How to learn geography well?

1. Doing regular study well is an effective way to learn middle school geography well.

Learning routine work is the routine work for students to acquire new knowledge and review and consolidate old knowledge, and it is also the main way to learn geography knowledge. It usually includes setting goals and making plans; Preview before class; Listen to lectures, review and do homework; Unit target detection, summary and other links. Doing these links well is the best way for students to learn middle school geography well.

1, determine the target and plan the system.

Goal is direction. With goals, students have a direction to work hard. Therefore, students should set goals under the guidance of teachers. At the same time, in order to achieve our goals, we must make plans. There are three levels of learning objectives: long-term, medium-term and short-term. In order to facilitate testing, guide students' training and understand the characteristics of geography syllabus, we should focus on short-term goals. With the help of teachers, students are required to know what they need to learn in a unit, how high their ability level should be, and what measures should be taken. After each unit's goal is achieved (no matter how much it is achieved), it is necessary to make a study summary in time, analyze the reasons for success or failure, and correct the problems in time when found.

The mode of "making a goal plan-learning-goal detection-summarizing-adjusting learning strategies" has become a learning behavior habit of students after three to five units of training.

2. Preview before class

Preview before class is the beginning of students' contact with new knowledge and the first link of learning new knowledge. Preview can cultivate students' self-study ability, self-study interest and self-study habit. In order to improve the quality of students' preview and avoid a mere formality, students can adopt the preview mode of "what → how → why". For example, what is "population growth and distribution" in the first section of Chapter 10 of Geography of Senior High School → how → why (influencing factors). Another example is: Unit 8 of the new textbook Global Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development Facing Mankind1Expression and Distribution of Environmental Problems, what is it (environmental problems) → How (expression and distribution) → Why (reasons). Students can also adopt a step-by-step preview mode. The first step is to look at several bold titles in the textbook, from which we can know that the textbook has talked about several big problems; The second step, according to the size, words and charts of the textbook under each heading, roughly determine the key points and difficulties of the textbook. Under normal circumstances, for the key and difficult points, the textbook gives more text descriptions and charts as examples, so the textbook has a large space; The third step, on the basis of the first and second steps, determine the focus of preview-that is, the focus and difficulty of the textbook. When previewing, read the general content quickly, and read the key and difficult content carefully. It is necessary to find out the levels of knowledge structure in teaching materials and their internal relations, analyze the key to mastering important and difficult knowledge, and understand and master important and difficult knowledge from a higher angle. For example, for the preview of Unit 7 of the new textbook "7. 1' Main Ways of Regional Contact of Human Activities", there are three bold titles in the textbook, which reflect the three main ways of regional contact of human activities: transportation, post and telecommunications and commerce; Then, from the length of the textbook, the number of words and charts after the three major titles, it can be determined that transportation and post and telecommunications can be the focus and difficulty of this textbook. Finally, the preview focuses on two major issues: transportation and post and telecommunications.

Of course, you should keep trying to preview the methods and try to find the one that suits you best. For example, taking brief notes during preview, drawing lines under important knowledge and asking questions or marking difficult knowledge can greatly improve the efficiency of listening to lectures.

3. concentrate on class.

Listening to lectures is the main way for students to acquire new knowledge, review and consolidate old knowledge, the main channel to solve doubts and problems, and the most important link in learning routines. Therefore, students should listen carefully. Students should do five things in class: heart, eyes, ears, hands and mouth. The mind requires students to concentrate, concentrate, not be distracted, follow the teacher's thinking, think seriously and think positively; Look at the teacher's intention, or look at the blackboard, or look at textbooks, or look at maps. Listen to the teacher carefully; Reach out enough to ask for or take notes, or outline the important and difficult points of the text, or do demonstration operations. Read silently, read aloud, ask questions, answer questions, etc. The most important of the five senses is the awareness of the heart. Only when the mind is aware can the eyes, ears, hands and mouth be aware, and the eyes, ears, hands and mouth can be used together, so as to coordinate and complete the listening task with high quality. When students attend class with questions, they should pay special attention to how the teacher explains the key and difficult knowledge, what ideas, teaching methods, means and measures are adopted, highlight the key points and break through the difficulties. In the course of class, students should not only learn knowledge and solve problems, but also learn how to master knowledge and solve problems. At the same time, we should take notes carefully in geography class. There are three ways to take notes in class: (1) marking method: the key points of the teacher's lecture are marked with red lines and red circles near the text. ⑵ See the needle method: let students write down the teacher's notes in the blank of the text, or analyze the method of interpreting images and the difference between right and wrong. ⑶ Inductive key method: record the explanation of related geographical concepts, the inductive points of related geographical principles and laws, the knowledge expansion points and the basic ideas and methods to solve geographical problems in a notebook. The contents of taking notes can include: first, recording the teacher's blackboard writing, which is the main content of notes; Secondly, according to the teacher's blackboard writing, draw some simple graphics with important contents in the notebook, such as: the schematic diagram of the sun shining on the earth in summer solstice and winter solstice, the formation diagram of near-surface wind, the weather map of cold and warm fronts, the schematic diagram of water circulation, the schematic diagram of crustal material circulation, and the related model diagram of human society and environment; The third is to record the typical examples explained by the teacher. Due to the limited classroom time, students have to spend most of their time reading textbooks, listening to teachers' explanations, thinking about problems and doing classroom exercises. Therefore, students should follow the principle of simplicity when taking notes, so as not to ignore other classroom activities.

4, review and homework in time after class

Review and homework are not an end, but an effective means to consolidate what you have learned in preview and lectures in time. According to the law of forgetting, review and homework should be done in time after class. Generally speaking, it is better to finish your homework independently after reviewing relevant textbooks and notes.

5, do a good job of unit target detection and summary.

What is your learning effect after each unit? To what extent has the goal been achieved? What are the successful experiences and lessons of failure? What are the reasons for success or failure? What's the problem? What measures should be taken to correct and solve the existing problems in the future? Wait a minute. All these require students to complete the goal detection and summary work with a positive attitude, so as to make clear their learning situation, determine their future learning goals and make plans. Therefore, unit goal detection and summary is also an indispensable part of students' learning.

Second, according to the characteristics of the subject, mastering the scientific method of learning middle school geography is a shortcut to learn middle school geography well.

In the bilateral activities of teaching and learning, teachers are the dominant and students are the main body. In order to truly become the main body of learning, students should have a clear learning purpose and a correct learning attitude. It is not enough to have an interest in learning geography. They also need to develop active and conscious learning habits and be able to acquire and control the knowledge and skills they have independently. To do this, students must master scientific learning methods, which is a shortcut for students to learn middle school geography well.

1. Learning geography should grasp the main line of the relationship between man and land.

Geography is a subject that studies the geographical environment in which human beings live and the relationship between human beings and the environment, and we should grasp the main line of the relationship between man and land in our study. At the same time, in order to coordinate the relationship with the environment and take the road of sustainable development of human beings and the environment, we should master more comprehensive geographical knowledge and skills, transform and utilize nature with knowledge, and benefit mankind.

2. To learn geography well, we should pay attention to the comprehensive application of multidisciplinary knowledge.

Geography is a comprehensive discipline that spans arts and sciences, and its content is very rich, covering both natural and humanities fields. In addition to geographical professional knowledge, it also involves literature, history, philosophy, politics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, industrial and agricultural production and other knowledge fields. Geography is the best entry point for the design of comprehensive examination papers for liberal arts and liberal arts universities in college entrance examination. Test paper design can be based on geographical knowledge, integrating politics, history, geography and even middle school subjects. Therefore, it is very important to learn geography well, and students should comprehensively use the knowledge of various disciplines to avoid analogy. This step will be realized more and more with the deepening of students' study.

3. Learning geography should adopt the methods of synthesis, analysis and induction.

Geography has a strong comprehensiveness, which is incomparable to other disciplines. Explain that there are close relations between various things, phenomena and processes in natural geography, between various things, phenomena and processes in human geography, and between natural geography and human geography. Therefore, the only way to learn geography is to use the method of comprehensive analysis, induction and generalization to understand the complexity, integrity and internal relations of geographical things from multiple angles, levels and directions. For example, "What are the conditions for establishing a special economic zone in China?" This problem should be comprehensively analyzed from the geographical location of the special zone, the factors of being a hometown of overseas Chinese in history, traffic conditions, labor technology and national policies, so as to get a more complete understanding. For another example, "Why did China build the Beijing-Kowloon Railway between Beijing and Kowloon? What principles should be followed in railway construction when selecting lines? " To truly understand the necessity and significance of "Beijing-Kowloon Railway" construction, and the principles that should be followed in railway construction, we should comprehensively analyze this issue from the aspects of geographical location, cargo transportation conditions between north and south China, economic factors, social factors and political factors, and also consider the topography, geological conditions and economic and social development of the areas where the railway passes along the way.

4. Learning geography should use the method of analysis and comparison.

Geography also has regional characteristics, which is also a remarkable feature that other disciplines do not have. Any region (sub-region, sub-country) has its own irreplaceable regional characteristics (location, natural characteristics, economic development, etc.). Therefore, when studying geography, we should find out the differences and related connections between regions through analysis and comparison. This is an effective way to learn, especially to review regional geography. The content of analysis and comparison is very extensive, which can be compared comprehensively or individually; Can be compared from natural conditions, but also from economic conditions; It can be compared horizontally or vertically ... For example, when investigating the differences between the north and the south of China, it can be comprehensively analyzed and compared from the aspects of location, scope, climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, resources, crops, agricultural bases, industrial bases or zones; We can also analyze and compare the differences of natural conditions between the eastern monsoon region and the western non-monsoon region in China. Looking back on Geography of Britain and Japan, we can make a comprehensive comparison from the aspects of location, scope, natural conditions, industrial and agricultural development, capital and major cities. By comparison, students can also recognize and distinguish the same or similar geographical concepts, geographical things, geographical phenomena, geographical awards and geographical laws. Such as "weather" and "climate"; For "water resources" and "hydraulic resources"; It is best to learn and remember the concepts of "minerals", "minerals" and "mineral deposits" through analysis and comparison. The study of "continental climate and maritime climate characteristics" can be listed and compared. In short, through comparison and cognition, we can deepen our understanding and memory of geographical knowledge.

5. Learn to analyze geographical things and phenomena from the viewpoint of dialectical materialism and establish a correct view of man and land.

The content of geography textbooks contains extremely rich ideological education factors. Its contents can be divided into two categories: first, dialectical materialism education between man and land (resource view, environment view and population view); The second is ideological and moral education (patriotism education, internationalism education, moral quality education, national conditions and policies education, patriotism education, etc.). Through study, we can objectively understand and analyze the world with dialectical materialism, correctly evaluate the physical geography and human geography of the world and China, and thus establish a correct world outlook.

6. To learn geography, it is necessary to clarify the network of geographical knowledge and establish a knowledge framework.

In the process of learning geography, students hope to master the teaching materials, the system and attributes of geographical knowledge as a whole, so as to carry out comprehensive classification, causal analysis, comparison of similarities and differences and so on. , so as to better understand and master the geographical knowledge and skills of the system. This requires clarifying the network of geographical knowledge and establishing a knowledge framework in the process of learning, especially reviewing. For example, after learning a unit or a project, students should try to make a review outline by themselves under the guidance of the teacher, reflecting the internal relations, framework structure and knowledge points of various geographical knowledge in the unit or project. For another example, after studying the geography of Japan, Britain, the United States and other countries, we can summarize the problems we need to master into the following framework, which is convenient for the storage, comparison and memory of knowledge.

7. Apply what you have learned and learn geography well.

Geography is a highly applied subject, which can directly serve the production and construction and make effective contributions. It can be said that it is practical knowledge. When studying, students should integrate theory with practice, pay attention to linking the knowledge and skills tasted in textbooks with the things around them, with the production and construction of the local and motherland, and with the hot spots and focuses of current affairs at home and abroad. Moreover, the motto "Read thousands of books and Walk Wan Li Road" is especially important for learning geography. Students should make full use of going out and all kinds of books and periodicals, news media networks, etc. , as far as possible to broaden their geographical horizons, to understand the geographical things and geographical phenomena that are difficult to feel in their own areas; We should go to nature and society as much as possible, so that book knowledge can be applied in field observation and social activities, which can not only effectively cultivate the ability of observation, practice, thinking and analysis, but also facilitate the skilled use of knowledge and skills, thus increasing our talents and wisdom and constantly improving our comprehensive quality.

8. To learn geography well, you must learn how to use maps.

The image of map is intuitive, which is the second language of geography and the basic tool for learning geography. Because any geographical thing exists in a certain space, the occurrence, development, movement and change of geographical phenomena are also inseparable from space. Therefore, one of the keys to learn geography knowledge well is to establish the concept of space. Specifically, it is necessary to master the basic knowledge and skills of maps, including the skills of map reading, drawing, drawing and analysis. Using maps correctly is an important geographical skill. The process of reading and using maps can cultivate students' observation, imagination, thinking ability and memory ability, and also enable students to further understand the spatial distribution, spatial connection and spatial combination of geographical things. But mastering the method of drawing requires persistent training.

(1) Students should master the basic knowledge of maps and make clear the basic conditions and elements of map composition. When you use a map, you can accurately identify the geographical meaning represented by words, symbols, points, lines and surfaces in the map.

(2) Students should carefully read and understand all kinds of images appearing in textbooks, and understand the geographical significance and laws reflected by images. What should be solved? How, why and so on.

(3) Students should sketch and draw important sketches, profiles, distribution maps, line maps and geographical sketches to deepen their impressions and memories. Such as the schematic diagram of the origin of the moon, the formation and weather map of cyclones and anticyclones in the northern hemisphere, the world ocean current model map, and the industrial and agricultural layout map.

(4) In the study and review, all geographical things that can be reflected on the map (place names, resources, rivers, mountains, cities, traffic lines, etc.). ) should be represented on the map as much as possible, and the images and principles can be explained in geographical terms or standardized language.

5] Make full use of the filling atlas, consolidate the learned knowledge on the map, and fill in the geographical things seriously and formally as required.

[6] In order to remember the important information in the image, you can write, remember and fill in the picture, that is, you don't read books or picture books.

9. To learn geography well, you must learn how to read.

Geography textbooks include textbooks and atlases. Students should do the following when reading:

(1) left picture and right book, combined with graphics and text. Look at the text and atlas, and put the text on the image.

(2) Reading, thinking and having problems. As the saying goes, if you are good at learning, you will be an official. If you are suspicious, you will make great progress. If you are suspicious, you will make small progress. No doubt, you will make no progress. In the process of reading, we should be good at asking questions, ask questions boldly and keep thinking: where is it? What's there? Why? How's it going? We should strengthen our confidence, summon up courage and dare to challenge difficult problems. At the same time, we should open our minds, think seriously, pay attention to methods, grasp the key points, study and ask questions seriously, and understand every problem. In the process of constantly solving difficult problems, we can experience the joy of success and stimulate the enthusiasm of learning geography.

(3) writing promotes reading. Being diligent in writing and using both hands and brains is also a good learning method. As the saying goes, "a good memory is not as good as a bad writing" and "ten times is not as good as ten times." When reading a geography book, first, outline the key points, difficulties and points while reading, or mark them with various symbols, and make a simple eyebrow criticism when necessary, which is conducive to grasping the main points, strengthening the reading impression and consolidating the review. The second is to write an outline while reading. By reading textbooks, we can distinguish between primary and secondary, and clarify various relationships (primary and secondary, juxtaposition, causality, subordination, etc. ), according to the structure of geographical knowledge, write a reading outline or make simple tables and charts to form a knowledge framework and systematize scattered knowledge. The third is to draw while reading, that is, to express the geographical knowledge of words in the form of pictures.

(4) Audio reading can be used to read key paragraphs, important principles or conclusions and knowledge that needs long-term memory in geography textbooks. For example, a series of contents such as "the names, abbreviations and people's government residences of 34 provincial administrative units in China" can enhance the memory effect through repeated reading. For junior students, you can read alone, in groups or in groups, and for senior students, you can read silently.

5. In order to improve reading efficiency, we should pay attention to: reading general content quickly; Repeated reading of important content; Read the difficult questions carefully; Compare reading before and after, and make a reading plan from your own reality.

10, to learn geography well, we must learn to review and consolidate methods.

Review the past and learn the new. When students have mastered a lot of geography knowledge, in order to avoid forgetting and meet the needs of exams, students should master the methods of reviewing and consolidating. The main points are:

(1) reading. Focusing on the central topic of review, read relevant textbooks, notes, maps, homework and test papers carefully. Through reading, students' knowledge can return to their own level as soon as possible. Attention should be paid when reading: first, we should use the method of recollection to understand our knowledge, and the recollection should be organized and orderly. In the process of recalling, reading and thinking, record the thinking results at any time for use when sorting out the review notes. The second is to review and consolidate different knowledge in different ways. To review geographical concepts, we should understand the connotation and extension of each concept and adopt the method of understanding and remembering. There are various memory methods, such as interest enhancement method, image memory method, repeated reinforcement method, understanding memory method and homophonic memory method (for example, remembering the names of the six minerals with the largest reserves in China in the world, except rare earth, tungsten, antimony, zinc, titanium and vanadium, it is easy to remember according to their homophonic "My northern heart is too annoying") and so on. The review of geographical principles should grasp the essence, clarify the causal context and use the methods of understanding, memory and application. For comprehensive geographical problems, use the method of comprehensive analysis. For regional geographical problems, use the method of analysis and comparison. For the problem of regularity, induction is adopted. For geographical spatio-temporal problems, the learning strategy of string compilation and serialization is adopted. Geospatial content can be understood through some points and lines on the map. When studying, pay attention to the lines (traffic lines, important geographical boundaries, population flow routes, etc. Connection points (cities, nature reserves, etc.). ), cross-line surface (land, sea, administrative area, terrain area, etc.). ), line intersection, line directivity, etc. For example, along the Yangtze River trunk line, it passes through five major steel bases, intersecting railway trunk lines and agricultural bases in the province. Serialization strategy, that is, the evolutionary process is arranged in order. For example, the ecliptic angle → the movement of the direct point of the sun → the change of the height of the sun and the length of day and night at noon → the revolution of the earth with seasonal changes and its geographical significance. Understanding the process of occurrence, development, evolution and transformation of these geographical things, causal relationship, chronological relationship, membership relationship and other geographical things, and applying the law of evolution to analyze and solve geographical problems can also improve the comprehensive analysis ability, which is an important strategy to improve the learning effect.

(2) finishing. Sort out the systematic review notes for reference at any time. It mainly includes: the outline of knowledge system-systematizing complex knowledge; Various comparison charts-make knowledge clearer; Simple map-vivid, eye-catching and easy to remember.

(3) practice. Doing a certain amount of exercises is the main way to review and consolidate geographical knowledge. Through practice, find problems, correct them in time, and deepen understanding. Attention should be paid when doing the questions: the questions should be flexible and diverse, with wide coverage, certain difficulty and strong comprehensiveness; The amount of questions should be moderate, and don't fall into the sea of questions; The topic should be targeted to achieve the purpose of review and consolidation; Practice regularly.

In a word, hard work pays off. I am convinced that under the guidance of geography teachers, students can learn effectively in geography learning in middle schools as long as they do the above routines, master learning methods, persevere and use them flexibly. Of course, I'm going to throw a brick to attract jade, and students should continue to explore and practice boldly to make it more perfect, so that their grasp of geographical knowledge can be further improved.

Learning geography is very useful, and it is particularly closely related to our daily life. After learning geography, I feel that I have gained a lot of knowledge. You can point out any country and famous city at will on the map, you can distinguish the geographical situation and customs of different countries, you can understand the causes and characteristics of various natural phenomena, and you can ... these are only superficial to those who understand geography. But for me, who used to be "geography blind", it was particularly fresh and interesting. Teacher Huang Guohua, who teaches us geography, is a generalist. Attending his class always gives us a particularly fulfilling feeling. We dare not have the slightest distraction, for fear that knowledge will slip away from our ears carelessly. We always keep listening and remembering. After a class, there are usually many notes on the outline. I think, thanks to this "crazy supplement", otherwise we don't know when we can learn these basic geographical knowledge! ?

The most important thing to learn geography is to be serious. Take the map as an example, every bit of information on it may become the content of the exam. If you accidentally miss it, you may see the map for nothing. It is best to set aside a whole period of time to read systematically when reviewing. Look at the picture first. Maps are the highlight of geography, sometimes even more important than books. Mountains, rivers and cities, remember their geographical locations clearly. Try to memorize it the first time. Because remembering a map has a special feature, once you remember it, you won't forget it easily, so instead of reviewing it every once in a while, you might as well remember it carefully from the beginning. Deepen the impression through the usual application and save the review time. ?

Then there is reading. To understand memory. Generally speaking, as long as it is something you didn't understand before, you will be impressed when you read it. Geography is different from politics and history, and there are many common sense things, so it is not too difficult to remember. However, there are many things to remember, so you should be willing to spend time and come up with your own tricks, such as "homophonic memory method" or "image memory method" and so on. When you study physical geography, you will understand more things, because this part is a little close to science, but as long as you are willing to spend time thinking about some problems, it will not be too difficult to learn. In terms of human geography, memory accounts for a large part. Recite it a few times more, and you will have less time. Every time, you can find something more subtle that you didn't notice before. During the period before the college entrance examination, I mainly read the outline and papers, and I should pay special attention to those contents that can be related to current events. Such as specific areas, or environmental pollution and so on. As long as you go deep into it, you will find that geography is actually very interesting. If you are interested in it, are you afraid you can't learn it well? ?

Finally, I would like to say that for students taking comprehensive courses, no matter which subject they study "X", they should not study in isolation, and pay special attention to the places where these subjects can be related to each other. For example, if you get a topic about current politics, you can think about where it happened. Is it related to the geographical features of this place? Is there any historical origin in this matter? From a political point of view, how can we analyze and reflect any philosophical or political economic principles? Develop this habit of thinking, and soon you will be able to come and go freely in these subjects. However, all this should be based on your knowledge of a single subject. If you don't master a subject, where can you talk about any connection? So this also emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge. Usually, we should pay attention to absorbing knowledge step by step, and don't fantasize about surprise before the exam. In that case, we may fall badly. ?

College entrance examination is a long-term preparation process, and only methods are not enough. The most important thing is to rely on your own efforts and accumulation. High school is a fertile ground, as long as you shed hard sweat, there will be a bumper harvest one day. Start preparing now, make your steps more solid, and wish you a "proud examination room"! ?

The geographical environment is vast, the geographical things are diverse and the geographical relationship is complex. When studying geography, we should pay special attention to the learning methods. Only by mastering the learning methods can we turn the difficult into the easy and learn firmly and flexibly.

1, learn to use textbooks

Teaching materials are not only tools for mastering knowledge and skills, but also the basis for cultivating self-study ability. The table of contents indicates the main points of this book and the relationship between them, so you should read it often to understand the content of this book. Read the text carefully, often think deeply, grasp the main points, write down the questions, pay special attention to the illustrations and tables, and understand the problems illustrated by the charts.

2. Learn to use maps

Map is the carrier of geographical information, which can explain the vast geographical environment that we can't see with the naked eye.

Maps are also tools for learning geography. By analyzing the map, we can understand the geographical characteristics, principles and causes, and find ways to use and transform it. To learn to read and use all kinds of maps, we must first remember the most basic maps. For world geography, the first thing to remember is the distribution of seven continents and four oceans.

3. Pay attention to geographical observation

Observation is thinking and careful observation. Take a look at the local geographical environment and how people move around there. Get geographical information through newspapers, TV programs and pictures, and exercise our intelligence.

4. Be good at geographical imagination

Observation can only get local intuition, while maps can only provide location intuition. Imagination can connect the two, so that you can get a comprehensive view of the geographical environment and then show you the future of geography.

5. Be good at thinking.

Always ask yourself questions. The general idea of geographical problems is:

1 learn what? Such as the Yellow River and its hydrological characteristics.

② Where is it? For example, the provinces and basins where the Yellow River flows.

③ Why? For example, how is the water feature of the Yellow River formed?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of 4? For example, how to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages provided by the Yellow River to northern China.

⑤ How to coordinate the relationship between good people? For example, how to coordinate the relationship between human beings and the Yellow River, and how to make rational use and transformation.

6. Be diligent.

Often use handwriting, moving strokes, hand-made learning tools, not only make you tempted, but also make you handy.

If the method is right, you will get twice the result with half the effort. The more you learn, the more you love learning.