White constellation _ Huai Yu constellation

The "married couple" is the core foundation of human family, society and country. A pair of good spouses, called lovers, lovers, or lovers, are affectionate. What are the common appellations of couples in ancient and modern times? These appellations come from etiquette norms, and metaphors and pronouns are also used to express humor and affection, and to convey affection and respect for each other.

In today's secular world, in the media, "husband" and "wife" call everywhere, replacing the address of husband and wife, almost monopolizing the orthodox and elegant right to speak. The "old" of husband and wife originally refers to the old, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of Deng Ai: "Seventy husbands, what do you want!" ; "All Poems of Tang Dynasty": "Eighty wives clap their hands and laugh, jealous of his weaver girl marrying Petunia." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "husband" and "wife" were used to refer to husband and wife, but they were mostly used by common people. For example, Ximen Qing in Jin Ping Mei met Pan Jinlian for the first time and asked Wang Po:

"Come on, foster mother, let me ask you, whose wife is the woman in this partition?"

……

Wang Po said, "Why don't you recognize him? Her husband sells cooked food in front of the county seat. "

In The Journey to the West, Bajie called his spouse his wife. He said, "It's not nonsense. I'm afraid there will be some mistakes for a while, but it's not that the monk made a mistake, his wife married wrongly, and both of them were delayed? "

Compared with "husband and wife", husband and wife call each other "Qing", and the affection is self-evident, which binds each other's affection and love. For example, in the Han Dynasty, Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi, a congenial couple, called each other this way. There is a sentence in the ancient Yuefu poem "Jiao Zhongqing's Wife", which Liu Zhiqing called "Qing": "I didn't drive away Qing, but forced my mother." Lin Juemin, a martyr of Huanghuagang in modern times, nicknamed his wife "Qingqing" ("Farewell Letter to His Wife"). His true feelings were revealed, and many people were moved by them and wept for them.

In addition to the above appellations, there are some simple or metaphorical appellations between husband and wife, which leave room for imagination for many feathers. At the same time, couples can call each other and see the pairing in pairs, which has far-reaching influence. Let's talk about it in the table below.

Schematic diagram of the wedding of the Qing emperor. The picture shows Qing Qingkuan and others drawing "Full Picture Collection of Wedding Ceremony". (public domain)

"xianggong couple" and "xianggong couple":

"xianggong" is an honorific title for a vassal. Wife is originally an honorific title for a vassal's wife, the son of heaven's concubine and a woman with a title. "Ming Qin Shi": "The princes and princesses are wives; Husband, help you, help your husband. " It can be seen that a wife is a good wife. So "xianggong" and "madam" are used as husband and wife appellations, and the tone of "gong" is slightly changed, and the wife is "madam". At the same time, it also sets off the status of this pair of "xianggong" ladies.

"xianggong" is also an honorific title for scholars, and "lady" is usually used for the wife of an official and the wife of Shu Ren. Tao's Record of Dropping out of Farming in Yuannan Village (Volume 14). The woman said "Niang": "However, all the wives of ordinary people and senior officials in the Yuan Dynasty are called" Madame ". This title was still used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

"Lovers and wives" and "wives and wives":

Let's talk about using "lover" to refer to a husband or marriage partner since ancient times. On Mencius Li Lou: "The lover is what he expected all his life." A lover is a husband who can be entrusted by his wife for life. In Xiao Yi's Poem of Cold Boudoir in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Black magpies fly to the south at night, but good people have not returned" expresses the wife's yearning for her husband who is away from home.

In ancient times, Dr. Qing's first wife was called his wife. "Interpretation of Names": "The concubine of Qing is my wife; Children, like women, manage the family in the boudoir. " The wife of Yan Ying, the prime minister of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, is one of the most famous "wives". She left her name in history, reflecting Yan Zi's noble and charming personality.

"Hanshu" records that "Yan Ying is king, food is not meat, my concubine is not clothed with clothes and silks, and Qi is also ruled", and Yan Ying is the prime minister, which was famous at that time. Qi Jinggong went to Yanzi's house to propose to his daughter. At that time, Yan Ying had been married for many years and his wife was not young. Qi Jinggong was surprised to see Yan Ying's ugly "wife" wearing coarse clothes. Intuitively, they don't match. "Yan Zi Chun Qiu" records: "Gong Jing loves his daughter, please marry Yan Zi, and go to Yan Yan's house for drinking and indulging. When he meets his wife, he says,' Is this the son of his wife?' "Qi Jinggong proposed to Ying again, but Ying repeatedly refused. No matter how successful Yan Zi's career is, no matter how popular she is in Gao Teng, she sticks to her home and her wife who shares joys and sorrows. She is definitely a lover that my wife can rely on for a lifetime. Their "lovers and wives" set a good example for human couples.

The wife is the "wife" who manages the family in the boudoir, so later generations call the husband "wife" and form a pair. When did it originate? According to Qian Daxin's "Heng" in the Qing Dynasty, there are three works: "Liang Xuyun wrote a poem for the inside, another poem for the peach tree in front of the house, and his wife Wei Liu wrote a poem outside. The name of the inside and outside, from now on. " Modern people often use the words "outer son" and "inner son".

Anvil and humble Jing;

"Young scholar Joan Lin. The second volume. Husband and wife said: "the husband calls his wife a gentleman and his wife a wife;" The wife calls her husband an anvil (sound is the same as truth) and a lover. " How did the word "anvil" come from? "Anvil" and "manuscript anvil" are tools for cutting weeds, also called "?" Because? Homophonic with husband, borrowed as the argot of "husband" Quan Deyu's Yutai in the Tang Dynasty: "This is my pigment, this is my powder, and there is nothing but the manuscript." Expressed the humor and implicit affection of the ancients.

My wife borrowed weeding equipment. As a husband, the husband borrowed a woman's unpretentious Jing Zhi as "Chai Jing" and called his wife "my humble Jing". This is also a well-known allusion. Biography of Women records that Hongliang, a famous hermit in the Eastern Han Dynasty, lived in seclusion with his wife Meng Guang, while his wife Meng Guang used Jing Ke as a hairpin and coarse cloth as a skirt to help Hongliang fulfill his ambition of helping others. Meng Guang is a wife with a historical reputation. Her warmth contains light, and her nature is simpler than pearls. Later generations modestly called his wife "concubine respect".

"master and wife" and "princess";

"Master" is a respectful name for a female "husband". In ancient times, when a woman was about to get married, when she arrived at your home, her mother eagerly asked her to obey the "master"! Mencius under Teng Wengong said: "When you go to your daughter's house (* your house), you must respect and abstain, and there is no violation of the Lord!"

"Madam" is a woman who helps her master; The concubine calls her husband a gentleman or a gentleman (* calls her husband's first wife a "lady"). Zheng Xuan commented on the Book of Rites in Han Dynasty: "Every concubine calls her husband a gentleman." Ethics is always different.

The official and slave armour;

"Official" literally means a person with an official position, not an ordinary person. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu's Epitaph of Wang Jun commented on Dali: "You must marry an official, not a mortal." Later, "official" was also used as a title of respect for a wife to her husband; "Slave" and "slave family" are women's modest self-propositions, which are manifested in Dunhuang Bianwen rap and novels. For example, "Dunhuang Bianwen Collection, New Works, Volume 5, Wang Zhaojun Bianwen": "Far refers to the white clouds calling and staying, listening to slaves to bid farewell to the countryside." Awakening the World in Ming Dynasty. Volume 9. Chen Duoshou's Life and Death Couple: "You and I (Mr. and Mrs. Yuan Pei) are married and share joys and sorrows. An official is ill today, which is what I am destined to do. What's the point of sharing life and death! "

"Husband and wife" and "husband and wife":

According to the measurement of the Zhou dynasty, adult men are about eight feet tall, so "husband" is the general term for men, such as "husband dare not have a house in his twenties; Women dare not ignore people at the age of fifteen. Feather), the "husband" in the sentence refers to men, as opposed to women. A husband also refers to a brave and ambitious man. Later, he called the man in marriage the husband and gave him the image of "the head of the family". It is very common to call husbands "husbands" in novels of the Ming Dynasty. Journey to the West said for the first time: "My real name is Li Cuilian; My husband's surname is Liu. "

"Wife" is a courtesy title for the wife of an official above the governor in the Ming Dynasty. "continuation. 16.a and b's last words. "Poems on the Side Road": "Those who cover the department are called the home of Si Juan (* family), and those who are above Zhong Cheng are called the wife's ears. Later, ordinary husbands also used to address themselves as wives, or as honorifics for married women. "The Scholars" the second time: "Just like a married daughter, she is called the bride when she gets married, and then she is called grandma or wife, so she is not called the bride. "

As for the title of "wife", its origin can be traced back to ancient times. Interpretation of relatives of names: "Scholar (* honorific man) Shu Ren married his wife; Wife, qi and husband are not respectful, so they are equal. " Let's just say that the appellation of "husband and wife" embodies the equal relationship between husband and wife in civilian families. "The Book of Songs. Long Beach: "A wife is like a drum." Describe the harmony between husband and wife, such as harps and songs.

Judging from the appellations of various couples in ancient times, whether they are subtle or elegant, sweet or simple, they all have their origins and contain light. The friendship between couples is consolidated by a name and a title.