and the area is enough." My father built a fence according to the sheepfold designed by little Euler. 100 meter long fence is really enough, no more, no less, all used up. The area is enough, and it is a little bigger. My father is very happy. Children are smarter than themselves, they really think, and they will grow up in the future. It's a pity to let such a clever child herd sheep. Later, he managed to introduce little Euler to the great mathematician Bernoulli. On the recommendation of this mathematician, little Euler became a college student in university of basel on 1720. This year, little Euler 13 was the youngest student in this university.

A mathematical wizard-Naipur

Remember the four great inventions? They are Indo-Arabic symbols, decimal numbers, logarithms and computers. Naipur invented logarithm in17th century. 1550 was born in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and likes math and science since childhood. Four achievements of his genius are recorded in the history of mathematics. Among them, the invention of logarithm made the whole of Europe boil. Laplace believes that "the discovery of logarithm prolongs the life of astronomers by saving labor." It can be said that the discovery of logarithm has advanced modernization by at least 200 years. Next, I will tell you two short stories about him: once, he claimed that his black-haired rooster could prove to him that one of his servants had stolen his things. Servants were sent to the darkroom one by one to pat the cock on the back. The servants didn't know that Naipur painted the cock's back smoky black. The servant who felt guilty was afraid to be next to the rooster and came back with clean hands. Once, Naipur was very unhappy because his neighbor's pigeons ate his food. He threatened that he would confiscate some pigeons if he let them fly around. Neighbors thought it was impossible to catch his pigeons, so they told Naipur that if he could catch them, he could catch them. The next day, the neighbors were very surprised to see his pigeon swaying on the lawn in Naipur. Naipur calmly put them in a big pocket. It turned out that Naipur sprinkled some peas soaked in brandy on his lawn, which made these pigeons drunk.

Descartes

Descartes' most outstanding achievement is the establishment of analytic geometry in the development of mathematics. In Descartes' time, algebra was still a relatively new discipline, and geometric thinking still dominated the minds of mathematicians. Descartes devoted himself to the study of the relationship between algebra and geometry. After establishing the coordinate system in 1637, he successfully established analytic geometry. This achievement laid the foundation for the establishment of calculus. Analytic geometry still exists today.

Von Neumann

Von Neumann, one of the most outstanding mathematicians in the 20th century. As we all know, the electronic computer invented by 1946 has greatly promoted the progress of science and technology and social life. In view of von Neumann's key role in the invention of electronic computers, he is praised by westerners as "the father of computers". From 19 1 1 to 192 1 von Neumann got ahead in Lu Se Lun Middle School in Budapest and was highly valued by teachers. Under the individual guidance of Fichte, he co-published his first mathematical paper, when von Neumann was less than 60 years old.

Mathematician Yang Hui

Yang Hui, an outstanding mathematician and mathematics educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, lived in Suzhou and Hangzhou in the middle of13rd century and wrote many books. His mathematical masterpiece * * * has five kinds of 2 1 volumes, including nine chapters on detailed algorithm 12 (126 1 year) and two volumes on daily algorithm (65438). Year) "Arithmetic of Multiplication and Division by Field-Comparison between Mu and Mu", Volume II (1275), and "Arithmetic of Taking Odd from the Ancient", Volume II (1275). The focus of Yang Hui's mathematical research and education work is on computing technology. He summed up and developed agile calculation algorithms for multiplication and division, and some even made up songs. For example, he introduced various forms of "vertical and horizontal graphs" and related construction methods in "Algorithms for Extracting Odds in Ancient Times". "Overlap" was Yang Hui's research on higher-order arithmetic progression after Shen Kuo's "gap product". In Compiling Classes, Yang Hui divided 246 questions in Nine Chapters Arithmetic into different categories according to the order of solving methods from shallow to deep. He attaches great importance to the popularization and development of mathematics education. In the book Change of Algorithms, Yang Hui's Learning Plan for Beginners is an important document in the history of Chinese mathematics education.

Outstanding mathematician Hua

In the wild land of modern mathematics in China, there was a pioneer who insisted that "a soldier is lucky to die on the battlefield". He is the founder and founder of Hua and China's research on analytic number theory, typicality theory, matrix geometry, automorphic function theory, multiple complex variable function theory, and the most outstanding representative of China's entry into the world-famous mathematics ranks. His research results were named "Hua Theorem" by the international mathematical community. Brouwer-Gadang-Hua Theorem, Hua-Wang Method, Fahrenheit Operator, Fahrenheit Inequality and so on. He left us more than 200 academic papers and 65,438+00 monographs in his life, 8 of which were translated and published abroad, and some of them have been included in the classics of this century. He creatively applied mathematical methods to the national economy. The "optimization method" with the content of improving the mathematical method of process problems and the "overall planning method" with the content of dealing with production, organization and management problems are screened out. He is the first China scholar elected as a foreign academician in the history of American Academy of Sciences, and also an academician of Bavarian Academy of Sciences in the Federal Republic of Germany. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Nancy University in France, the University of Illinois in the United States and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His name entered the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, USA, and was listed as one of the 88 great mathematicians in the Chicago Museum of Science and Technology.

Mathematician Chen Jingrun

Chen Jingrun (1933.5~ 1996.3) is a modern mathematician in China. 1933 was born in Fuzhou, Fujian on May 22nd. 1953 Graduated from Mathematics Department of Xiamen University. As a result of his improvement of the problem, he was re-valued by China and transferred to the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences. Assistant researcher, promoted by leaps and bounds, was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chen Jingrun is one of the world famous analytic number theorists. In 1950s, he made important improvements on the previous results of Gauss circle lattice problem, spherical lattice problem, Tali problem and Waring problem. After the 1960s, he made important improvements to the screening method and related important issues. Conduct extensive and in-depth research. 1966 Chen Jingrun, who lives in a six-square-meter hut, borrowed a dim kerosene lamp, leaned against the bed board and consumed several sacks of draft paper with a pen, thus overcoming the world-famous mathematical puzzle "Goldbach conjecture" (1+2). He created the brilliance that is only one step away from taking off the crown jewel of number theory (1+ 1). He proved that "every big even number is the sum of the products of a prime number and no more than two prime numbers", which made him a leading figure in Goldbach's conjecture research. This result is called "Chen Theorem" internationally and is widely quoted. This work also made him and Wang Yuan. Pan chengdong 1978 won the first prize of China natural science prize. His research results on Goldbach conjecture and other number theory problems are still far ahead in the world. A(Weil), a world-class master of mathematics and an American scholar, once praised him like this: "Every work by Chen Jingrun seems to be walking on the top of the Himalayas." Chen Jingrun received two invitations from the International Congress of Mathematicians at 1978 and 1982 to give a 45-minute lecture. This is the pride and pride of China people. His achievements and honors have set up an immortal banner for thousands of intellectuals in Qian Qian, Qian Qian, reflecting mountains and rivers and calling on hundreds of millions of young people to work hard.

Mathematician Archimedes

Archimedes (about 287 ~ 2 BC12) was a Greek physicist and mathematician. Archimedes' father was an astronomer and mathematician. He received a good education since he was a child and especially loved mathematics. Once, the king asked him to test whether the crown just made by the depositor was pure gold or mixed with silver, and warned him not to destroy it. At first, Archimedes was at a loss. Until one day, he soaked in a basin full of bath water, and the volume of spilled water was equal to the volume of his body immersed in water. Then, if the crown is immersed in water, according to the rising water surface, the volume of the crown is equal to the volume of the same weight of gold, which means that the crown is pure gold; If mixed with silver, the crown will be bigger. He jumped out of the bathtub excitedly and ran to the palace naked, shouting, "I found it!" Found it! " He invented the buoyancy principle for this purpose. In addition, he also discovered the famous lever principle. With this invention, a well-known saying came into being: "Just give me a fulcrum and I will move the earth." In his later years, Archimedes' motherland was at war with Rome. When his city was looted, Archimedes also devoted himself to studying the geometric figures he painted in the sand. Cruel Roman soldiers stabbed a 75-year-old man, and great scientists threw themselves on blood-stained geometric figures ... After Archimedes' death, people compiled and published The Complete Works of Archimedes' Legacy to remember the great achievements of this great scientist forever.

Newton (1642 ~ 1727) Newton (1642 ~ 1727)

Newton was an English physicist and mathematician. He used to be the president of the Royal Society. Newton is recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all time. His childhood was full of pain. His father died three months before he was born, and later his mother remarried. He was brought up by his grandmother. After graduating from the famous Cambridge University, he stayed in school to work. Later, he came to his mother's farm to escape the plague prevalent in London. Here, he was attracted by a phenomenon that ordinary people turned a blind eye. Once, when he saw a ripe apple fall to the ground, he began to wonder why the apple landed vertically instead of flying into the sky. There must be a force pulling it, so will this force pulling the apple down control the moon? Through this seemingly simple phenomenon, he discovered the famous law of gravity. The great function of this law soon appeared. It explained the motion of all celestial bodies known at that time. At the same time, Newton completed an important optical experiment, which proved that white light is composed of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple in the order of +0688. 10068868886. Newton published the greatest scientific work of all time, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Here, he deeply studied Galileo's theory and summarized three famous laws of motion. In addition, the binomial theorem he discovered also has a place in mathematics. 1704, he published the book Optics. His achievements in optical research are summarized. Newton was elected president of the Royal Society at the age of 6 1 and served as president year after year until his death. As the most outstanding scientific giant recognized by the world, he still modestly said: "If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." On March 20th, 2007, Newton died at the age of 84.

Mathematician Liu Hui (born around 250 AD) is an extraordinary great mathematician in the history of Chinese mathematics, and also occupies a prominent position in the history of world mathematics. His representative works "Nine Arithmetic Notes" and "Calculation on the Island" are the most precious mathematical heritages of China. Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and there are 246 ways to solve many problems. Calculation of positive and negative numbers, calculation of geometric figure volume area, etc. It belongs to the advanced level in the world, but the solution is primitive and lacks the necessary proof, which Liu Hui has supplemented. These proofs show his creative contributions in many aspects. He is the first person in the world to put forward the concept of decimal and express the cubic root of irrational numbers with decimal. In algebra, he correctly put forward the concept of positive and negative numbers and their addition and subtraction operations. The solution method of linear equations is improved. In geometry, "secant" is put forward, that is, the method of finding the area and circumference of a circle by using inscribed or circumscribed regular polygons. He scientifically obtained the result that pi = 3. 14 by using the secant method. Liu Hui put forward in "Circumcision" that "cutting is fine, the damage is small, and cutting is impossible." This can be regarded as the representative work of China's ancient concept of limit. In the book "Calculation Classics of Islands", Liu Hui carefully selected nine measurement problems, which were creative, complex and representative, and attracted the attention of the West at that time.

Liu Hui has quick thinking and flexible methods, and advocates both reasoning and intuition. He is the first person who China explicitly advocated to demonstrate mathematical propositions by logical reasoning. Liu Hui's life is a life of hard exploration of mathematics. Although he is in a low position, he has a noble personality. He is not a mediocre man who is fishing for fame, but a great man who never tires of learning. He has left precious wealth to our Chinese nation.

Su (/kloc-0 1902.9.23— ——) is an outstanding mathematician in China, honorary president of Su Fudan University, honorary chairman of chinese mathematical society and academician of China Academy of Sciences. He is a respected old mathematician. He is not only the director of the NLD Central Senate Committee, but also the vice chairman of the 7th and 8th China People's Political Consultative Conference in China. He was born in a peasant family in Daixi Township, Tengjiao District, Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province. His parents gave birth to 13 children. He is the second son. When he was a child, he had to help his family mow the grass, feed pigs and herd cattle. Because his family was poor, he couldn't go to school at the age of six. He drives cattle through a private school every day and sneaks to the window to peek at the teacher's lecture. Later, his father saw that he loved studying so much. When he was 9 years old, he ate miscellaneous grains at home, scrimped and saved, borrowed a few dollars and picked a load of rice. Take him to the only primary school in Pingyang county, which is away from home 100, as a transfer student. After he knew some words, he looked for books to read, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh and even Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, which were difficult for children to understand. Achievements of Soviet Mathematics: 1983, Mathematics Society of Japan held mathematics in Hiroshima University. The delegation of chinese mathematical society was invited to participate. At that time, Su was the head of the team, and the members included Professor Hu and Professor Hu. At the conference, Su summarized her academic activities for more than 50 years since 1926, which can be roughly divided into five stages: (1)1926-1930, mainly (2)1930-/kloc-0. (3) 1940- 1950, which is mainly based on general spatial differential geometry; (4) 1950- 1966, focusing on the theory of projection yoke network; (5) 1966-, in the field of computational geometry. 1983, published * * * papers 153, wrote monographs and textbooks 10. He is regarded as the pioneer of China's Classical Differential Geometry School. Differential geometry applies modern analysis to algebra. The basic theory in this field has approached and partially caught up with or surpassed the world level. During the Cultural Revolution, due to the suspension of scientific research, this work fell behind. According to the great geometer, it is Sue's work characteristic to represent the invariants of the whole circle with the characteristics of geometric singularities. Many scholars who engage in local differential geometry often throw away singularities. Su explores the hidden geometric properties from singularity, and his thinking method is unique. 1September 23rd, 987 is Su's 85th birthday, and it is also the 60th anniversary of his teaching and mathematics research. Fudan University and Shanghai Mathematical Society held a meeting to congratulate Su on his 60 years of research in mathematics and science. At the meeting, his proud disciple Gu Chaohao said: "Su Lao is an internationally recognized authority on geometry, and his affine differential geometry and affine differential geometry.

Su has made great contributions to the construction of mathematics discipline in China. He worked hard to establish influential disciplines at home and abroad in Zhejiang University and Fudan University, and he also made indelible contributions to the cultural and educational reform in China. He began to study computational geometry from 1966. He and his student Liu Dingyuan introduced the affine invariant method in algebraic curve theory into geometric calculation. They set out the hull in this way. They have made great contributions to the shipbuilding industry, thus shortening the hull construction period, improving the hull construction quality and saving material consumption and working hours. By 1983, they applied these theories to automobile body modeling design. In the 1990s, they applied these theories and methods of computational geometry to the development of computer-aided design systems in construction, clothing, internal combustion engines and other industries. Designers can modify the design scheme from the computer screen.

Math Guide-Galois Math Guide-Galois-

1832 On the morning of May 30, a young man lay unconscious near Lake Glazer in Paris. Judging from the gunshot wound, the passing farmer took the unknown young man to the hospital. At ten o'clock the next morning, he died. The youngest and most creative mind in the history of mathematics stopped thinking. People say that his death delayed the development of mathematics for decades. This young man is Galois, who was less than 265,438+0 years old when he died. Galois was born in a town not far from Paris. His father is the headmaster of the school and has served as mayor for many years. The influence of family makes Galois always brave and fearless. In 2008+0823, Galois left his parents to study in Paris at the age of 12. A teacher helped him find the most difficult original math study. The old teachers' evaluation of him is "only suitable for working in the frontier field of mathematics" 1828, galois began to study the theory of equations. 17, he created the concept and method of "permutation group" and solved the problem of solving equations that has been a headache for hundreds of years. The most important thing about galois is. Group theory has changed the whole face of mathematics. 1829 In May, Galois wrote his own paper and submitted it to the French Academy of Sciences, but this masterpiece was accompanied by a series of blows and misfortunes. First, his father committed suicide because he couldn't bear the priest's slander, and then he failed to enter the famous Paris Polytechnic because his defense was simple and abstruse. As for his paper, it is first considered that there are too many new concepts and too short to rewrite. The second draft of detailed derivation is reviewed again.

People die of illness and their whereabouts are unknown; The third paper 183 1 submitted in June was rejected because the reviewers could not fully understand it. On the one hand, young Galois pursues the true knowledge of mathematics, on the other hand, he devotes himself to the cause of social justice. 183 1 In the French "July Revolution" in June, 2006, Galois, a freshman in normal university, protested against the autocratic rule of the king and was unfortunately arrested. In prison, he contracted cholera. Even under such harsh conditions, Galois continued his mathematical research after he was released from prison and wrote a paper for publication. Shortly after he was released from prison, he was involved in a "love" dispute and died in a duel. After the death of Galois, 65,438+06 years later, his 60-page manuscript was published and spread throughout the scientific community.

Father of Mathematics-Cyrus, Father of Mathematics-Cyrus-

Born in 624 BC, Ju Lushi was the first world-famous mathematician in ancient Greece. He is a shrewd businessman. After he accumulated wealth by selling olive oil, Cyrus devoted himself to scientific research and travel. He is diligent and studious, but he is not superstitious about the ancients. He is brave in exploration, creation and positive thinking. His hometown is not far from Egypt, so he often travels to Egypt. Cyrus knew the rich mathematical knowledge accumulated by the ancient Egyptians for thousands of years. When he traveled in Egypt, he calculated the height of the pyramids in a clever way, which greatly admired the ancient Egyptian king Ames. Ju Lushi's method is ingenious and simple: choose a sunny day, erect a small stick at the edge of the pyramid, and then observe the change of the shadow length of the stick until the shadow length is exactly equal to the length of the stick. Quickly measure the length of the pyramid shadow, because at this time, the height of the pyramid is just equal to the length of the tower shadow. It is also said that Ju Lushi used the ratio of the length of the stick shadow to the tower shadow to calculate the height of the pyramid. If this is the case, it is necessary to use the mathematical theorem that the corresponding sides of a triangle are proportional. Ju Lushi boasted that he taught this method to the ancient Egyptians, but the fact may be just the opposite. It should be that the Egyptians knew a similar method a long time ago, but they were only satisfied with knowing how to calculate, without thinking about why they could get the correct answer. Before Ju Lushi, when people knew nature, they were only satisfied with how to explain all kinds of things. The greatness of Ju Lushi is that he can not only explain it, but also add why.

Question mark of science. The mathematical knowledge accumulated by ancient orientals depends on some formulas summed up by experience. Cyrus believes that the formula thus obtained may be correct in one problem, but it may not be correct in another. Only when they are proved to be universally correct in theory can they be widely used to solve practical problems. In the early stage of the development of human culture, it is commendable that Ju Lushi consciously put forward this view. It endows mathematics with special scientific significance and is a great leap in the history of mathematics development. So Cyrus is known as the father of mathematics, which is why. Cyrus first proved the following theorem: 1 A circle is bisected by any diameter. 2. The two base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. 3. Two straight lines intersect. The vertex angles are equal. 4. The inscribed triangle of a semicircle must be a right triangle. 5. If two triangles have one side and the two angles of this side should be equal, then the two triangles are the same. This theorem was first discovered and proved by Cyrus, and later generations usually call it Cyrus theorem. According to legend, Ju Lushi was so happy when he proved this theorem that he slaughtered a bull to worship the gods. Later, he also used this theorem to calculate the distance between the ship at sea and the land. Ju Lushi also made pioneering contributions to ancient Greek philosophy and astronomy. Historians affirm that Cyrus should be considered as the first astronomer. He often observes the constellations in the sky behind his back and explores the mysteries of the universe. His maid often joked that Cyrus wanted to know the distant sky, but ignored the beautiful scenery in front of him. Mathematical historian

According to the textual research of Herodotus, the day suddenly turned into night (actually an eclipse) in hals after the war, which was predicted by Ju Lushi before the war. There is an inscription on Ju Lushi's tombstone: The tomb of the King of Astronomers is a little small, but his glory in the field of astrology is quite great.