Xutan constellation _ xu teacher constellation

Where is the prosperity of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty?

Poetry has become an insurmountable peak in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Although there are still poems in later generations, the poems in the Tang Dynasty have reached a commanding height in terms of quality, content, quantity and artistic conception, which can be said to be the most glorious period of China's ancient culture.

The reason is that in the Tang Dynasty, the harmonious development of civil and military style, relatively free public opinion environment, positive social atmosphere, harmonious and friendly interpersonal relationships and perfect policies all contributed to the prosperity and growth of culture and the golden age of poetry creation.

The Tang Dynasty is undoubtedly the most glorious era of China's poetry. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty is by no means a strange peak, and the accumulation of this kind of poetry development is an important reason for the greatness of Tang poetry.

In the past, we divided the Tang Dynasty into four stages: the early Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the middle Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty.

"Shangguan style" was popular in the early Tang Dynasty. Shangguan Yi, the core figure of "Shangguan Style", has a high political status, and the "Shangguan Style" with empty content and mutual singing is popular all over the world. Faced with this unhealthy atmosphere, the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty" and Chen Ziang shouldered the heavy responsibility of guiding poetry out of the wrong path and into the right path. Each of them has successfully completed this important task. Du Fu wrote a poem, praising: "Wang Yang and then, frivolous literati did not rest. Second, Cao's name is ruined, and rivers and mountains will not be abandoned forever. " Farewell to Du Shu, Farewell to Yishui by Wang and Youzhou Tower are all masterpieces handed down from ancient times.

A Moonlit Night on the Spring River by Zhang, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, is a masterpiece of Tang poetry, and was praised by Mr. Wen Yiduo as "the poem in poetry, the peak on the peak".

As the old saying goes, "The country is unlucky, but the poet is lucky" is undoubtedly correct. For the prosperous Tang Dynasty, this is a special case. The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the heyday of China's feudal era, and the poetry world also showed a situation of letting a hundred flowers blossom. If the Tang poetry is the highest peak of China's poetry, then the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty is the apex of this peak. We use "one constellation, two schools, seven poets" to summarize the poetry of this period.

"A constellation" means "Gemini". The "twins" here are the poet Li Bai and the poet Du Fu. They represent the highest achievements of romantic poetry and realistic poetry respectively. Li Bai yearned for fame all his life, but he was proud of being powerful. There is a strong contradiction between his unrestrained personality and his pursuit of life, which makes his life a life of drinking wine and writing poetry. Du Fu inherited a good family background and set the ambition of "reaching the top, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.". Realize his life ideal. But fate seems to be playing tricks on him, and finally he died in poverty and illness on a fishing boat in Xiangjiang River. Especially in his later years, being in a thatched cottage and worrying about the country and people reflects a people's poet's high sense of social responsibility.

"Two schools" refer to the pastoral school and the frontier school. In addition to Li Bai and Du Fu, the "Seven Scholars" refer to Wang Wei and Meng Haoran of the school of pastoral poetry and Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling of the school of frontier poetry.

Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty created pastoral poetry and landscape poetry respectively. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, landscape and pastoral poetry were integrated.

Wang Wei, known as "Shi Fo", is a rare artistic generalist in the history of China literature. Besides being good at poetry creation, he also has high attainments in painting, calligraphy and music. His artistic talents in many aspects have enabled him to reach a quite high level in poetry creation. Su Dongpo praised: "It tastes like a poem with charm, and there are pictures in it; Look at the picture, there are poems in the picture. " Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains is his masterpiece of pastoral poetry. In addition to pastoral poems, Wang Wei also wrote some well-known farewell poems, love poems and even frontier poems. Such as Yuan Yuan's two ambassadors, Anxi, Acacia and Frontier Ambassador.

Meng Haoran, like Li Bai and Du Fu, was keen on fame all his life, but he had no choice but to live in seclusion. His famous poems include Passing through the Old Village, Sleeping in Jiande, and Letter from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang.

The Tang Dynasty encouraged literati to join the army and establish military exploits. Scholars also hold the life ideal of "Better to be a centurion than a scholar". In this way, many literati can experience military and even bloody battles, thus forming an unprecedented school of poetry-Frontier Poetry School.

Gao Shi is a representative of military poets. Ge Yanxing is the most outstanding work of the frontier poetry school, and it is also called "the double gem of frontier poetry" with Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Li Wu's Return to his hometown. This poem depicts a fierce battle scene, denounces the incompetence of the generals (half of our men at the front are killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp), praises the soldiers' dedication to bravely killing the enemy and dying (seeing white snow one after another, when death becomes a responsibility, who stops to think about fame), and reflects the misfortune brought to the people by years of war (* * The south of the city is heartbroken, and the soldiers in northern Xinjiang look at it in vain)

Cen Can's frontier poems win by writing scenery. For example, a sentence in "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home", "Spring breeze comes at night, blowing away ten thousand pears", can be described as a stroke of genius.

Wang Changling's poems are very famous, and he is called "the poet's son of heaven". He is best at writing the Seven Wonders, also known as the "Seven Wonders Master". His frontier fortress poem "Out of the fortress" (Qin and Han Guan) was once considered as a masterpiece in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Changling was later ostracized and even relegated. Li Bai and mutual appreciation wrote "I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln and sent this letter", and Wang Changling himself wrote a famous article "Parting with Xin Qiji at Furong Inn". "Luoyang relatives and friends ask each other, and a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot" has become a portrayal of the author's noble personality.

In addition, the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao is particularly worth mentioning. According to legend, Li Bai boarded the Yellow Crane Tower to compose a poem. After seeing this poem by Cui Hao, he said with emotion: "There is a scene in front of him, and Cui Hao wrote a poem on it."

In 755 AD, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out. Although the counter-insurgency war ended in the victory of the Tang government, the eight-year "An Shi Rebellion" dealt a heavy blow to the Tang government. This rebellion became a turning point in the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.

The rebellion had a great influence on the national psychology, and the Tang people began to re-examine this once prosperous dynasty with rational cold eyes. Most of the important poets in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods died in the war. The poet began to point his pen at the chronic diseases in the Tang Dynasty, exposing, criticizing and treating them.

Poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty can be summarized as "two schools and eight schools".

The first school is "Bai Yuan Poetry School". "Yuan" refers to Yuan Zhen and "Bai" refers to Bai Juyi. They launched the "New Yuefu Movement", arguing that prose and poetry, like Yuefu poetry, can reflect current events and make up for the world, that is, "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written about things".

Although Yuan Zhen was ahead of Bai Juyi, his achievements were far less than Bai Juyi's. His two books "Palace" and "From Thinking" are masterpieces of the five wonders and seven wonders.

Bai Juyi's life can be divided into two stages, bounded by being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. Before, Bai Juyi, a young man, paid tribute to Gu Kuang with a song "Farewell to Ancient Grass", which made him famous in Beijing and his career was smooth. After that, the author suffered a political blow and was disheartened-"If you are poor, you will be immune." His poems also showed different styles in the early and late periods. The previous criticism was sharp, and "current affairs do not leave face". There are many leisurely works in the later period, which have not been exposed in front. His best poems are Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow.

Bai Juyi strives for "the old woman can understand" in his poems, so his poems are clear and fluent. However, the author often "is determined to win", overstepping his duties and gilding the lily, which greatly affects the image and meaning of the poem and makes it lack of charm.

The second school is "Han Meng Poetry School". "Han" refers to Han Yu and "Meng" refers to Meng Jiao. In terms of ancient prose, Han Yu innovated in a retro way, which led to the decline of the Eight Dynasties and restored the fine tradition of prose. In poetry, Han Yu also advocates innovation. His poems are strongly worded and empty, and are famous for their weird danger and grotesque. Moving to the left to show my grandnephew's neck is his masterpiece. The author "demoted loyal ministers", did not complain about others, did not care about others, died without regret, was upright and indomitable.

Su Shi's comments on Meng Jiao and Jia Dao's The Island of Thin Suburbs. They are famous for their bitter songs, "two sentences win in three years, and one song is full of tears", but the fine words are more than the fine meaning, which makes the poems full of sentences. Ode to a Wanderer and Farewell Message are their representative works respectively.

The other three poets are Li He, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi.

Li is tall and short-lived. Only after twenty-seven years, he returned to Daoshan. His poems are unique in the Tang Dynasty, and the romanticism is magical and magnificent.

Liu Zongyuan was repeatedly demoted for his participation in the reform of Wang Group. The lonely and cold picture "An Old Man Fishing in the Snow" in Jiang Xue reflects the author's tragic situation.

Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were in the same boat, participated in the political reform and were demoted at the same time. Twenty years later, Liu Yuxi met Bai Juyi in Yangzhou, and Liu Yuxi wrote the famous sentence "Yangzhou will enjoy Lotte for the first time". "Qian Fan on a sunken ship, Wan Muchun in front of a sick tree" is a famous poem. It is worth noting that after Liu Yuxi was demoted to Bashu, he learned folk songs from local people and learned useful nutrients from them. His Zhuzhici is a good poem written by studying folk songs.

The representative figures of late Tang poetry are Du Mu and Li Shangyin.

Du Mu was ambitious in his early years. He studied Sun Tzu's Art of War and made notes on it. After being promoted to Jinshi, he was excluded and hung out in Yangzhou, where there was his favorite love song building. "I have been dreaming of Yangzhou for ten years and won the name of a brothel." The famous "Farewell" is a work that expresses the feelings of the same singer.

Although I have no ambition in my life, I will not change my feelings. Du Mu is best at writing epics. Guo Huaqing Palace, Red Cliff, Bo Qinhuai and Tiwujiang Pavilion are all representatives of this kind of poems.

The separatist regime of the buffer region, the eunuch's authoritarian power and the party struggle are the three major cancers in the political system of the Tang Dynasty. These three kinds of malignant tumors developed to the extreme in the late Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin was the victim of this malignant tumor.

Li Shangyin was caught between Niu Party and Li Party all his life, and he was a victim of party struggle in the late Tang Dynasty. He is a master of love poems, and Untitled is almost a classic of love poems. "Spring silkworms die, night candles are exhausted" and "Although my body doesn't have bright phoenix wings, I feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn" are all sentences full of emotion and rhythm. He is also the originator of misty poetry. "Poets only love Quincy, but they don't hate that no one writes about Jian Zheng." Many works are very popular, such as the famous Jinse, which is called the mystery of the Sphinx in the history of China's poetry.

Lu Xun said, "I thought all the good poems had been written in the Tang Dynasty." There were thousands of poems in the Tang Dynasty, and great artistic achievements really brought great pressure to the poets in the Song Dynasty. However, the fact is not as Lu Xun said, the poetry of the Song Dynasty still presents an aesthetic style different from that of the Tang Dynasty.

Drawing lessons from the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty decided to adopt the national policy of worshipping and restraining martial arts, which promoted the status of literati. The unprecedented development of printing industry and education made the overall academic level of scholars in Song Dynasty far better than before. Du Fu claimed that "reading breaks ten thousand volumes", which was relatively rare in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, many poets were literati at the same time, and many of them broke thousands of volumes. The above historical background makes the Song people easy to talk, which is unprecedented. Yan Yu summed up the characteristics of Song poetry quite accurately in Cang Shi Lang Hua, that is, "writing is poetry, discussing is poetry, and learning is poetry". Mr. Qian Zhongshu concluded: "Tang poetry is good at rich expression, while Song poetry is good at reasoning with bones and muscles."

Mr. Wang Guowei said in the Preface to the History of Song and Yuan Dramas: "Every generation of literature, the Sao of Chu, the Fu of Han, the parallel prose of the Six Dynasties, the poems of Tang, the poems of Song and the songs of Yuan are all so-called literature of one generation, and later generations cannot succeed."

Song Ci is not only a great harvest of Song literature, but also a wonderful flower in the garden of poetry. Its development can be traced back to the Sui Dynasty.

Ci originated in the Sui Dynasty. Its birth has an indissoluble bond with music, and it is a poetic style that can be sung by music, so the full name of the word is tune. Later, the lyrics and songs were stripped off, and the province was called Ci. Because sentences vary in length, words are also called long and short sentences At first, it was not elegant, and literati occasionally did it, also known as poetry. Some people think that it originated from Yuefu, also known as Yuefu.

Although Ci originated in the Sui Dynasty, there were no Ci handed down from generation to generation in the Sui Dynasty. At present, the earliest word found is "Dunhuang Quzi Ci" in Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave, which belongs to folk words. The earliest extant literati ci was written by Li Bai, so Li Bai was honored as the "ancestor of one hundred generations of ci and qu". In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the style of writing of literati became stronger, such as Zhang and Bai Juyi.

In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the creation of Ci began to flourish, and Ci gradually matured.

During the forty or fifty years of the Tang Dynasty, social production resumed development and a series of political innovations were carried out. However, the problems in the ideological field left over from history are often difficult to return, and it is impossible to do it overnight. Poetry creation is still in the afterglow of Sui Chen. Li Shimin, who is known as "a master of English", "Poetry has no husband's spirit" (A Yan Yuan Speech by Wang Shizhen). A group of gifted scholars gathered around him, such as Chen, Yu Shinan, Yang Shidao, Li Yifu and others, basically did not go beyond the narrow scope of the life of the court aristocracy, and wrote mostly works that praised saints and sang colourful love songs. Later, they developed an "official style" based on "wrong shooting" (Biography of Shangguan Yi in Old Tang Dynasty). At that time, although some writers were able to extricate themselves from customs, such as Wei Zhi's Shu Huai, which was vigorous and led the way of Chen Ziang; Wang Ji is a pioneer of Wang and Meng, with profound interest. The language of Wang Fanzhi's poems is popular and unique, which is the first of its kind and has influenced poets such as Huang Tingjian in Song Dynasty. However, some of their works are not many, and some of them have low status, which is not enough to reverse the whole atmosphere.

Before and after Gao De and Gan Feng, the trend of poetry creation has undergone important changes. Together with Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, they were called "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" and entered the poetry circle. They are a group of young poets with low status but high reputation. They are not satisfied with the empty content and rigid form that should have been made by the imperial court, but are eager to express their lofty aspirations and feelings of joys and sorrows in life, thus promoting the theme of poetry "from the palace to the market" and "from the Taige to the Jiangshan desert" (Wen Yi). It is in this sense that Yang Shihong defined the "four outstanding poets" as the "initial sound" of Tang poetry in the Yuan Dynasty and admitted that they have created a new generation.

It was Chen Ziang, a poet in the era of Wu Zetian, who greatly promoted the innovation of the "Four Masters". The poems of the "Four Masters" did not get rid of the influence of "adopting beauty to contend for complexity" in the late Six Dynasties, while Chen Ziang advocated "the style of Han and Wei" and advocated inheriting the realistic content and vigorous style of poems in Jian 'an and Zhengshi periods, so as to resist and sweep away the impetuous habits since Qi and Liang Dynasties, thus taking retro as an innovation and theoretically correcting the development direction of Tang poetry. His creative practice also embodies his literary thoughts and shows his innovative achievements. Chen's famous works, such as "Feeling" and "Youzhou Tower", mostly involve current affairs and give people profound enlightenment. The feeling of cynicism and concern for the country and the people is quite different from the prevailing poetic style at that time. The influence of Liang Chen's poems lasted for a century and a half, and it was only cleaned up in his hands. Therefore, Han Yu pointed out: "The country is rich and the people are strong, and the children begin to dance high." (Consultant) fully affirmed his historical achievements. However, while vigorously opposing the decadent school, Chen Ziang failed to pay due attention to and absorb the long-term accumulated artistic experience of poets in the Southern Dynasties, so his poems are often simple and literary. Hu Zhenheng said: "Zi Ang was famous for his poems in the Tang Dynasty. Just as Chen She, who participated in the uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty, was king, the temple house would sink, but when osawa called, he would take the crown of Han history. " ("Tang Yin Gui Qian") This statement is in line with reality.

At the same time, different schools have also formed, including Shen Quanqi and Song, who often come and go, and Li Qiao, Cui Rong, Su Weidao and Du, who are called "four friends of articles". They are a group of imperial literati, and what they do is mostly to serve and respond to the system and polish the article. Among other poems written by them, although some excellent works have been read by people all the time, especially Du Fu, whose style is high and his weather is open, is highly praised by later generations, but in general, his contribution is mainly in the completion of the law. They summed up all kinds of explorations on the metrical form of poetry since Qi and Liang Dynasties, especially the experience of the "Four Masters" in writing a large number of modern poems, and "avoided the sound and made some remarks" (A Biography of the Song Dynasty in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty), which realized the finalization of the metrical form of poems with five or seven words and provided a standard for later writers to follow. Since then, all kinds of poetry in ancient and modern times have been clearly defined, and the system of poetry has become richer and more diverse. As Hu Yinglin said: "The great opportunity for the change of content chapters will be driven by fate." Its significance cannot be underestimated.

In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chen Ziang's "retro" and Shen Song's "unconventional" contributed to the prosperity of Tang poetry from different aspects. On the basis of this preparation, the poets in the next stage will further combine the correct direction with the perfect form. During the reign of Xuanzong Kaiyuan and Tianbao, the climax of the all-round prosperity of poetry was presented to people. Yin Kun once summed up the overall achievements of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty with four words: "literary quality is half taken, style is two-sided, words and bones are built for transmission, and palace merchants are too healthy", which shows that the achievements of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty have indeed surpassed any previous era.

This is the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, and the gradually developing social contradictions are still under the cover of economic prosperity, strong national strength, political stability and high culture, giving people a feeling of hope. The infinite richness and vastness of real life has opened up the poet's mind and artistic conception of poetry. Many famous poets appeared at the same time. Gao Kun's Preface to the Collection of Tang Poems said: "The elegance of Li Han Woods, the depression of Du Gongbu, the elegance of Meng Xiangyang, the exquisiteness of Wang Youcheng, the truth of Chu Guangxi, the handsome voice of Wang Changling, the tragic beauty of Gao Shi and Cen Can, and the extraordinary beauty of Li Hao and Chang Jian also flourished in Tang Dynasty." In addition, such as, Zhang Jiuling, Zhang, Wang Wan, Wang Zhihuan, Cui, Zuyong and Liu Tuoxu. Although their artistic attainments are different in depth and the number of their works, they are all outstanding masters and don't hide anything from each other. Most of their poems are full of craftsman spirit, gorgeous but not greasy, exquisite but not delicate, vigorous but not rough, meticulous but not broken, smooth but not greasy, fresh but not eccentric, heavy but not dull, calm but not sticky, fantastic images and harmonious rhythm, which show the common artistic characteristics of this era.

The frontier wars and pastoral poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are extremely rich in content. Among a large number of masterpieces that have been passed down through the ages, those describing frontier wars and rural scenery account for a considerable proportion. Poets in this period often had a life experience of frontier fortress joining the army. In their works, they not only describe the magnificent and desolate frontier fortress scenery, but also express lofty aspirations and ambitions, which are full of passionate and generous spirit of the times. Due to different specific circumstances, their attitudes towards the war are mixed, with curses and condemnations, and their thoughts often reach a certain depth. Among these poets, Gao Shi, Cen Can, Li Jie and Wang Changling are the most famous. Their works are full of atmosphere and tragic artistic conception, and most of them take the form of seven-character poems or seven-character quatrains. Another representative poet who is famous for his pastoral poems is Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian. Their works mostly reflect the thoughts and feelings of leisure and seclusion, with light colors and deep artistic conception, and mostly adopt the form of five-character archaism and five-character rhythm. This school of poets has greatly promoted the landscape poems since the Six Dynasties in exploring natural beauty. Among them, Wang Wei's achievements are particularly high. As a poet and painter, he can apply painting to poetry. Zhan Shen's artistic achievements are different from Li's and Li's, which have exerted considerable influence on later generations.

"Du Li's articles are in full bloom" (Diao Zhang Ji by Han Yu). Li Bai and Du Fu marked the highest achievement of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Their poetic styles are different, but they are also superb in art, and they can't tolerate any generosity. Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang once pointed out: "The beauty of a son cannot be too white and indecent, nor too white and not depressed. Taibai's Sleepwalking in Tianmu, Farewell, etc. The beauty of a child cannot be said; Zimei's "Northern Expedition", "Military Vehicle Shop" and "Farewell the Old and Welcome the New" are too white to do. " This argument is more accommodating.

Li Bai became a model that later generations could not follow. Most of Li Bai's famous works were written before the Anshi Rebellion, and some of them were written after the Anshi Rebellion. Among them, there are bold exposures to dark politics, severe reprimands to resistance forces, reflections on the sufferings of people's livelihood, descriptions of the lives of different groups such as knights, businessmen, miners, farmers, garrisons and women, descriptions of grand ambitions to save things and save the world, and the pursuit of individual freedom and liberation. Poetry is magnificent, imaginative, fresh and natural, magnificent and colorful, with a strong lyrical atmosphere, forming an artistic style that is unconstrained and unconstrained, and becoming a model that future generations cannot follow.

Du Fu's works are a "history of poetry" in turbulent times. Li Bai's poems and songs are mainly the portrayal of the brewing period of turmoil, while Du Fu's works are the "history of poetry" in the turbulent times. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, which opened the cloak of the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty empire. The social crisis that has been lurking for a long time and various contradictions within classes, nationalities and ruling groups have erupted like a volcano. From then on, the history of the second half of the Tang Dynasty was the separatist regime, the autocratic power of the official palace, the struggle for power by cronies, the border troubles, economic decline and political turmoil, until the peasant uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the demise of the Tang Dynasty. Great changes have taken place in poetry creation due to the drastic changes in society. The superb poetic artistic conception of image, rhyme and beauty has surrendered to the contemplation and sadness in the face of bleak life. This change is reflected in Du Fu's creation. Du Fu's poems faithfully recorded the turmoil of the country and the sufferings of the people, and expressed deep sympathy for the persecuted people, which became the first voice of Bai Juyi and others advocating the new Yuefu movement. He is good at combining current affairs and politics with personal experience. He has both a typical summary of life scenes and a strong expression of subjective feelings. He combines reason, things and feelings in one furnace, and is deeply pregnant, forming a unique style of deep depression and frustration. In terms of poetic language, rhythm and skills, he is good at "learning from many teachers" and widely absorbs the creative experience of predecessors and contemporary authors. "What he has done in ancient and modern times has his own merits" (Yuan Zhen's Epitaph of Yuan Wailang Du Jun, the proofreader of Tang Dynasty), which opened up thousands of paths for the development of poetic art later.

At the same time, Jie Yuan also wrote some poems sympathetic to people's sufferings, which were greatly appreciated by Du Fu. Jie Yuan chose Collection in the Basket, advocating a simple poetic style of life, and opposing "suppressing sound and disease, and liking likeness" (Preface to Collection in the Basket). The selected authors include seven people, including Shen Qianyun and Meng Yunqing, and there are 24 poems, all of which are short stories and five ancient poems with no rhyme. Most of the content is cynical and personal. Their creative attitude of "nostalgia for the past and staying close to the present" represents a special tendency, forming a small school that pays equal attention to style and temperament, antique and modern in the prosperous Tang poetry world.

After Liu Changqing, Wei Wuying and Du Fu, Qian Qi and Lang Shiyuan, the "Ten Talents of Dali", were in the decline period after the chaos in the Tang Dynasty, and the poetry circle was also very depressed. Famous poets include Liu Changqing and "Ten Talented Scholars in Dali Period" represented by Qian Qi and Lang Shiyuan. They work hard on the five-character rhythm, with delicate and appropriate language, exquisite and beautiful rhyme and similar poetic style to Wang Wei. But most of them are door guests and powerful people, and a large number of poems are dedicated to entertainment and sentimental, with superficial content and weak weather. Among them, Lu Lun and Li Yi have some frontier poems, which are desolate in color and bold in artistic conception, and can still be regarded as the successors of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wei was an outstanding poet in this period. His pastoral landscape poems are "elegant and carefree, unique" after Tao Yuanming and Wang Meng, while Yuefu poems are close to Du Fu and Yuan Jie, "beyond the beauty of talent and emotion, quite close to irony" (Bai Juyi's Nine Books with Yuan). In addition, Yung Wing, Gu Kuang and Dai Shulun each have some excellent works reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood, which have become a bridge between Du Fu and Yuan, Bai, Zhang and Wang.

Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and others advocated the "New Yuefu Movement" around the rise of the wave of reform marked by the innovation of Emperor Shunzong and Emperor Yongzhen and the decline of the Tang Dynasty, which once gave people the prospect of rejuvenation. At the same time, there was another scene of fighting in the poetry circle. Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Li Shen, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian and other writers advocated the "New Yuefu Movement" and created a large number of political allegories, which inherited Du Fu's extensive exposure of reality and criticized current politics. Zhang and Wang Yuefu have different styles from Yuan and Bai. Yuan and Bai developed narrative skills, with concentrated tailoring, tortuous plot and meticulous description. There are many narrative poems with complete beginning and end in New Yuefu, such as Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, Pipa, and Yuan Zhen's Poem of Lotus Palace. The influence of legendary novels can be seen. Contrary to the poetic styles of Yuan, Xu and others, another school of poetry, represented by Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He and Jia Dao, appeared. In the art of poetry, they inherited the spirit of Du Fu's "words don't astonish and die endlessly", and they didn't follow the routine and washed away the lead. Han is, Meng is, but both of them are eloquent and thoughtful. Meanwhile, Han Yu is an outstanding essayist. His poems tend to be prosaic and magnificent, but sometimes we have to admire his talent, which makes him studious, adventurous and innovative, and becomes eccentric and eccentric. Both of them had a great influence on Song poetry. Li He's poems are close to Han Meng's in strange meaning and deep thought, but they are different from Han Meng, who gave birth to the school of arts and sciences in the late Tang Dynasty. Jia Dao and his poetry friend Yao He gave birth to Wang Meng's and "Dali Ten Talents"' short chapters describing landscape scenery, from which they learned the spirit of exquisite beauty and painstakingly chose words, forming a unique and bitter poetic style. Although the pattern is narrow, you can also set up your own family and school. He, Lu Tong and Liu Cha are both famous for their sudden emergence, and each has his own masterpieces handed down from ancient times.

In addition to the two major schools of poetry, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi have also become outstanding families. A part of Liu Zongyuan's pastoral five-character poems, "originated from ancient customs and sent to ripple for taste" (Su Shi's After the Collection of Poems by Huang Zisi), is similar in style to Tao Yuanming and is equal to Wei; Other political lyrics are full of sadness and agitation, full of Chu Sao meaning. Liu Yuxi is brilliant and full of vigor, and is known as a "poet". Zhuzhi Ci, with its rich flavor of life and unique timbre, has become a model for later scholars to learn folk songs. Some lyric poems often contain philosophy of life in the description of scenery, which has a certain influence on the "rational interest" of Song poetry. "Poetry is original and new in style" (Bai Juyi's "I think without adding six rhymes"), the innovative spirit presented by the poetry circle in this period and the personal style shown in poetry are extremely prominent.

After the momentum of "Yuan and Zhongxing" in the poems of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties faded, the fate of the decline of the Tang Dynasty gradually approached. Reflected in poetry, the sentimental and decadent mood and the extravagant breath of seaweed gradually became strong.

Li Shangyin was an outstanding poet in the Tang Dynasty, from the literary school of Yamato and Kaicheng to the middle age of Xuanzong. His poems are full of feelings of worrying about his country when he was hurt, and they are sad and deep, giving people a sense of decline that "to see the sun, for all his glory was buried by the coming night" (Li Shangyin's "Leyou Graves"). After all, he lacks inspiring power. They have made unique contributions to the art of poetry, especially the seven words are close to the body, the law is accurate, the words are beautiful, the brushwork is meaningful, the feelings are meaningful, and the sound is beautiful. Scenic spots of the mountain. Among them, Du Shi Junlang and Shi Li were profound and graceful, each with his own strong points, and Li Shangyin had a greater influence and became the temple army of the Tang Dynasty poetry circle. Influenced by the aestheticism of the times, some of his poems have too many bureaucratic things, too much pursuit of exquisite words, and literature is better than quality, which became the origin of Quincy style in the early Song Dynasty. At the same time, Wen Tingyun, who is as famous as Li Shangyin, has brilliant ideas and beautiful words, but his depth of thought is insufficient and his style is low, so he can't be compared with Li Shangyin. Others such as Xu Hun, Liu Cang, Xue Neng, Ma Dai, Zhao Jie and Jason. , have different physical features, each with its own beautiful sentences handed down from generation to generation, but "the wind is beautiful and colorful, light and light, and there is no weather." If you want to be in the mid-term heyday, you will not have this power "(Yu Wenbao's" Blowing the Sword ").

In the half-century from the reign of Yi people in Xian Tong to the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the society was in turmoil and the field of poetry creation also showed a general decline trend. Most of the writers in this period were followers of the previous generation's poetic style. Such as Tang, Han Wohe; Li Pin, Fang Gan, Zhou Pu and Ethan studied the asceticism of Jia Dao and Yao He; Si Kongtu, Xiang Si, Ren Fan and Zhang Xiaobao studied Zhang Ji's elegance; , Liu Jia, Nie, Xue Yuanjie, Meng Jiao Jiangu; Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng studied Han Yu's Boao: Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Wei Zhuang's Metaphysics, Bai's popularity, etc. Although their achievements are different, on the whole, they failed to surpass their predecessors in art and made a major breakthrough. Among them, Pi Rixiu, Nie and Du Xunhe wrote some chapters reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood in plain and fluent language, as well as Luo Yin's political satire and Han Wo's Seven Laws of Angry Current Affairs, which left a true portrayal of social chaos in the late Tang Dynasty.