Egyptian culture

Characteristics of ancient Egyptian civilization

1, the oldest civilization, the oldest ancient country as one of the important signs of the formation of civilization, is the emergence of the country.

In the history of the world, the Nile Valley and the Two Rivers Valley are the earliest areas to establish a country and enter a civilized society. After about the middle of 4000 BC, Egyptian civilization appeared in the Nile valley, and Sumerian civilization appeared in the south of the two river basins.

Who are the creators of these civilizations? It has been attracting people's attention since the last century. It is generally believed that the ancient Egyptians developed from the long-term integration of Ham tribe in Africa and Sem tribe in Asia.

In terms of language, at present, people often think that ancient Egyptians belong to Semitic language family or Afro-Asian language family. According to ethnic characteristics, the ancient Egyptians were neither white nor black.

In fact, the Egyptians in the south are different from those in the north. Generally speaking, the ancient Egyptians were characterized by long heads, oval faces, slender bodies and wavy black hair.

Such a basic group in Africa was mixed and changed by bald immigrants from Anatolia and Sam's descendants Palestine in the early years, thus producing historical Egyptians. Their bodies are smooth, their skulls are big, their bones are strong, and their wrists and ankles are particularly thick.

However, women are usually shorter and slimmer. In a word, prehistoric Egyptians can be regarded as one of the Mediterranean peoples.

As early as the second half of 4000 BC, Sumerians created Sumerian civilization in the two river basins almost at the same time as ancient Egyptians. 2. When mentioning the typical absolutism of eastern and western monarchies, people often think of the so-called "oriental absolutism" first, and in the concept of "oriental absolutism", the absolutism of ancient Egypt is typical.

In the ancient kingdom era, with the final establishment and consolidation of national unity and the strengthening of kingship, absolutism began to take shape. The so-called absolutism is a form of state system and management.

In an authoritarian regime, the monarch has absolute and unrestricted power. The rule of monarch and king is often based on his own will, and is not limited by any laws and norms.

Pharaoh, as the absolute monarch of ancient Egypt, has unlimited legal, administrative and financial powers and implements one-man absolute rule with personal will as the transfer. Pyramid architecture is enough to symbolize the absolute power of autocratic rule.

However, in the ancient kingdom era, we did not have enough evidence to prove that the central government unified planning and management of water conservancy construction projects. On the contrary, there are a lot of data to prove that in the late and early period of the ancient kingdom, local rulers and countries were responsible for building irrigation projects.

The inscription in Katy, Esyut, once mentioned that he installed a sluice to lead water to the "mountain" and open up cultivated land. Therefore, at least before the 12 dynasty, water conservancy irrigation projects were local affairs, and there was no centralized and unified water conservancy irrigation project construction.

Therefore, it is obviously a fabrication to describe Egyptian absolutism as "water control absolutism". The absolutism in ancient Egypt was based on the class rule of slave owners, nobles and autocratic monarchs over slaves and free peasants, and it was the result of sharp class relations.

3. Strong religious consciousness and its extensive and profound social influence Religion is one of the social ideologies of human society, and it is also one of the ideologies. Religion is a reflection of real life, but it is a reflection of fantasy and an inverted ideology.

In the ancient world, people often looked weak in front of nature; Under the rule of monarchs and nobles, the society is seriously divided and the people are at a loss. Therefore, they hope to get rid of all kinds of difficulties in real life and pursue a better life through religion, that is, offering sacrifices to gods and holding sacrificial ceremonies.

The ruling class only took advantage of people's general psychology and regarded religion as a means of slavery and rule. Religion occupies an important position in the ideological field of the ancient world.

Ancient Egypt is a civilized country with the strongest religious consciousness in the ancient world. Religion not only interferes with the political and economic life of the country, but also affects the development of culture and even permeates everyone's real life.

On the one hand, it is the invisible control and influence of the relatively closed natural environment in ancient Egypt on people; On the other hand, what is more important is the long-term autocratic rule of theocracy and kingship. 4. Inherent cultural traditions and eclectic civilizations In many people's impressions, ancient Egypt is a closed and conservative country and a slow-developing and stagnant civilization.

People largely blame it on the role of geographical environment. Egypt is located in the northeast of Africa, centered on the Nile, with arid deserts in the east and west, and several waterfalls near the Mediterranean and Nile in the south and north.

Such a relatively closed environment has almost formed a natural barrier to foreign nationalities. Therefore, Egypt is rarely invaded by nomadic people and some civilized peoples like the two river basins, and it is convenient for mutual cultural exchanges.

But in fact, this geographical natural barrier has not restricted Egypt's contacts with the Near East and the Mediterranean world, as well as the African continent. Since ancient times, Egyptians have had contacts with Syria and Palestine through the Red Sea Strait and Suez Strait.

In the south, you can cross several waterfalls and have close contact with Ethiopians. Especially since the New Kingdom era, Egypt has increasingly participated in foreign military and commercial activities.

In the constant foreign wars of the Egyptians, the Egyptian Empire became the first military power in the history of the Near East, and the geographical environment had less and less restrictions and influences on it. Therefore, the so-called occlusion and conservatism have been weakened by foreign military activities and political and cultural exchanges. Extended data:

Reasons for the spread of Egyptian civilization 1. Geographical reasons Egypt is located in the northeast of Africa, with the Nile as the center, with arid deserts in the east and west, and several waterfalls in the north and south bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile.

Such a relatively closed environment has almost formed a natural barrier to foreign nationalities. Therefore, Egypt is rarely invaded by nomadic people and some civilized peoples like the two river basins, and it is convenient for mutual cultural exchanges.

Ancient Egyptian culture!

Egypt has a longer history than China, and the Nile gave birth to ancient Egyptian civilization. Speaking of Egypt, it is hard not to think that the ancient Egyptian script Cleopatra is dead. Alexander once fought in Egypt, Napoleon also fought in Egypt, and France colonized Egypt, but it was destroyed by the British fleet in Alexandria. Egypt is a magical land.

Next to Egypt is Libya, which has long been demoted as a rogue state under Gaddafi's leadership. Now Egypt has become a major tourist area and tourism has become an important pillar industry in Egypt. Mummies and pyramids are symbols of Egypt, and ancient mystery is a selling point. It is impossible to describe the whole ancient Egyptian culture completely here. Let's take a look at some key words of ancient and mysterious Egyptian culture, which involve some legends: The Mummy, a Hollywood blockbuster that was once popular with mummies, left a deep impression on countless fans. The film and its sequel tell a story: a rebellious priest had an affair with Pharaoh's wife, which caused Pharaoh's anger. Pharaoh's wife was mummified and buried, while the priest was imprisoned under a vicious curse. Three thousand years later, when people were looking for treasure, they accidentally released the priest who had become a demon full of resentment, which led to a human disaster. . This movie, which unexpectedly reached the box office of $400 million, is actually just a remake of the movie of the same name in the 1970s. Of course, wonderful film special effects and continuous plots are the biggest reasons for its success, but it is undeniable that the mysterious mummy theme has extraordinary appeal to modern people.

In short, a mummy is a corpse preserved by applying spices. The ancient Egyptians believed that human life would not end, even after "death", life could continue in some way, and the corpse was the place where the soul lived. Therefore, in order to protect the bodies of the dead, the ancient Egyptians developed a set of extremely advanced anti-corrosion methods. Unfortunately, the ancient Egyptians did not leave a written record about the method of mummification, but later research has deduced a set of "mummy theory", which may explain the magical and superb medical secrets of the ancient Egyptians.

According to Herodotus and Diodo, mummification mainly uses sodium oxide produced in some areas of Egypt, especially the Niteron depression, to completely dry the corpse, then suck out the brain marrow, inject drugs into the brain, and then take out the internal organs, leaving only the heart and kidneys. Then wash the body cavity with coconut milk wine and mashed spices, inject resin or linen impregnated with resin, and sew it as it is. Of course, this is not enough. The body will be completely buried in sodium oxide, dried for 70 days, then cleaned and coated with ointment and spices. The last step is to wrap the body tightly with fine linen and wrap the linen with resin.

The ancient Egyptians did not dispose of their internal organs at will. All the internal organs were dried, then wrapped in linen, put in bottles and put in graves. Of course, it is not easy to make mummies completely in this way, and it takes about 1000 meters of high-quality linen. Ordinary people don't have such financial resources, only princes and nobles have them. This may partly explain why mummies that have survived to this day are very rare.

The mummification process shows that the ancient Egyptians were able to produce related products on a large scale, such as sodium oxide as desiccant and fine linen textiles. The ancient Egyptians undoubtedly mastered a wealth of chemical and medical knowledge, and were able and allowed to dissect corpses at a very young age. This is a very important point, which indirectly proves that the religious views of ancient Egyptians are very different from those of Europeans. You know, in ancient Greece, it was a great sin to dissect a corpse.

Mummies allow imaginative people to imagine a way to live forever. Von Daniken believes that when the gods return, they will awaken the sleeping mummies. In fact, today's technology can ensure that people's fresh blood can be preserved at MINUS 195 degrees Celsius without time limit, and some people have conducted research on human freezing-the sick human body is kept in a special freezing place, and the human body will be thawed when medicine solves the cause. This is undoubtedly a very bold idea, and even bolder ideas can be found in movies and computer games: the mummy is portrayed as a resurrected monster with great power, which can bring illness and discomfort to people and is a terrible opponent. We have seen the exaggerated and incredible power of mummies in a series of movies. Mummies are the common enemy in countless electronic and computer games. As early as FC game "Double Dragon", mummy existed as one of the final BOSS. In the PC masterpiece "Bode's Gate II", mummies can make players sick and lose their health quickly until they die; The film adaptation of the game Mummy also landed on game consoles and computers with its strong box office and great influence. Today, the mummy has become a classic movie and game theme like vampires, and it has been given a new content that deviates from the original intention: evil and powerful undead. The novel The Mystery of Mummy's Resurrection by American writer Harder vividly depicts the story of mummy's resurrection.

Egyptian culture?

Egypt is a country with a long history, and its culture has gradually matured in this long history. Egypt's rich and colorful culture is also increasingly loved by the broad masses of the people.

One of Egyptian cultures, Egyptian music.

Its musical history is as long as that of Egypt, and the music here is greatly influenced by Europe. The musical instruments here have changed a lot since ancient times. At first, there were a variety of crude musical instruments, and later, instruments played by the church were introduced. Different musical instruments are suitable for different music.

Egypt's Second Culture: Egyptian Astronomy

Egyptians learned their own calendars through their own ingenuity. At the same time, he also made a detailed study of astronomical phenomena, which led to the emergence of Egyptian astronomy. The ingenuity of Egyptians has made great contributions to the progress of the world and added a lot of color to Egyptian culture.

The Third Culture in Egypt: Egyptian Architecture

As the carrier of culture, architecture embodies the unique cultural taste of Egypt. Ancient Egypt made great achievements in architecture.

The Sixth Culture, Religion and Burial Tradition in Egypt

As an ancient country, the status of pyramids in the world can be seen. The ingenuity of the Egyptians has made great contributions to the progress of the world and conquered countless cultural lovers, so these words are very complicated. The musical instruments here have changed a lot since ancient times.

Egypt's Second Culture: Egyptian Astronomy

Egyptians learned their own calendars by virtue of their intelligence. They rely on their own flexible minds. The buildings here are not generally famous. Its ancient and advanced culture. Egypt's rich and colorful culture is also increasingly loved by the broad masses of the people. People here regard death as the transition of the soul to another world, thus providing good conditions for the construction of buildings. Egypt has its own religious tradition, and the ancient Egyptians have infinite wisdom, which can remain unchanged for a long time. So the buildings here are very strong and make unremitting efforts. The temples here are generally north-south, and Egyptian culture has gradually matured in this long history, which is difficult for ordinary people to understand and adds a lot of color to Egyptian culture.

The fourth culture in Egypt: ancient Egyptian mathematics

As we all know, ancient Egypt made great contributions to mathematics.

The fifth culture in Egypt: artistic writing and kingship

The architecture here represents the power of the king of Egypt, and also reflects the superb design ability of ancient people, which has made great contributions to world mathematics and made the world feel incomparable admiration.

The Third Culture in Egypt: Egyptian Architecture

As the carrier of culture, architecture is hieroglyphics, and the music here is greatly influenced by Europe. Ancient Egypt made great achievements in architecture and was full of charm, which also produced Egyptian astronomy.

Egyptian culture is so attractive. People here think that architecture can witness the glory of Pharaoh. They use animal bodies to express their reverence for God. At first, they were a variety of rough musical instruments.

One of Egyptian cultures, Egyptian music.

Its musical history is as long as Egypt's, which embodies Egypt's unique cultural taste. This is the belief of the Egyptians. There are many characters on every sculpture and every building, and then the instruments played by the church are introduced. At the same time, I also made a detailed study of the sky. In the realm of God, mortals live in the same world. Temples are another major feature here. Egypt has many stones and a long history. Different musical instruments are suitable for different music.

Achievements of major civilizations in ancient Egypt. Keep it short!

The evolution of ancient Egyptian characters can be divided into four stages: 1. Hieroglyphics: The earliest ancient Egyptian writing material we know is hieroglyphics, which was produced in 3000 BC. 2. Sacrificial writing: The scribe simplified the symbol shape of hieroglyphics for practicality and convenience. Created a sacrifice script. 3. Secular style: it is a cursive script of sacrificial style. Compared with the sacrifice script, the serial script of secular script is simpler and has no picture characteristics. Its writing direction retains the tradition of eulogy. 4. Coptic writing: It is the last stage of the development of ancient Egyptian writing. Religion in ancient Egypt is deeply influenced by Greek and biblical literature, and it is the most important part of ancient Egyptian culture, which runs through the whole history of ancient Egypt. There are four most important religious centers in ancient Egypt: Heliopolis, Memphis, Hermes and Thebes. Mummies are well-preserved bodies after special treatment. Over the past 3000 years, there have been many changes in the way ancient Egyptians made mummies. And the earliest solar calendar of the pyramids. Ancient Egypt created the earliest solar calendar in human history. As early as 4000 BC, the Egyptians had set 1 year as 365 days, divided into 12 months, with 30 days each month and the remaining 5 days as festivals. At the same time, a year is divided into three seasons, namely flood season, sowing season and harvest season, and each season lasts for four months. In fact, this calendar in ancient Egypt is not accurate, because 1 astronomical year is 365.25 days, so the ancient Egyptian calendar lags behind the astronomical calendar 1 day every four years. However, it was the best calendar in ancient times. In ancient times, Sirius just appeared on the horizon of Egypt in the morning, so the ancient Egyptians defined this day as the first day of the year. Astronomical knowledge in architecture Ancient Egyptian architecture is closely related to astronomy, and many buildings contain certain astronomical knowledge. The famous pyramids contain a lot of astronomical knowledge. The four sides of the pyramid face southeast and northwest respectively. There is a tunnel in the north of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, which can enter the center of the pyramid. Overlooking the night sky in the north from there, Polaris comes into view. The King's Hall of the Hafra Pyramid has air holes in the north and south directions. The northern stomata point to the then Orion zeta star. In addition, the front of the Sphinx always faces the rising sun at the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox. It has not changed for thousands of years. The decimal counting method of ancient Egyptian mathematics was adopted by ancient Egyptians very early. The existing Reint papyrus and Moscow papyrus record many mathematical problems of the Egyptians. Although it is only a fragment, it still shows that the ancient Egyptians had made considerable achievements in mathematics at that time. The ancient Egyptians used strokes to arrange the numbers in turn into 9. Then write 10 backwards with a symbol like "u". But when the ancient Egyptians wrote the three numbers 1 1 1, each number was represented by a special symbol. Instead of writing 1 three times as it is now, it shows that the Egyptians did not fully grasp the decimal system at that time. Ancient Egyptian medical mummies, which have not rotted for thousands of years, are famous all over the world. The ancient Egyptians believed that the human body is the resting place of the soul, and if you want to achieve eternal life, you must preserve the body well. Mummification began before the first dynasty in ancient Egypt. Dr Sebert, an Egyptian scientist, discovered that the ancient Egyptians used radioactive substances when making mummies. On studying the mummies of the ancient pharaohs and queens, the National Museum of Egypt proved that the fillings of several ancient Egyptian mummies in different periods and places contained radioactive substances, which could release α, β and γ rays .46666.000000000605 What is certain is that the ancient Egyptians used radioactive materials to protect the Pharaoh's mummy as early as 4000 years ago. The movie "The Prince of Egypt" can also help us understand Egypt better.

What are the main achievements of ancient Egypt?

First of all, hieroglyphics were formed around 3500 BC and were used until the 2nd century AD. They evolved from hieroglyphics, and the initial users were mainly monks. They were usually carved on the walls of temples and religious monuments, so the ancient Greeks called them "holy books". In the process of use, they evolved into three forms: in the first middle period, they became priests; Before 1000 BC, secular body evolved; It evolved into Coptic characters around A.D. Although these three characters were simplified day by day, their internal basic structures remained unchanged. Pictographs are generally composed of ideographic symbols, phonetic symbols and radical symbols (or definition symbols). It has 24 monosyllabic symbols, but it has no vowels and has never developed into letters. Because the hieroglyphic system is too complicated for ordinary people to master and use, it is gradually forgotten by people and later becomes an organic whole. It was not until 1822 that it was finally deciphered. Hieroglyphs have had an important influence on the generation of Phoenician letters in West Asia. Second, literary achievements. Myth and legend: two main gods were formed, led by the sun god Ra and the guardian of the underworld Osiris. The story of Osiris is the most famous. Modern Egyptian scholars believe that the legendary throne changed from a brother to a son, reflecting that the matriarchal system was replaced by the patriarchal system. Short story: the story of the four slave seas, the shipwreck, the eloquent farmer and the occupation of Yuba City are all famous. Poetry: mainly secular poetry and religious poetry. Secular poems are mainly folk songs, such as labor songs and love songs, including the songs of cultivators, threshers and threshers. Such as Ode to adon and Ode to the Nile. War Works: The most famous is the Chronicle of Thutmose III, which describes how Thutmose III discussed how to attack the city of Megiddo during his first expedition to West Asia. This is the earliest tactical record we know. Proverb literature or lesson literature: rich in content, unique in the history of ancient literature. They usually come from emperors or bureaucrats. Such as the lessons of King Merikalla. However, there are also lessons from the elders of ordinary people to the younger generation, such as "the lesson from He Qi, the son of Du Afu". The content involves ethical norms, ubiquitous social problems or social fashions, such as "The Lessons of Amhert I". Third, scientific achievements are astronomical: the Egyptians drew the star map very early, and by the time of the new kingdom, they already knew 43 constellations. On the basis of astronomical observation, the Egyptian calendar-solar calendar was produced. According to the flood period of Sirius and Nile, they set a year as 365 days, which is divided into three seasons (flood period, sowing period and harvest period), each season is 4 months, *** 12 months. There are 30 days in each month, and the remaining 5 days are festivals at the end of the year. Only worse than the current solar calendar 1/4 days. Later, Caesar of Rome and China made Julius Calendar according to the solar calendar, which is the basis of modern calendar. In addition, the Egyptians also invented standard watches, sundials and astronomical instruments for observing stars-Maikaite. Medicine: The surgical techniques of ancient Egyptians were particularly developed. The oldest medical document, Smith's Medical Papyrus, is about surgical techniques. Albers papyrus found in Thebes (named after the Germans who bought it) is a medical encyclopedia of ancient Egyptians, containing more than 900 prescriptions for treating various diseases. The medical instruments used by doctors include knives, scissors and hooks. In addition, the anatomy of ancient Egypt is also very developed. Mathematics: The ancient Egyptians created their own counting system and numerical symbols. They use the decimal system. However, there is no location system. Some mathematical papyrus documents have been preserved: Moscow mathematical papyrus, Linde papyrus, Anastasi papyrus and so on. It can be seen from them that the ancient Egyptians' knowledge of mathematics has included three categories: arithmetic, algebra and geometry. Algebra can already solve the equation once. Arithmetic is mainly iterative addition, and multiplication and division are also solved by iterative addition. In geometry, the area of rectangle, triangle, trapezoid and circle has been calculated, and its pi is 3. 16. On Moscow papyrus, there are also answers to truncated pyramids and hemispheric areas. Fourth, the achievements of architectural art. The ancient Egyptians made brilliant achievements in architecture. The Great Pyramid of Alexandria and the Pharos Lighthouse are the wonders of the ancient world. The Karnak Temple and Luxor Temple built in Thebes are both models of ancient architecture. Both templo mayor are famous for their huge pillars, and the pillars and walls of the temple are covered with carvings and hieroglyphics. The works of art left by ancient Egypt are also very rich. There are mainly sculptures and paintings. Sculptures include relief and round carvings, which are mainly carved on wood, stone, ivory and other materials, among which stone carvings are the most. They reflect all aspects of social life in ancient Egypt and provide rich visual materials for studying the history of ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian poetry

Totem worship prevailed in ancient Egypt, that is, the worship of certain animals. There are local gods everywhere. After the strengthening of the central Pharaoh's regime, there was a unified worship of the sun god in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians had many different names for the sun god, such as Lai, La, Amon, Oman and Puta, which varied from time to time. These names sometimes refer to the creation of the universe. Arden, Atong, etc. ) are regarded as the highest god. Atong's Ode to the Sun God in the Middle Kingdom is a famous ancient ode. These carols were written when Pharaoh Akhenaten announced that the sun god was the only supreme god worshipped in this country. One of them wrote: He created all things in the world, human beings came out of his eyes, and gods came out of his mouth. For a cow, he created a fruit tree. He gave life to the fish in the river and the birds in the air. He let the chicken in the eggshell breathe and saved the egg's life. Pharaoh ........................................................................................................................................ was considered as Phobos Apollo. This is a sacred idea of the ancient Egyptians. Here, we can also see how literature is related to the religious sacrificial activities in ancient Egypt. It enthusiastically praised the great power of the sun god who created life on earth and represented the achievements in ancient Egyptian religious poetry. Through it, we know that the ancient Egyptians worshipped the sun because its light shone on human beings. Bring life to everything. It was the sun god, the god of Adong, who slaughtered everything, and then Adong was born. The belief in Adon is obviously developing in the direction of monotheism (Egyptian archaeologist Professor Ahmed Fekri thinks that Ode to Adon must have had an influence on ancient Hebrew literature, especially compared with the 104th poem of the Old Testament, which is very similar. This ode and other literary works are very popular in West Asia. The praise of the Nile has always been one of the important themes in Egyptian literature, and there are many famous works in ancient Egypt. Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, said that "Egypt is a gift of the Nile", and the ancient Egyptians were even more cordial about it. They are full of love and reverence for the Nile. They made up long poems and praised them with exaggerated words, including a section: "Oh! Nile, I praise you, you gushed out of the ground and fed Egypt ... once your water flow decreased, people stopped breathing. " The famous Song of the Nile in ancient Egypt was the first song by the son of Ramses II in the period of Manaputa. According to Egyptian scholars' inference, this poem was written in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0. The Nile ode has 14 stanzas, * * *. You appear in this land, safe and sound, and make Egypt reborn: Amen, you lead the night into the day, and your guidance makes people rejoice! Breeding La (La is the sun god and is considered to love flowers very much. ) The garden created by God gives life to all animals; Irrigate the earth without rest, a journey from heaven (the Nile River God crosses the sky, and his journey is the same as the river on the earth. ), food lover, grain giver, Puta (Puta is the god who created Egypt and the architect of the universe. God, you have brought light to every family! The Nile floods regularly every year, and the land on both sides is fertile and suitable for farming, which was developed very early. The development of splendid culture and art in ancient Egypt is closely related to the development and farming on both sides of the Nile. The Nile is the cradle of Egyptian civilization, and people are closely related to it. It is natural to eulogize it and condense it into beautiful poems with beautiful words. As early as the ancient kingdom, there were various things about the afterlife in Pharaoh's mausoleum. There are more kinds of religious symbols, and even middle-class residents will put symbols in the coffins of the dead. The Book of the Dead came into being in the new kingdom period, and it is a collection of various mantras, prayers and carols. Write it on a long scroll of grass. The ancient Egyptians believed that people would live in a ghost country for a period of time after death, where they passed the tests of various doors. Wrap it in linen, put it in a sarcophagus, and put it in a book for the dead. There are three kinds of books: the book of death, the book of the lower bound and the book of the portal. It is actually a guide for the dead to go to the ghost country, protecting the dead from all kinds of hardships, coping with the trial smoothly, and reaching the "temple of truth" safely, which can be harvested in the cool breeze. If you have the chance, you can also be reincarnated as Osiris (a god with all Egyptian meanings, originally a god of plants and water). People draw the idea of Osiris's death and resurrection from the annual growth of plants, and regard him as the god of the dead. The book of the dead contains the thoughts and beliefs of the ancient Egyptians and its various details. It can also be seen that the ancient Egyptians loved life and yearned for a happy life. The theology of the ancient Egyptians, their sacred books and the concept of the afterlife are all based on a simple belief: to show immortality in the image of immortality. The Book of Death undoubtedly provides us with valuable information about the ancient Egyptians' life thoughts. Obviously, in slave society, the vast majority of poor people and slaves can't afford such books of the dead. This book actually reflects the slave owners' attempts to extend the prosperity of their lives to the world behind them. There are 27 books on the Dead, each with a different length and theme. Here are the first few verses: get up, dead, praise the sun, praise you, ah, your amazing rise! You rise, you shine! Fuck off! You are the king of all gods, and you are the god of all things. We come from you and are worshipped among you. Your priest comes out at dawn. Wash your heart with laughter; The sacred wind blows through your golden strings with music. At sunset, they hug you, as if every cloud flashed a reflective color from your wings. You flew over the zenith, and your heart was happy. Your boat in the morning and evening, in the breeze