Fortune Telling Collection - Zodiac Analysis - Formation of Tea Culture in Tea-Horse Ancient Road
Formation of Tea Culture in Tea-Horse Ancient Road
Formation of Tea Culture in Tea-Horse Ancient Road
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the tea exported from the mainland to Tibetan areas was mainly the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. From the Ming Dynasty, the Sichuan-Tibet Tea Ceremony was formally formed, which promoted the rise of commercial towns along Sichuan-Tibet and the connection between Tibet and the mainland. The Sichuan-Tibet Tea Ceremony is not only an economic line, but also a political line and a national defense line, which prevents foreign forces from separating Tibet from China.
China tea is produced in the cold regions of south, north and northwest, and leaves are not produced. Sichuan is the birthplace of tea cultivation and drinking in China and the world. Before Qin and Han Dynasties, only Sichuan was used for drinking tea and producing products with tea. In the Tang Dynasty, China was rich in tea. Since the Tang Dynasty, tea from Mianzhou, Zhou Shu and Qiongzhou in Sichuan has flowed into Tibet from other areas, which started the history of Tibetan people drinking tea, and the road of tea transportation into Tibet appeared. In the Tang Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet Highway was the main traffic route between Tibet and the Central Plains. In the Tang Dynasty, the external expansion of the Tubo dynasty, except for the southern line competing for Nanmu, almost all passed through Qinghai, with Hexi and Longyou in the north, four towns in Anxi in the west and Jiannan and Tangfan in the east, such as marriage, all from Tianshui, Dafeichuan, Wenquan, Heyuan, Tongtianhe to Luoxue (now Lhasa). Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng also entered Tibet through Qinghai. In short, the traffic avenue between the Central Plains and Tibet in the Tang Dynasty was Qinghai-Tibet Road, not Sichuan-Tibet Road. The tea ceremony in which mainland tea was exported to Tibet in the Tang Dynasty was naturally Qinghai-Tibet Road. With the disintegration of the Tubo dynasty, Tibetan areas in the Song Dynasty were in a state of their own fighting, and the Qinghai-Tibet Highway lost its role as a military artery and an official road. However, since tea was introduced into Tibetan areas in the Tang Dynasty, it has the special function of helping digestion and relieving greasy food, which makes livestock people who drink meat and milk generally drink tea. All ethnic groups in the northwest sell horses and buy tea at the border, but in order to get war horses, the Song Dynasty decided to carry out tea-horse trade in the northwest and sell tea to buy war horses. After Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, Tea and Horse Department was established in Sichuan, which transported most of Sichuan's annual output of 30 million Jin of tea to Gansu and Qinghai, and set up hundreds of tea farms and dozens of horse farms. It is also stipulated that the famous camellia can only buy horses every year, and it is forbidden to use them. It can buy more than15,000 horses every year. As a result, the Qinghai-Tibet Highway changed from a military and political artery in the Tang Dynasty to a tea ceremony. Therefore, Chen Guanxun, the author of Tibet Annals, said that since the Tang and Song Dynasties, mainland travel has mainly entered Tibet through the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. "This road used to be an official road. It was first built and has been used since the Tang Dynasty."
From the Ming Dynasty, Sichuan-Tibet tea ceremony was formally formed. As early as the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the government began to trade tea and horses with Tubo and other ethnic groups in Liya and Diaomen (now), but the quantity was small, and the tea sold could only be used by local ethnic minorities. In the Ming Dynasty, the government stipulated that Zhagan Temple and the tribute mission in Tibet should be received by Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces respectively, and the envoys of the Ming Dynasty also entered Tibet from Sichuan and Shaanxi respectively. Since the tea transported to the northwest and imported into Tibetan areas in the Ming Dynasty only accounted for one tenth of Sichuan's output, that is, 6,543.8+0,000 Jin, which paid for the tea needed by Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet, most of the remaining Sichuan tea was imported into Tibetan areas by Liya. The main purpose of monks and secular leaders in Tibetan areas such as Tibet to pay tribute to the Ming court is to obtain tea. So they paid tribute from Sichuan-Tibet Road. "Shu Qin's tea, self-fishing, Li Ya to blossoming, birds think of hiding, are used for more than five thousand miles. People on the land can't live without it for a day "(Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 25 1). So in May of the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), four tea warehouses were set up in Sichuan. "Sichuan Buzheng moved Wen Tianquan to recruit the company six times, and the next year's tea class was sent to Diaomen tea class, and the rest were sent to new warehouses for safekeeping, waiting for business transactions and handling Xifan horses." In the second year of Tianshun (1458), the Ming Dynasty stipulated that in the future. It also made the bird think that the tribute envoys in Tibet paid tribute from Sichuan-Tibet Road instead of Zhou Tao Road in Qinghai-Tibet. In the second year of Chenghua (1470), the Ming court made it clear that the envoys of the Four Kings and the tributes of Tibetan areas near the Bird Temple were paid by Sichuan Road. Tea and Horse Department was established in Yazhou and Diaomen in the Ming Dynasty, and millions of kilograms of tea were transported to Kangqu and transported to Niaosi Tibetan every year, thus extending the tea ceremony from Kangqu to Tibet. The communication between courtiers and envoys promoted the smooth flow of tea ceremony. Therefore, the Sichuan-Tibet tea ceremony, which developed from the tea trade, became an official road at the same time, replacing the status of the Qinghai-Tibet road.
The Qing dynasty further strengthened the management of Kangqu and Tibet, set up post stations, relaxed the transportation of tea into Tibet, and made Arrow Furnace a gathering place for tea along the South Road, further prospering the Sichuan-Tibet tea ceremony. In this way, the "path tea ceremony" from Ya 'an, Anshan, Ma Yue, Tian Quan, Luding to Kangding, from Ya 'an, Yingjing Dayue Xiangling, Feiyueling and Luding to Kangding, and then from Kangding to Yajiang, Litang, Batang, Jiangka, Chaya and Qamdo to Lhasa, and from Kangding to Ganning, Daofu and Luhuo. This tea ceremony from Ya 'an to Kangding and Kangding to Lhasa is not only the road to Sichuan and Tibet in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also the road to Sichuan and Tibet today. The Sichuan-Tibet road is rugged and difficult to travel, and its development is very arduous. When transporting tea from Ya 'an to Kangding, a small part of it is carried by mules and horses, and most of it is carried by manpower, which is called "piggyback". The journey depends on the severity, ranging from 40 miles a day to 2-30 miles a day. Take a short rest on the way, don't unload your shoulders, and support your back with a T-shaped pestle. The pestle head is made of iron, and each pestle should be placed on a hard stone. Over time, the stone left a nest mark, which is still clearly visible today. From Kangding to Lhasa, in addition to wading through mountains and rivers, we have to pass through many sparsely populated grasslands, dense forests and vast plains. To climb a steep rock wall, two horses meet and there is no escape. We have to negotiate the price, throw the thin horse under the hanging rock and let another horse pass. You have to wade through turbulent rivers and towering snow peaks. Long-distance transportation, wind and rain, mules and horses carrying cattle and grazing, the pack team must bring their own armed self-defense and carry curtains with them. Accommodation is mainly catering, and the daily trip is only 20-30 miles. Coupled with the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the weather is cold, the air is thin and the climate is unpredictable. The folk proverb says: "It's two or three, the snow harvests the mountain;" Four, five, six, tears streaming down her face; 789, take it easy; Ten winters of wax, like a crawling dog, vividly describes the situation in It's Hard to Walk. Sichuan tea was transported to all parts of Tibetan areas under such difficult conditions, and Sichuan-Tibet tea ceremony was developed by the Han and Tibetan people under such difficult conditions. The development of Sichuan-Tibet tea ceremony also promoted the rise of towns along Sichuan-Tibet Road. Luding, known as the west furnace gateway along the Dadu River, was just a "Xifan village" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Belonging to Shencun Boiling Dam, it is an important checkpoint for tea to enter the arrow furnace along the south road. In the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), the iron cable bridge was built.
Foreign businessmen gathered in Luding to do business. Xuantong three years (19 1 1), set up the county government. 1930, with more than 30 merchants, has become a transshipment place for goods between the mainland and Kangding. Kangding was a desolate Yuan Ye in Yuan Dynasty. Customs and businessmen from all over Tibet came here to exchange tea cloth with local products, so they had to set up tents and pots as accommodation. Only in the Ming Dynasty did villages form. With the southward migration of Tibetan-Chinese trade, it has gradually developed into a border tea trade center. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Arrow Furnace Hall was set up and soldiers were stationed to defend its land. Han and Han gather and exchange trade, which is called Yan downtown. Since then, the barrier of "Han does not enter Han, Han does not enter Han" has been broken. A large number of Tibetan businessmen crossed Jingning Mountain and entered Kangqu, and a large number of Shaanxi businessmen and Sichuan businessmen also poured into Kangqu. Chinese and foreign, it is good tea. In this city, which rose because of tea party, Tibetan-Chinese trade was conducted through "pot village". From Yongzheng to Qianlong, the number of pot villages increased from 13 to 48, and the business was quite prosperous. It has become a metropolis of Xiqiao. In addition, Litang, Batang, Dawu, Luhuo, Chamudo (Qamdo) and Songpan all developed into commercial towns in the rise of tea ceremony in Qing Dynasty. In a word, the entry of Sichuan tea into Tibet is an important factor to promote the development of Sichuan-Tibet transportation and the rise of towns in Sichuan-Tibet Plateau. The Sichuan-Tibet line is not only an economic line, but also a political line and a national defense line. It links Chinese mainland and Tibet more closely, making it impossible for modern foreign imperialist forces to separate Tibet from China.
After the Opium War, in order to invade Tibet, British imperialism tried to use Indian tea instead of China tea for marketing in Tibet. They think that once Indian tea can replace Sichuan border tea, Britain can monopolize Tibet's politics and economy. To this end, British imperialism even invaded Lhasa by force and forcibly exported India and tea to Tibet. Since then, Sichuan tea has become a weapon to resist the British invasion of Tibet. Opposing the sale of printed tea and protecting the sale of Sichuan tea has become an important part of opposing the British invasion of Tibet. At that time, Tibetans would rather buy Sichuan tea at a price ten times higher than Indian tea than eat Indian tea. Faced with the political and economic crisis brought about by the sale of printed tea, the local government in Tibet strongly advocates banning printed tea from entering Tibet. The 13th Lama personally appealed to the Qing court, demanding that the Qing government cooperate to stop selling Indian tea. Liu, the governor of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty, even advocated banning the printing of tea to avoid endless troubles. Zhang, who was ordered by the Qing court to negotiate the Tibet-India Trade Charter with Britain, took into account the interests of Sichuan tea, the Sino-Tibetan economy, government taxes and the interests of tea farmers and tea merchants, and also opposed Britain's invasion and sales of printed tea in Tibet to protect the sales of Sichuan tea. Later, in order to oppose the British invasion of Tibet and defend the frontier, Sichuan Governor Zhao Erfeng set up a border tea company in Ya 'an to support people in Xizang's boycott of printing tea. The company improved the variety of tea, rectified Sichuan tea, and set up a branch factory in the arrow-beating furnace to break the restriction that the side tea is not baked. And set up tea sales semicolons in Litang, Batang and Changdu to reduce intermediate links and quickly transport Sichuan tea to Tibet. Sichuan tea has become a fighting weapon for the Han and Tibetan peoples to jointly oppose British imperialism's invasion of Tibet and the dumping of printed tea. During the Republic of China, due to the civil war, Indian tea was sold in large quantities to Tibetan areas, and the local upper class in Tibet attacked the border areas of Sichuan under the instigation of British imperialism, resulting in a military conflict between Sichuan and Tibet. The close ties between the two sides have weakened, and Sichuan tea is still popular between Sichuan and Tibet. Under the special historical conditions at that time, Sichuan tea became a "national defense commodity", which communicated the important economic ties between the mainland and Tibet, and further enhanced the political relationship between the local government and the central government in Tibet and the unity of the Han and Tibetan nationalities.
The historical and cultural value of the ancient tea-horse road
Qamdo region is rich in natural and cultural tourism resources, including three parallel rivers, high mountains and canyons, sacred mountains and holy water, geothermal hot springs, pastures full of wild flowers, tents that smoke from cooking, ancient religious ceremonies, Tibetan Buddhist temples in Tallinn, ancient cliff stone carvings, antique giant murals and colorful customs.
The ancient tea-horse road is an important clue for natural and cultural tourism in Changdu area. Most of the natural wonders, human cultural heritage, traces of ancient ethnic customs and countless sentimental stories are scattered on the ancient tea-horse road. It is the accumulation of history and contains traces of people's activities and persistent yearning for thousands of years.
The ancient tea-horse road runs through the ethnic corridors among Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet. It is a place where many ethnic groups live and support themselves, and it is also a big stage for many ethnic groups to interpret historical tragicomedy. There are inexhaustible cultural treasures worth remembering and appreciating.
The ancient tea-horse road tourism is a journey of returning to nature, a journey of harmony between man and nature, a journey of spiritual spirit of urban people and a journey of exploration and discovery.
The tourism development of the ancient tea-horse road is all-round. First of all, we should do a good job in infrastructure construction, such as transportation facilities, hotels and restaurants to meet the needs of accommodation, water and electricity, security and so on. At the same time, vigorously develop tourism products, promote the development of various undertakings in Qamdo and revitalize the local economy.
Articles on the formation of tea culture in the ancient tea-horse road;
1. Cultural introduction of the ancient tea-horse road
2. Yunnan Tea Horse Ancient Road Tour Guide Words
3. The spread of tea culture in China.
4. Graduation thesis on the integration of tea culture and tourism resources
5. Analysis on the protection of historical and cultural heritage of Yunnan Tea-Horse Ancient Road.
6. The spread of tea ceremony
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