Appreciation of China's Ancient Poems and Proses as an Elective Course of Chinese in Senior High School by People's Education Press.

The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was unprecedentedly strong, the country returned to unity from long-term division, and the feudal economy and culture obtained good conditions for full development. In addition, the imperial court adopted a relatively open policy in all aspects, and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries were frequent. In particular, the imperial examination system was established, which broke the monopoly of official career since Wei and Jin Dynasties, made a large number of talented people from poor backgrounds stand out, and finally created unprecedented prosperity of Tang literature. The number of works, achievements and influence of writers in the Tang Dynasty are unprecedented.

Poetry in the Tang Dynasty is the symbol of a generation of literature, and the peak of China's classical poetry is the golden age in the history of poetry. In the early, prosperous, middle and late stages, famous artists came forth in large numbers, and everyone was colorful. Poetry creation covers almost all walks of life, men, women and children. There are more than 2,000 poets and nearly 50,000 poems in the whole Tang poetry, but the reality is far more than that.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the palace poems inherited the legacy of Qi Liang and Yu Feng, and the elegant and gentle "Shangguan Feng" poems became popular. Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, and later, following the trend of Han and Wei, they tried their best to sweep away the decadent style of the court poems of Qi and Liang, so that the Tang poetry began to move from the court to the society, from eroticism to reality, and from decadent voice to fresh and healthy singing. At the same time, Song and Shen Quanqi also made bold explorations in the form of poetry. Together, they paved the way for the development of Tang poetry.

During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, it was known as the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During this period, there appeared two major schools of poetry and the "Gemini" in the history of China's poetry. The school of pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and others inherited the thoughts of Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. Wang Wei's poem is "there is a picture in the poem and a poem in the picture". Chai Lu, Wu Xinyi and other five-character quatrains collected in "Selected Works of Wangchuan" are good at combining scenery painting with Buddhist interest, with beautiful artistic conception and exquisite art. The frontier poets are represented by Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling, and their poetic style is vigorous. The charm is deep and long, singing a strong voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Gao Shi's seven-character poems, such as "Travel" and "Bai Xuege Farewell to the Field-Document Wu Return to the Hometown", describe the magnificent frontier fortress scenery and hard military life, either tragic or extraordinary, and are all excellent frontier fortress poems in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai and Du Fu are "Gemini" in ancient and modern poetry circles. Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and are known as "poetic immortals" in history. Such as Into the Wine, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, etc., all show the poet's unique emotional tone and artistic personality. Du Fu's poems are known as "the history of poetry" and have a gloomy style. He expressed his concern for the country and the people through his poetry creation. Poems such as Three Officials and Three Farewells record a series of important events in the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty, and are the most famous. Those beautiful poems describing the scenery do not forget to care about the country and the people, such as Ascending the Mountain is a masterpiece in this respect.

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4 A brief history of the development of China literature history

After the Anshi Rebellion, he entered the middle Tang Dynasty. After a short decline, poetry creation has formed a new climax. The landscape poems of Liu Changqing and Wei are the continuation of those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. The frontier poems of Lu Lun and Li Yi are the last works of Gao Shi and Cen Can. Realistic poets headed by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen launched a new Yuefu movement. He put forward the creative ideas that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written for things" and "only songs can make people sick, and I hope the emperor can know", and he devoted himself to the creative practice of new Yuefu poems with great enthusiasm. Their new Yuefu poems often choose typical social phenomena, concentrate on summarizing and satirizing a series of wrong policies of the imperial court and the social abuses caused by them. The theme is clear, the theme is concentrated, and there are distinct images and strong militancy, such as chapters such as "Selling Charcoal Weng" and "Du Lingcuo", which have been recited for thousands of years. Bai Juyi's poetic achievements are manifold. Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel are also representative works of ancient narrative poems. During this period, the Han (Yue)-Meng (Jiao) Poetic School was as famous as the Poetic School, and its poetic style was very interesting. Based on talent, Han Meng's poetry school is good at discussing, trying to avoid vulgarity and trying to survive, which opened the atmosphere of later Song poetry. In addition, famous poets with their own artistic personality include Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Jia Dao and Li He. Li He is unique with his rich and romantic poetic style, and inspired Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty.

In the late Tang Dynasty, with the decline of the Li and Tang Dynasties, the poetic style was heavily influenced by decline and sadness. The most accomplished poets are Du Mu and Li Shangyin. The world is called "Little Du Li". Du Mu is good at writing the Four Wonders, and can compete with Wang Changling, the "Master of the Four Wonders" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His style of praising history and cherishing ancient poems is handsome and cool. The scenery is also natural and beautiful, such as "hiking", which makes people never tire of seeing it. Li Shangyin's seven laws are profound and beautiful, and he is good at winning with love poems. His untitled poems are full of allusions, which are often profound and thought-provoking, while some of his works are obscure.

Prose is another great achievement of Wen Yuan in Tang Dynasty. There are more than 3,000 authors and more than 18,400 works (including parallel prose), which can reflect the grand occasion of creation at that time. The abnormal prosperity of parallel prose in the Six Dynasties became a serious obstacle to the development of prose. Criticizing the formalistic style of writing in the Six Dynasties and restoring the excellent tradition of prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties are the requirements of the times and the needs of the development of literature itself. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xiao, Du and others came out earlier to advocate the simplicity and practicality of prose, but their achievements were not great. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan led an ancient prose movement with literary innovation as its essence under the banner of reviving Confucianism. Under the guidance of the creative thought of "taking words as the basis", they demanded that the writing of articles should be clear and fluent, with rich ideological content, and strive to reflect social reality, express sincere feelings and express grievances. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, among many prose writers, are like two peaks. They are not only the leaders of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, but also the two best essayists after Sima Qian. Han Yu's reasoning prose "Mourning", "Shi Shuo" and "Answering Li Yishu" are thorough, magnificent and logical. Narrative articles, such as Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, portray characters imitating Sima Qian's Historical Records, and pour full love and hate into the end, showing superb artistic attainments in drawing materials and describing details. Liu Zongyuan's personal narrative embodies the writer's progressive political proposition. Such as "Snake Catcher" and "Tree Camel Biography". And his landscape travel notes are the most beautiful in later generations. Eight notes on Yongzhou written after relegation to Yongzhou, such as Travel Notes at the Beginning of the Banquet in the Western Hills and Notes on Little Stone Pond, adopted the method of writing scenery and expressing emotion, which permeated the beauty of the author's personality and became a model of travel notes literature in later generations. The ancient prose in the late Tang Dynasty tends to learn from the dangerous and difficult aspects of Han Yu's prose, and its achievements are not high. It is worth mentioning that Lu Xun once praised Luo Yin, Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng and other essays that criticized reality as "brilliance and sharpness in a pool of muddy water".

The legend of Tang Dynasty is a mature work of China's classical novels. For example, Biography of Yingying and Biography of Li Wa are all written with vivid characters, tortuous stories and rich and vivid languages.

Ci-poetry is a new poetic style that emerged with Yan music in the Tang Dynasty. It originated from the folk, and Dunhuang Quzi Ci is the earliest existing folk word. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, it became common for literati to write lyrics by sound. Both "Bodhisattva Man" and "Qin Yi E" were written in the name of Li Bai, lacking conclusive evidence. Wen and Wei Zhuang were both outstanding poets of Qu Zi in the late Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, Xishu and Nantang became the creative centers of ci, and Huajianji, the first collection of China's literati ci, came out in Xishu. Among the poets, Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, achieved the highest achievement. In his early works, he mainly wrote about enjoying court life. After the country was captured, he expressed his hatred of national life in words, with deep feelings and vivid images. His language is simple, natural and mellow. Yu Meiren (When is the Spring Flowers and the Autumn Moon) and Langtaosha (The Rain outside the Curtain) are both wonderful works in poetry.

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5 A brief history of the development of China literature history

Ci developed into the Song Dynasty and entered its heyday, becoming the main symbol of a generation of literature. According to the records of Song Ci, there are more than 20,000 works and more than 1,400 poets. Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties can be regarded as a double gem of China literature. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court advocated pleasure, and Yan An, the monarch and minister, inherited the graceful style of Huajian School and regarded it as authentic. Yan Shu's ci style is graceful and elegant, with rich colors. Yan Shu's son Yan, due to personal misfortune, his ci style is different from that of Yan Shu, with more sentimental colors. Fan Zhongyan guarded the frontier fortress and had different life experiences. His ci began to appear in an open realm and desolate style, which injected freshness into the ci circle in the early Song Dynasty.

Words to Liu Yong's hand, with the first innovation. Liu Yong draws creative materials from the life of the middle and lower classes in the city, and is good at writing about the worries of men and women leaving lovesickness and personal wandering in the rivers and lakes. He created a large number of slow words with long length, complex structure and more complex tone. His ci poems are often described in simple terms, with distinct levels and popular language, which are full of civilian colors from content to form and are deeply loved by the citizens at that time. Words such as "Klang Ganzhou" ("Rain on the River at Dusk") and "Yulin Ling" ("Crying in Cold") are his exquisite works, which are popular but elegant, especially spread to later generations. As an innovator of Ci, Su Shi was not satisfied with Liu Yong's poetry being lost in romance, breaking the boundaries of poetry, extending the artistic brushwork to the vast real life and the extremely rich inner world of the individual, expanding the theme of Ci, improving the artistic conception of Ci, enriching the expressive techniques of Ci, and making Ci an independent lyric poem. This is the so-called "taking poetry as a word". Su Shi's ci has reached the realm of "no intention to enter, nothing to say". He writes landscapes, expresses emotions, recalls the past, cherishes the past, and even argues the diversity of Zen style. "Jiangchengzi" and "Shui Long Yin" are exquisite in brushwork and varied in amorous feelings, while "Nian Nujiao" and "Water Turning around" all have high artistic achievements. It brought a new atmosphere to Song Ci, and inspired the birth of the Southern Song Dynasty's bold school. At this time, Qin Guan, Zhao Lingzhi, He Zhu, Huang Tingjian and others also made their own achievements, and they created a prosperous situation in which various styles of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty competed with each other.

Zhou Bangyan was a master of graceful words in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhou Bangyan basically inherited the sentimental style of Liu Yong's ci, and still expressed the traditional contents of love, bondage and slavery between men and women. However, due to his skillful understanding of melody and high artistic accomplishment, he made great contributions to the refinement of ci. Reading his words, we can feel the diversity of his structural changes, the richness of his expressive skills and the harmony and accuracy of his musical language. Poets of southern song dynasty were influenced by him in art.

At the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Li Qingzhao, the most outstanding poetess in ancient China, also appeared. Her poems have profound artistic conception, melodious feelings and fresh words, especially her works after crossing the south, such as "Sound Slow", which combines the grief and indignation of national subjugation and extinction with the pain of wandering life. It is touching and depressing, and its aesthetic value greatly exceeds that of early articles focusing on expressing boudoir feelings.

Song Ci entered a new period of development after Songshi crossed to the south. Worrying about the country and the people has become a major theme of ci. Most of the poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty experienced the change of Jingkang, and their ci creation broke through the mediocrity in the late Northern Song Dynasty, showing distinct characteristics of the times. Famous writers include Zhang, Chen, Xiang Zi Jin and so on. They inherited Su Shi's line of ci poetry and created a new style of ci poetry, which is an important turning point between them. Xin Qiji was the greatest patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji was born in the decline of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was brilliant and full of ambition to resist gold and serve the country. However, bound by the policy of compromise and seeking security by the imperial court, his ambition was hard to be rewarded, and he was deeply depressed and resentful, so he had to send patriotic feelings to Ci poetry, which made the ideological realm and spiritual outlook of Song poetry reach a glorious height. He inherited and developed the bold style of Dongpo's ci, especially his mastery of language was profound, and he was able to integrate a subset of classic and historical words into his ci for himself. The former people called it "writing as a word", and Xin Ci was deeper than sustenance, integrating traditional grace and boldness, calling it "laughing like a flower, burning like fire". Raise the art of ci to a new level. Famous works such as Breaking the Array and Watching the Sword in Drunk Break the traditional composition structure; "Eternal Joy" (Eternal Jiangshan) is fierce and heroic; And "fishing" ("it can eliminate more storms") has "the sound of tears" in the lingering; Qingping music (low eaves) is fresh and lively, with its own characteristics. At the same time, Chen Jia, Liu Guo and others. A little nervous about style. Liu Kezhuang and the later Xin School poets.

Jiang Kui, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, inherited Zhou Bangyan and embarked on an elegant and unique creative road. His poems are mainly about traveling, chanting things and cherishing people, with ethereal artistic conception, elegant style and rigorous temperament. They are the best in art, and Shi Dazu and higher people are his wings. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the style of Wu Wenying's ci tended to be sparse and elegant, and he was called "Qibaolou", which was outstanding. From the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, there were also important poets such as Zhang Yan, Wang and Wang. With the downfall of the Southern Song Dynasty, their sad words became the last rhyme of Song Ci.

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6 A brief history of the development of China literature history

The overall achievement of Song poetry is not as good as that of Tang poetry, but it also has its own characteristics in ideological content and artistic expression. Poets in the early Song Dynasty, such as Yang Yi and Qian, learned from Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty, but paid more attention to melody rhetoric, paid attention to both refined and popular tastes, and lacked social content, so they were named Ti. Wang Yucheng began to contend with it, and his works faced reality and took a simple and smooth road. Subsequently, Mei He made innovations in view of the disadvantages of style. Ouyang Xiu, as a leading figure in the Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement, has different opinions. He advocates a simple and fluent poetic style, pays attention to integrity and is good at thinking, and has formed his own characteristics. The two most influential poets in the Northern Song Dynasty were Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. Su Shi's poems are lyrical and free-spirited, which further developed the argumentative and prosaic cultural tendency in the Song Dynasty. Because of his rich life experience and profound artistic accomplishment, he can avoid the shortcomings of being shallow and tasteless or blunt and obscure made by many poets. His works represent the highest achievement of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. The poems of Huang Tingjian and his Jiangxi poetry school have the most characteristics of the Song Dynasty. His poems are based on Du Fu, self-improvement, thin and hard innovation. Jiangxi poetry school poets include Chen, Chen, Han Ju and so on. Lu You, Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda all came from Jiangxi Poetry School, and finally they all had their own schools. Lu You was the greatest patriotic poet in the Song Dynasty. He left over 9300 poems. The most touching thing about his poems is his patriotism in resisting the enemy and rejuvenating the country. In the poem Guan Shanyue, we can deeply feel the poet's anxiety. Yang Wanli's poems are fresh and lively, while Fan Chengda's poems are good at writing pastoral scenery, which is quite interesting in life. They all made their own efforts to create unique poetic styles. "Yongjia Siling" and Jianghu Poetry School also appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty, but their works were not realistic and their poetic style was weak. By the end of Song Dynasty, the patriotic poems of Wen Tianxiang, Wang Yuanliang and others were magnificent, which added the last glory to the poems of this period.

Prose declined gradually after the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and this situation remained unchanged in the early Song Dynasty. Liu Kai, Shi Jie, Yin Mo and others advocated restoring the tradition of Liu Han's ancient prose, but their achievements were not great. In Song Renzong in Qing Dynasty, with the encouragement of political innovation, the poetry innovation movement also rose. With the efforts of Ouyang Xiu and others, the flashy style of writing in the early Song Dynasty was eliminated, and the prose in the Song Dynasty achieved outstanding achievements comparable to those in the Tang Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu strongly advocated plain and simple writing style, opposed strange writing style, and practiced it in his own prose creation practice, forming an artistic style full of emotion and fluency. His prose, whether describing landscapes or human feelings, has a strong artistic influence, such as Zuiwengting Ji and Longgang Qianbiao. Even purely argumentative essays, such as Biography of Lingguan in the Five Dynasties, are full of originality. Under the guidance of Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe were all handsome for a while. Wang Anshi's political essays have clear views and sharp words.