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After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han regime retreated to Jiangdong. In 3 17 AD, Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, who was guarding Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), rebuilt the Jin family in the south of the Yangtze River, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. The Eastern Jin regime maintained a long-term local rule and was replaced by the established Song in 420 AD. * * * Enjoy the country 103, and continue for four generations 1 1 emperor.

In 3 16 AD, Sima Ye, the last emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, was captured, which declared the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. However, some old ministers of the Jin Dynasty are not reconciled to the fate of national subjugation, and are still active all over the country, ready to restore the rule of the Jin Dynasty. 13 17, Si Marui, the king of Langya, became emperor in Jiankang with the support of clans in the Central Plains and Nandu in the south of the Yangtze River. His country name is still Jin, and he is the emperor of Jinyuan. Because he settled in Jiangnan after the Western Jin Dynasty, historians call it the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was the heyday of the political development of the gate valve, and the imperial power declined. Si Marui's claim to the throne depended on the support of southern bureaucrats. At the beginning of the establishment of the Eastern Jin regime, the rebellions in Wang Dun and Su Jun were put down successively, and the rule tended to be stable. Wang, Xie, Yu and Huan successively ruled the political situation of the dynasty.

Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, the emperor hoped to recover the northern territory when he was in office. Among them, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Northern Expedition with Wang, Xie, Huan and Yu as the main forces was carried out many times, among which there were many famous soldiers. In 3 1 1 year, general Zu Ti sent troops to recover Hebei, but died of depression because he was rejected by the imperial court, and finally failed to complete the great cause of reunification. After that, the ruling gentry flaunted the Northern Expedition to increase their prestige, among which Huan Wen's three northern expeditions were the most famous. Luoyang was recovered, entered the customs and marched into Hebei, but failed to consolidate the achievements of the Northern Expedition. In 386 AD, the former Qin Dynasty went south, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty faced an unprecedented threat. Under the management of Prime Minister Xie An, Xie Shi and Xie Xuan led the northern government soldiers to defeat the former Qin army and won a decisive victory in the battle of Feishui. Then your brother went north to recover the six countries of Xu, Yan, Qing, Si, Yu and Liang, and won the first major victory in the history of the Northern Expedition in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, due to the elimination of the threat of external chaos, civil war broke out in the south, and Sun En and Lu Xun rose up. Huan Xuan won the civil war and once usurped King. Emperor Wu of song, the general of the northern government, established his prestige by fighting the peasant army through the northern expedition, and finally replaced the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Because the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty settled in the south of the Yangtze River and had no intention of restoring the Central Plains, they devoted themselves to manor management in the south. Northern clans and a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the south of the Yangtze River, which provided more opportunities for celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River and promoted the development of social culture. Since Cao Wei, China's literary development has been in a period of great strides, among which the Eastern Jin literati are the most famous. Xie Lingyun, a landscape poet, and Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet, appeared in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They reformed the old-style poetry, which created a prerequisite for the prosperity of poetry in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the aspect of social production, the handicraft technology in the north and the technology in the south merged with each other, which greatly improved the handicraft level in the Eastern Jin Dynasty compared with that in the Western Jin Dynasty. Farmers from the north and indigenous farmers from the south worked hard to open up the vast Shan Ye in the south, which promoted the development of the south of the Yangtze River and made the economic center of China begin to shift from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin.

When the Eastern Jin Dynasty was established in the south of the Yangtze River, the northern part of China fell into a melee, and the Yellow River valley became a battleground for the five major nomadic peoples, namely Xiongnu, Xiongan, Xianbei, Di and Qiang. They established their own countries and competed for hegemony, and the country was constantly established and destroyed. From 304 AD, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu aristocrat, established the Han State, to 365,438+06 years, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed, and the North was unified in 439. During these 65,438+030 years, the northern nationalities fought against each other. The former Zhao (Xiongnu), the later Zhao (Jie), the former Yan (Xianbei), the former Liang (Han), the former Qin (Bian), the later Qin (Qiang), the later Yan (Xianbei), the western Qin (Xianbei), the later Liang (Bian) and the southern Liang (Xianbei) were successively established.

In addition to the sixteen countries, five regimes have been established successively, namely, Han Ran Min, Wei established by Ding, Guo established by Yang, a frontier commander in Wudu, and Xiyan established by Murong of Xianbei and Tuoba of Xianbei, totaling 2 1 regime. Among the above regimes, Hou Zhao, Yan Qian and Qian Qin all occupied most of the northern territory. In the second half of the 4th century, the pre-Qin Dynasty, founded by the Di nobles, gradually prospered and basically unified the north due to the efforts of Emperor Fu Jian. In 383 AD, Fu Jian led an army of 800,000 to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the two sides fought a decisive battle at Feishui. In the end, it ended with the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the failure of the former Qin Dynasty. After the Battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty fell, and the north once again fell into a state of disintegration and warlord scuffle.

As ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains, they were more exposed to Chinese culture, which gradually developed into a nation with the same living habits as the Han nationality, and was later integrated by the Han nationality. Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the population structure in the northern part of the Central Plains, in which Han people predominate and other ethnic minorities live together, has made China a multi-ethnic country with similar living habits.

The Story of Sixteen Countries in Eastern Jin Dynasty