List the great achievements of ancient astronomical calendars in China.

The achievements of ancient astronomical calendars in China are closely related to agricultural production, such as: summer calendar, 24 solar terms, 12 gas calendars, time calendars, etc.

Achievements of astrometeorology:

The earliest scientific astronomical knowledge in ancient China probably belongs to the astronomical phenomena described in Xia Zheng Xiao during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the knowledge about the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth appeared in large quantities.

Three theories about heaven were formed in the Han Dynasty, namely, covering the sky, announcing the night and announcing the sky.

Zhang Heng is a master of Huntian's theory.

A variety of wind sensors were used to observe the wind direction in Han Dynasty. The simplest one is called "vision".

Humidity was observed earlier. According to Records of Historical Records and Astronomical Training of Huainanzi, the method of "hanging soil charcoal" was adopted.

(1) Pre-Qin period: ① During the Spring and Autumn Period, the exact record of the first recognized Halley's comet in the world was left. "Spring and Autumn Annals" recorded that "one star entered the Beidou" in 6 13 BC, that is, Halley's Comet, more than 600 years earlier than Europe. ② During the Spring and Autumn Period, China calendar has formed its own fixed system, and basically established the principle of 65438+7 leap in 2009, which is 160 years more than that in the west. (3) During the Warring States Period, the world's earliest astronomical work A Passage to Shi Gan appeared, which contained rich astronomical records, reflecting people's understanding of astronomy at that time.

(2) Han Dynasty: ① During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, astronomers formulated China's first complete almanac, taichu calendar, and began to take the first month as the beginning of the year. ② The sunspot records in the Western Han Dynasty are recognized as the earliest sunspot records in the world. (3) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made the earliest scientific explanation of the solar eclipse from different positions of the sun, the moon and the earth. ④ The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng can measure the direction of unexpected earthquakes thousands of miles away, which is 1700 years earlier than that in Europe.

(3) Sui and Tang Dynasties: (1) The Dayan Calendar, compiled by astronomers and monks in the Tang Dynasty, accurately reflected the laws of the sun's movement, and the system was thorough, indicating the maturity of the ancient calendar system in China. (2) The monk and his party are also the founders of measuring the meridian length of the earth by scientific methods in the world. In the actual measurement, he realized that the knowledge gained in a small and limited space could not be arbitrarily deduced to a large or even infinite space, which was a great progress in the history of China's scientific thought.

(4) Song and Yuan Dynasties: ① Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, made outstanding contributions to astronomy, which made it easier to completely unify the "twelve-year calendar" with four seasons, twenty-four solar terms and twelve months, and was conducive to farming arrangements. ② In the early Yuan Dynasty, Taishi Museum was established to compile a new calendar. (3) Guo Shoujing, an outstanding astronomer in Yuan Dynasty, put forward the correct proposition that "the calendar is based on measurement, and the measuring instrument is not the instrument first", created nearly 20 kinds of astronomical observation instruments such as simple instruments and altimeters, and presided over the nationwide astronomical survey. (4) Guo Shoujing presided over the compilation of Chronological Calendar. The cycle of one year is basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but it is 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.