Key points or notes of geography (People's Education Edition) in the first volume of the first day of junior high school

Comparison of three representations of 1. and scale size. (History Book p9)

Digital scale, line scale and text scale.

2. Three ways to judge the direction on the map. (History Book p9)

① The upper part of the general plan is defined as north and the lower part as south; On the left is the west, and on the right is the east.

(2) Some maps have marks pointing to the right, and people set directions on the map according to the marks.

(3) For a map with a latitude and longitude net, the direction can be determined according to the latitude and longitude lines. Longitude means north-south direction and latitude means east-west direction.

3. What are legends and notes? Remember commonly used legends. (History Book p9)

Legend is a graphic symbol used to mark the attributes of the ground objects represented on the map. Annotations are numbers and characters used on maps to explain points, lines, surfaces and complex entities composed of them.

4. The shape of the earth, equatorial radius, polar radius and average radius. The earth is an irregular ellipsoid. The average radius of the earth is 6371km; ; The class radius is 6357km；; The radius is 6378 kilometers.

5. Definition and expression of latitude and longitude. (P 18)

The earth shows that the circle parallel to the equator is called the latitude line. The arc connecting the North Pole and the South Pole is called meridian.

Latitude is the degree to which people mark latitude. Equator is 0? The north of the equator is called north latitude (denoted by N), the south of the equator is called south latitude (denoted by S), and the latitude of opportunity between north and south is 90? .

6. Degrees of Primitive Meridian, Tropic of Cancer and South Arctic Circle. Is the prime meridian 0? Meridian, Tropic of Capricorn is latitude 23 26', and Arctic Circle is latitude 66 34'.

7. The division of the eastern and western hemispheres and the northern and southern hemispheres. (P 18、 19)

The northern and southern hemispheres are bounded by the equator, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south.

The east and west hemispheres are bounded by the meridian of 20 east longitude160 west longitude.

8. The direction, period and significance of the earth's rotation and revolution. (P2 1, 28) The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. The period of one revolution of the earth is one day (24 hours).

Because the earth is constantly rotating, day and night are constantly changing.

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. The time for the earth to go around the sun is 365.25 days.

The revolution of the earth leads to the annual variation of the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night around the earth, thus forming the alternation of four seasons and the division of five zones.

9. The reasons for the diurnal variation and local time difference. (P22/24) As the earth rotates from west to east, people on the earth see the sun rising from the eastern horizon, gradually moving to the west, and then sinking into the western horizon, and the day turns into night, and the night turns into day, and the cycle is endless.

The time difference between two adjacent time zones is 2 hours, and the time difference between the two places is several hours. The time zone in the east is earlier.

10. Division of time zones, central meridian of time zones and conversion of time zones. (P24/25/26)

The world is divided into 24 time zones according to longitude, and each time zone spans longitude 15? .

Time zone calculation increases by 1 hour every eastward 1 time zone.

Is the central meridian of the central time zone 0? pinnacle

1 1. The definition of the date line and the conversion method of time when crossing the date line. (P26) In order to avoid the confusion of dates in the voyage around the world, in longitude 180? The Japanese border line is drawn nearby, also known as the International international date line.

If you cross the date line from the east 12 area and enter the west 12 area on Sunday, the date will be changed to Saturday. On the contrary, it takes a day.

12. division of high, middle and low latitudes, division of five zones and their reasons. (P 18/32) traditionally, the latitude between north and south is 30? It's called low latitude, 30 degrees north and south latitude ~60? Between mid-latitude and north-south latitude, 60? ~90? There is a high latitude between them.

Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, the area with direct sunlight or near direct sunlight receives the most light and heat, which is tropical on the earth and has a high temperature in middle age.

In the polar circle, the height of sunlight is the smallest, the phenomenon of day and night is extreme, the ground gets less heat and the temperature is low, which are the southern cold region and the northern cold region on the earth respectively.

Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, the sun's light and heat are less than those in tropical regions, but more than those in cold regions. There is no chance of direct sunlight, and there is no extreme day and night phenomenon, which are in the south temperate zone and the north temperate zone on the earth.

13. Spherical structure on the earth. The outermost surface is a thin crust. (The continental crust is thick and the rock density is low; The middle layer of the ocean crust is the mantle. There is a high temperature and high pressure asthenosphere in the upper mantle near the crust. It is here that magma is ejected from the ground along the cracks in the earth's crust.

The core is located about 2900 kilometers underground and consists of heavy metals such as iron and nickel.

14. Topographic map of land topography and seabed. (P38/40) land topography consists of plains, mountains, hills, plateaus and basins. (See page 40 for seabed topographic map)

15. Features of contour topographic map. (40 pages)

① The height of each point on each contour line is the same. ② Contours of different heights generally do not intersect.

③ The height difference between two adjacent contours is the same. ④ Dense contour lines indicate steep terrain.

⑤ Sparse contour lines indicate gentle terrain.

16. Several forms of internal force. (P43/45)

Folds, faults, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes. 17. What are the main landforms formed by external forces? (P47/48)

Wind erosion landform, marine erosion landform, estuarine sediment deposition landform, flowing water erosion landform and rock weathering. 18. What are the effects of human activities on the surface morphology? (49 pages)

Reclamation around the lake will reduce the flood storage capacity of the lake, which will cause flooding when the flood comes;

Deforestation on steep slopes will cause serious soil erosion. 19. Theory of Plate Tectonics (P53) Volume 2: 20. What water bodies are there on the earth? (P 1)

Sea water, land water (including surface water and groundwater), atmospheric water, lake water, river water and glacier water. 2 1. What is the largest body of water in the world? What percentage of the world's total water bodies does it hold? What is the maximum fresh water reserve? Where are glaciers mainly distributed? (P2/5)

The largest body of water is sea water. It accounts for 96.5% of the global water bodies.

Glaciers have the largest fresh water reserves, which are mainly distributed in natural ice bodies in polar regions and mountains. 22. The main link of the water cycle? Among all kinds of water cycles, which one has the greatest significance to human activities? What kind of water cycle is the most involved? (P8/9)

Water on the earth enters the atmosphere through evaporation and returns to the ocean and land through precipitation. (P8 schematic diagram of water cycle)

The circulation between land and sea is the most important for human activities. The water body participating in ocean circulation is the largest. 23. The significance of water cycle. (P 10)

Affect the weather change, change the surface morphology, and form renewable resources. 24. The concept of water resources. (P 1 1) Water resources refer to fresh water on the earth's surface that can be directly used by human beings, such as atmospheric precipitation, river water, fresh lake water and shallow underground fresh water.

25. Distribution characteristics of world water resources. (P 13)

The quantity of water resources varies greatly around the world. Located near the equator in northern South America, Southeast Asia and central and western Africa, it is rich in water resources. Australia in Oceania, most parts of Africa and central and western Asia are poor in water resources. 26. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China. (P 15)

The distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more in the south and less in the north, and less in the east and west. The southeast coast is rich in precipitation, runoff and water resources. Northwest inland is scarce in precipitation, runoff and water resources.

The seasonal distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn and less winter and spring. 27. The role of the atmosphere on the earth. (P 17)

The atmosphere protects the ground from meteors and ultraviolet rays from space, and provides oxygen and water vapor for life activities. The atmosphere regulates the severe cold and heat on the earth, making it suitable for human survival. 28. What's the weather like? (P 18)

Weather refers to the cold, hot, dry, wet, sunny, cloudy and stormy conditions of the atmosphere in a short time and their changes. Air temperature, precipitation, temperature, cloud cover, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed are commonly used to indicate weather conditions. 29. The meaning and symbol of wind level and direction.

(P29 Wind Grade Table. ) 30. How to judge the sky according to the cloud cover? (P3 1)

Sky conditional cloud cover

On a clear day, the sum of the parts of the sky covered by clouds is always less than 2/ 10.

In a cloudy sky, the average daily cloud amount is ≯2/ 10 and ≤8/ 10, and the sun appears and disappears.

On cloudy days, the sum of all parts of the sky covered by clouds is always ≯8/ 10.

3 1. The meaning of each color in the satellite image. (P34) In satellite maps, the ocean is usually represented by blue, the land is represented by green and yellow, and the clouds are represented by white and grayish white. The whiter the color, the thicker the clouds, and the greater the possibility of rain.

32. What is climate? (page 35)

Climate refers to the general state of the atmosphere in a place for many years. 33. What are the climate characteristics commonly expressed? (page 35)

Climate characteristics are usually expressed by average values (such as monthly average and annual average temperature, monthly average and annual average precipitation, etc.). ) and extreme values (such as extreme maximum temperature, extreme minimum temperature, extreme maximum precipitation, extreme minimum precipitation, etc.). ) has been observed for many years. 34. The causes of the oriental monsoon climate. (P36/37)

In summer, the temperature of the mainland is higher than that of the ocean, while the temperature of the mainland is lower than that of the ocean, forming a summer monsoon blowing from the ocean to the mainland, bringing rich water vapor to the eastern coastal areas. In winter, the temperature of the mainland is lower than that of the ocean, but the air pressure is higher than that of the ocean, forming a northerly wind blowing from the Asian continent to the ocean. The dry and cold winter wind brought severe cold and dryness to our country. 35. Why does the moon always face the earth with the same face? (44 pages)

The rotation period of the moon is exactly the same as that of period of revolution, with an average period of 27.5 days. So the moon always faces the earth in the same way. People can only see one side of the moon and not the other. 37. What are the central celestial bodies and main members of the solar system? (49 pages)

The sun is the central celestial body of the solar system, and the main members of the solar system are nine planets and large and small satellites orbiting them. 38. The main performance of solar activity and its influence. (48 pages)

The main activities of the sun are sunspots, flares and prominences.

The violent activity of the sun may affect the climate, communication, magnetic field and other changes on the earth, and affect human production and life. 39. What are the nine planets in the solar system from near to far from the sun? (49 pages)

Jupiter, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

36. Moon phase and its changes. (45 pages)

With the changing position between the sun, the earth and the moon, people on the earth see the moon's appearance change periodically, which is the so-called moon phase.

On the first day of the lunar calendar, when the moon moves between the sun and the earth, the side of the moon illuminated by the sun is facing away from the earth, so we can't see the moon. This is the so-called "new moon" or "new moon". As the side of the moon illuminated by the sun gradually turned to the earth, on the seventh and eighth days, people on the earth saw a half moon protruding westward, which was called the "first quarter moon". On 15 and 16 of the lunar calendar, people can see a full moon illuminated by the sun all night, which is called "full moon" or "hope". Since then, the side of the moon facing away from the sun has gradually turned to the earth. On the 22nd and 23rd of the lunar calendar, people can only see the half moon protruding eastward, which is called the "second quarter moon". Later, the earth saw that the illuminated surface of the moon was less and less, and returned to the "new moon".

40. Which of the nine planets in the solar system has no satellites? (P50)

Mercury and Venus. 4 1. What are the planets visible to the naked eye on the earth? (P50)

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter. 42. Where are the asteroid belts mainly distributed? (P53)

Asteroids all orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. The orbits of some asteroids may be close to or intersect with the earth's orbit, so they may collide with the earth, causing great harm. 43. What parts do comets usually consist of? (P53)

Comets are "dirty snowballs" composed of rock particles, dust and ice, and generally consist of three parts: the nucleus, the head and the tail. 44. What is a meteor? (page 54)

There are countless meteoroids in the solar system. When these meteoroids collide with the earth's atmosphere, they will rub and burn, and then form dazzling light trails, called meteors. 45. What is the commonly used unit of length in astronomy? (page 56)

The commonly used units of length in astronomy are astronomical units and light years. 46. The number of constellations is divided into all-day and the most important constellations. (page 57)

According to the regulations of the international astronomical society, the whole sky is divided into 88 constellations. (See Figure 4 on page 57 for important constellations) 47. What levels can the celestial sphere system be divided into? (P6 1)

Earth-moon system → Solar System → Galaxy → Extragalactic System