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Hezhe nationality is a nationality with a long history in northeast China. Mainly distributed in Tongjiang County, Raohe County and Fuyuan County of Heilongjiang Province. A few people are scattered in Huachuan, Yilan and Fuyu counties and some towns and villages in Jiamusi City. Due to different distribution areas, there are different self-names. Datun in Fujin County in the upper reaches of Songhua River is called Beina, and the Wusuli River to Jinkou Village in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang is called Nanai, and Deli Village in Guler is called Nanai 'ao. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the Hezhe population is 4640. It is the only ethnic group in northern China who lives by fishing. It uses Hezhe language and belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Nothing to say. Notes on chopping wood, splitting skin and crusting in early years. Chinese is widely used because it has lived with the Han nationality for a long time. In the Qing Dynasty, some people called one of their tribes Fayakah, and there were several Hezhe tribes outside Russia. Nanai, Urzi, Aoluohe and Udagai are also Hezhe people, and some people propose to establish Nanai language branch.

Fish, leather, wine, God-fearing dogs pulling sledges Hezhe people

According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 200 1, there are more than 4,600 Hezhe ethnic groups in China, which is the smallest ethnic group in China. Most of them live in Tongjiang, Raohe, Fuyuan and other cities and counties in Heilongjiang Province. The Hezhe Township in Jinkou, Tongjiang City, is one of the four Hezhe settlements in China. Hezhezu fish fur clothing

The Gate of Hezhe Culture Village —— Typical Hezhe Architecture Woodcut Gallery

When singing Hezhe folk song Wusuli Boat Song, the beautiful and stretched "Henina" tune always reminds people of Hezhe people who live in the three northeastern rivers (Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River) and make a living by fishing and hunting.

The word Hezhe nationality means "downstream" or "east". Hezhe people call themselves "Japanese seashells", "Naniwo" and "Nanai", which means locals. They are also called "Hezhe people" (meaning "Oriental people") and "Qi Leng" (meaning "people living by the river"). After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the unified nation was named Hezhe. The population is about 4,200, mainly living in Tongjiang City, Raohe County, yilan county and Aoqi Village, a suburb of Jiamusi City.

Hezhe people live in Songhua River, Heilongjiang Province and the lower reaches of Wusuli River in China, namely Sanjiang Plain and Wandashan area. Sanjiang is a fertile land with beautiful mountains and rivers, where there are well-known specialties at home and abroad-locust fish, frog fish, three flowers and five snails, mink and muskrat ... It has been a rich natural fishing ground and hunting ground since ancient times. People often use "sticks to catch fish, pheasants fly into electric cookers" to describe the richness here. The hard-working Hezhe people have lived for generations.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe people trace their roots.

According to historical records, it can be traced back to the new opening period of Mishan more than 6000 years ago. In the pre-Qin period, it was called building, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buji, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nuzhen. The origin of Hezhe nationality's name was first recorded and circulated in Qing Shi Lu in the second year of Kangxi (1662). At present, there are four Hezhe settlements in China, namely, Hekou Hezhe Township in Tongjiang City, Bacha Hezhe Township, Sipai Hezhe Township in Raohe County and Aoqi Village in Aoqi Town, Jiamusi City.

Due to historical reasons, Hezhe nationality is a transnational nationality. There are more than 20 thousand Hezhe people in Russia, and the locals call them Na Nai people. Their national history, national language, religious etiquette, songs and dances, costumes, folk customs and Hezhe nationality in China all have the characteristics of production and life of fishing and hunting nationalities in the northern inland.

[Edit this paragraph] The Hezhe people's basic necessities of life.

Hezhe girl

Fishing and hunting are the main sources of food and clothing for Hezhe people. Hezhe people like to eat fish, especially raw fish. This custom has been passed down to this day, reflecting the characteristics of this nation different from other nations. Hezhe people always respect killing fish.

Not only do they eat fish and animal meat, but the clothes worn by Hezhe people are also made of fish skin, deer skin and deer skin. Men usually wear fur coats with two rows of buttons made of catfish bones, while women wear fish skins or deerskin robes, which look like cheongsam. Both men and women wear fish skin pants and shoes made of deerskin, deerskin and fish skin. Making clothes with fish skin is also a major specialty of Hezhe women. Therefore, Hezhe nationality is also called "fish skin department" in history. In the exhibition hall of the cultural village, we saw two sets of fish skin suits for men and women sewn with cooked salmon skin, which were exquisite in workmanship and simple in style.

[Edit this paragraph] Cuoroan Pass of Hezhe Nationality

In terms of residence, Hezhe people live in permanent houses, such as Mukereng, Hera Braided Grass Principal House, and temporary houses, such as Luoankou (spire shack), Hu Rubu (cellar) and Kuanburou (dome shack).

Dog sledding is the main means of transportation for Hezhe people. After training, each dog can pull about 70 kilograms and travel 100 to 150 kilometers every day. Dogs are a good helper of Hezhe people, and play an important role in transportation, hunting, housekeeping and protecting their owners, so Hezhe people are also called "dog department" in history.

With the development of the times, the traditional production and life style of Hezhe nationality is also changing. In Jiejinkou Township, Hezhe people lived in spacious new houses, reclaimed land, developed tourism and lived a happy life. Hezhe people, like other brothers, are moving towards a well-off life.

The ancestors of Hezhe nationality have multiplied in Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River basins since ancient times. The ancient nationalities such as Lou, Buji, Heishui and Savage Nuzhen, which belong to the Sushen system, are all related to the ancestors of Hezhe nationality. In the early years of Qing Dynasty, official and folk documents recorded the names of Heijin, Heizhen, Hezhe, Qileng and Hezhe. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the unified nation was called Hezhe nationality.

There are still different opinions about when Hezhe nationality was formed in academic circles. It is generally believed that Hezhe nationality took the ancient Hezhe nationality as the core, absorbed ethnic elements such as Oroqen nationality, Ewenki nationality and Manchu nationality, and other indigenous people who originally belonged to the Heilongjiang River basin, as well as Mongolian and Han nationality who came to live in Hezhe nationality distribution areas, and formed a relatively stable nationality in the early Qing Dynasty, mainly engaged in fishing and hunting production. Before liberation, its social development remained in the patriarchal clan system at the end of primitive society. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Party and the government have been very concerned about the production and life of Hezhe people, their social production has been developed beyond the socialist society, and the living conditions of Hezhe people have been greatly improved.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe social economy

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), before and after the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Hezhe people were compiled, tributes were collected and flags were hung. Until the beginning of19th century, from Mudanjiang to Wuzhala village in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, 22 Hezhe ethnic groups were effectively ruled by the Qing court according to their clans and distribution areas. In the Qing Dynasty, the product exchange relationship between Hezhe nationality and inland and local nationalities was developing day by day, the fishing and hunting tools of Hezhe nationality were gradually improved, the productivity was gradually improved, and the primitive society was gradually decomposed. By the end of the Qing dynasty, it had entered the class society from the primitive society. After the Revolution of 1911, the development of Sanjiang Plain was accelerated, Hezhe people and Han people lived together, and the commercialization of fishing and hunting products deepened, which formed inseparable ties with Han people and other surrounding ethnic groups politically and economically. After Japanese imperialism invaded the northeast of China, it brutally ruled Hezhe, Oroqen and other ethnic minorities, and even openly pursued the policy of genocide, which further reduced the Hezhe population. Before War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, it was on the verge of extinction. Fishing and hunting economy is the main source of Hezhe people's life. "Fishing for powder in summer, bartering in winter, and living on mink." At the end of 17, hunting products changed from bartering to commercialization. At the beginning of the 20th century, the hunting industry declined and a large number of fishery products were commercialized. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Victory 1945, Hezhe area was liberated. There were only over 300 Hezhe residents who survived at that time. The people's government implements the national development policy and actively helps the Hezhe people to develop production and gradually improve their lives. The existing population ratio 1945 has increased by more than 100 times.

Hezhe people used to be almost illiterate. After liberation, the people's government not only actively helped them to develop fishing and hunting production and ethnic trade, but now some Hezhe people have also begun to engage in agricultural production and develop township enterprises. The Hezhe people's material living standards are improving day by day, and primary and secondary schools have been set up to train all kinds of professionals. At present, Hezhe people with college education or above account for the proportion of the national population, ranking among the advanced ranks of all ethnic groups in the country. Every village in Hezhe region has health centers, radio stations, some cultural stations and clubs, and the number of families with televisions is increasing. Hezhe people are represented at party congresses and people's congresses at all levels from the local to the central government, and Hezhe cadres serve as county heads and townships in the government where Hezhe people live in concentrated communities. Hezhe nationality is the least populous nationality in China, but it enjoys completely equal national rights with other brothers.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe culture and art

Hezhe nationality has rich and colorful folk literature. The most popular "Imakan" is a kind of oral folk rap literature, and most of its stories can be sung for many days, mostly in praise of heroic revenge, national rise and fall, pure love and so on. The lyrics rhyme with each other. When you rap, you must memorize the basic content and words of the story, and you can't add them at will. Talk about Huli is still circulating among the people. It is a general term for fables, fairy tales, myths, legends and folk literature. Its content is rich and colorful, and its form is short and lively. Generally, it is told by the elderly to the children, which is enlightening to the children. Hezhe's music is also very distinctive. Its unique musical instruments are called "Kong Kangji" and "Kouxianqin". The former has been lost, and the latter can still be played.

The pattern art of Hezhe nationality is very developed. They often embroider various moire patterns, flowers, butterflies and geometric patterns on clothes, shoes, hats and bedding made of fish skins and animal skins. Carving various continuous patterns, moire patterns, landscapes, flowers, birds and animals on tableware and birch products has vivid images and beautiful and unique shapes. The patterns and patterns embroidered by women on skirts, shawls, vests, hats and trouser legs are more exquisite. Especially, the colored embroidery on daily necessities, such as "cock holding flowers" and "basket lotus root", is novel and unique in composition, especially wonderful. Various patterns embroidered and spliced by Hezhe people on different products reflect Hezhe people's intelligence and aesthetic group consciousness from different angles in their unique forms. Hezhe pattern art absorbs the essence of Han pattern art and innovates constantly. Full of national flavor, reflecting the characteristics of national production and life, full of national characteristics. It is an important part of the treasure house of Chinese embroidery and pattern art.

Hezhe people have language, but no writing. For a long time, there was only folk literature. Writers' literature developed only after liberation. Wu Baixin is the first Hezhe dramatist with outstanding achievements after liberation. He has adapted and created more than 20 operas, plays and screenplays. There are plays and movie scripts such as The Visitor on the Iceberg and The Wedding of Hezhe Nationality, and operas such as Good Monitor, Jiao, Huang Jiguang and Lei Feng. Among them, The Wedding of Hezhe nationality is the representative of Hezhe nationality's new literature, and it is also the first script written by Hezhe nationality dramatist in the history of contemporary literature to reflect the life and history of China's least populous nationality. He successfully applied the singing form of "Imakan" to the whole drama, enriched the theme of China's contemporary drama, and combined the national form with traditional techniques, which made a beneficial exploration on the nationalization of drama.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe customs

The traditional jumping spirit of Hezhe nationality

Before drinking the first sip of wine, Hezhe people should dip a little wine with chopsticks, throw it into the air and sprinkle it on the earth to show their respect for their ancestors and gods. But I don't like drinking tea. Sometimes I will fry millet and brew it with water, or collect wild roses and young leaves of small oak trees to dry and soak in water to make tea, but most people like to drink raw cold water all year round.

Hezhe women should eat millet porridge and rice porridge, crucian carp soup, tooth fish soup, rabbit meat soup and "Mo Wen ancient rice", noodles, noodle soup, eggs and other foods. Don't eat green vegetables within three days after delivery to avoid diarrhea between mother and baby. Eat hot meals during confinement to avoid cold affecting the body and milk.

After the death of Hezhe people, it is necessary to make fried noodles and various shapes of noodles snacks with flour for people to eat at the table and participate in mourning activities.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe people's marriage customs

During the engagement of young men and women, a banquet should be held to entertain the elders and matchmakers of both sides; At the wedding reception, the man's old man should propose three glasses of wine to the woman's old man's old man. At the wedding reception, the bride should "sit on her back" facing the wall. After the farewell party, she can go down to the field and eat pig's head and tail with the groom. The groom eats pig's head and the bride eats pig's tail, which means that the husband leads the wife and is United and harmonious. Finally, the bride and groom eat noodles to show their affection and grow old together.

[Edit this paragraph] Dietary customs of Hezhe nationality

Hezhe people like to eat "Lala Rice" and "Mowen Valley Rice". Lala rice is a kind of thick and soft rice made of millet or corn residue, which can be eaten with fish floss or various animal oils. "Mo Wen ancient rice" is porridge made by boiling fish or animal meat with millet and salt. Now, like the Han nationality, most people eat steamed bread, cakes, rice and various vegetables.

Hezhe nationality has some unique fish flavor foods, which can be divided into raw food and cooked food. Raw dried fish, raw dried meat and fresh raw fish. There are many ways to eat fresh fish, mainly mixed vegetables and raw fish. There is also a kind of frozen fish fillets eaten in winter. If the distinguished guests come, there is also a plate of frozen fish fillets, which is a delicious and cool food and is still deeply loved by people. Processed cooked food such as sturgeon, bighead carp and salmon roe has high nutritional value. Fish fillets and lean meat are also processed by steaming, roasting, frying, stewing, boiling and frying. Among them, fish floss is essential for every meal. Typical foods are: raw fish with mixed vegetables, which Hezhe people call "Taleka"; Fish floss is called "Tasi hate" by Hezhe people.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe Festival Celebration

Hezhe Spring Festival

During festivals, especially the Spring Festival, it is the most abundant day of the year. Every household has to hold a fish feast and cook various dishes with local fish. Bright red and transparent salmon roe is the most delicious dish. During the festival, you must also eat jiaozi and vegetables mixed with raw fish and drink alcohol. You can't eat leftovers at every meal. Save the leftovers for after the Spring Festival.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe religious beliefs

Hezhe people believe in Shamanism and animism. There are three shamans: river god, one-horned dragon and river god, each of which has about six grades. They believe that there are as many kinds of gods as there are animals and reptiles, and the most respected one is the god with a face. Religious forms are mainly manifested in ancestor worship and nature worship. The ancestors of Hezhe people believed that the Sun, Moon and Mountain gods dominated them, so they worshipped them.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe celebrities

Han Geng: China member of Korean idol group super junior, and the first China native to make his debut in Korea. As an outstanding artist, Han Geng always remembers his identity and shows his pride as a China native. He insisted on expressing his thanks in Chinese at major awards ceremonies in South Korea and even in Asia, and never forgot to publicize China's traditional culture everywhere. In view of Han Geng's outstanding performance in China's cultural communication, he won the first place in Beijing in 2008 and successfully became an Olympic torchbearer. Now, the popular Asian group Super Junior has launched a brand-new group-Super Junior -M, and Han Geng has become the captain of Super Junior-M. He will lead the members of Super Junior-M back to their hometown-China. Han Geng is not only a model of young people's enthusiasm and hard work in the 1980s, but also an honor for China people and Hezhe people to go out and return to their hometown!

Real name: Han Geng

Common spelling abroad: hankyung/hang/ Han Geng

Korean name:?

Japanese name: ハンギョン

Birthday:1February 9, 984

Gender: male

Constellation: Aquarius

Nationality: China.

Place of Birth: Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, China

Height: 18 1CM

Weight: 6 1kg

Blood type: type B.

Ethnic group: Hezhe nationality

Belonging group: Super Junior (abbreviated as SJ or SuJu) (Korean name:? ) member

Captain of Super Junior Mandarin (SJ-M for short)

Brokerage company: SM Entertainment

Debut Time: South Korea Debut Time (SJ):11October 2005;

China Debut (SJ-M): April 8, 2008.

Official blog address: /hang

Wu Baixin (1920 ——1966), Hezhe, born in Yongji, Jilin, was originally named Wu Yuhong and Wu Baixin. Contemporary outstanding playwrights and writers. Bai Xin studied at Fengtian Buddhist College in his early years and later joined Shenyang Concord Theatre Company. He began to engage in drama activities from 65438 to 0939. During the Anti-Japanese War, he created Wu Baixin's works such as The Call of the Sea and Running Grass Southwards, expressing his strong dissatisfaction with Japanese imperialism and its lackeys and full of patriotic feelings. 1945 participated in the revolution and did literary and artistic work. He also went south with the army to liberate Hunan and Guangdong and participated in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. 1958 transferred to Harbin Theatre and began his professional screenwriter career. His creation has entered a golden age, including Huang Jiguang, Indian Lover, Lei Feng, Hezhe Wedding, Opera "Single Ying Hong", "Jiao" and the film literary script "The Visitor on the Iceberg". Bai Xin made the greatest achievements in drama and film creation. His screenplay "The Visitor on the Iceberg" and his drama "The Wedding of Hezhe Nationality" have reached a high level, representing the height and achievements of Bai Xin's drama creation. Especially the Wedding of Hezhe, he successfully applied the "Imakan" form of Hezhe to drama creation, and made a beneficial exploration of the nationalization of drama creation, which is the representative of Hezhe new literature. He was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution at the age of 46.

Bi Dachuan (1938—), Hezhe, born in Jixian County, Heilongjiang Province, is a researcher at China Academy of Sciences. Bi Dachuan liked sports when he was young. From 65438 to 0959, he participated in the road cycling competition in the first National Games and won the title of national athlete. 1962 Bi Dachuan graduated from the Department of Mathematics of Jilin University, and has served as an assistant researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, an assistant researcher and an associate researcher at the Institute of Systems. Later, he served as a visiting professor at Stuttgart University in the Federal Republic of Germany. After returning to China, he served as the director of the research office of the Ministry of Aerospace Industry 10 1 and the deputy director and researcher of the China Research Center for Science and Technology for Development of the State Science and Technology Commission. After 1988, he became the general manager of China Innovation Company. Bi Dachuan's research is rigorous and serious, mainly engaged in the research and organization of modern control and soft science, with remarkable achievements. Scientific research achievements won 1978 National Science Conference Major Achievement Award, 1980 Second Prize of China Academy of Sciences, Second Prize of Science, Technology and Industry Committee for National Defense, 1982 Second Prize of National Natural Science, 65438+.

Wu Jincai is an outstanding folk singer, storyteller and Imakan singer of Hezhe generation. His rap Imakan Antu Mo Rigen won the National Excellent Folk Literature Award.

Hezhe folk painter You Yonggui. More than 65,438+000 of his works have been collected by relevant departments at home and abroad.

[Edit this paragraph] Hezhe etiquette

Hezhe people pay attention to etiquette, which is manifested in all aspects of life.

Respect for the elderly and love for the young Hezhe people pay attention to etiquette and have a good social fashion of respecting the elderly. When the younger generation comes back from visiting their elders, they should bow to their elders and greet their parents, brothers and sisters in turn to show their respect. The elder kissed the younger generation on the forehead to show their affection.

Hezhe people living in Tongjiang and Raohe areas of Heilongjiang Province mainly fish and hunt, and have the habit of eating raw fish. When guests visit, they are often treated with cold raw fish, and they are invited to eat a bite of fish first to show their respect for each other. If guests don't eat, it will be considered impolite. Fish heads must be provided to guests as a sign of respect. Fish dishes on the table always point the fish head at the guests. When eating vegetables, you always order fish heads with chopsticks, indicating that guests can eat. Scientific experiments show that fish brain contains high protein and high nutritional value, especially crucian carp head is rich in nutrition and delicious.

In the north, Hezhe people used to think that after a child died, the soul first became a sparrow and then reincarnated as a human being. Women over the age of 30 who have not given birth are regarded as those who lack reincarnation, and shamans must be asked to find souls and seek children. Before the ceremony, the woman begging for children should secretly tie the shaman's hat belt or the ribbon of the goddess skirt. The shaman found this knot when he took off his robe in front of the sacred pillar and asked who tied it. The woman immediately knelt in front of the pillar, sprinkled wine and made a wish, asking God to give her son. So the shaman beat the drum and prayed, and ordered the child seeker to go to the shaman's house to get the fetal soul within 3 to 4 days. At that time, the beggar couple came to the shaman's house with deerskin or a "soul bag" made of deerskin, sitting side by side on the edge of the kang, and the shaman's two assistants held their shoulders. When the shaman jumps around the room looking for the soul, as long as one of the couples shakes his shoulder, he thinks that the soul has been possessed. The shaman put down the drum in his hand, picked up the soul bag and blew a breath into it. After having a son, the couple must reward the gods with cows, horses, pigs and sheep.

After the death of a ghost worshiper, people will hold some ceremonies related to him or her, which are called "ghost worship ceremonies". This is a reflection of the idea of immortality of the soul.

Hezhe people believe that the soul will go home on the seventh night after the death of a man and the first kuya after the death of a woman. That night, the family of the deceased will put clothes and meals made of paper at the gate and put a bowl of ashes to verify whether the ghost has gone home. The next morning, the ash on the right was marked by animals such as chickens and ducks, indicating that the soul came back, and vice versa. What kind of animal traces are left, indicating that the soul of the deceased has been attached to this animal.

Pay special attention to Hezhe celebrities, Han Geng! ! ! ! ! !