Interesting little knowledge of the universe (little knowledge about the universe)

1. Little knowledge about the universe.

Constellation division Aries: March 2 1 to April 20 Taurus: April 2 1 to May 2 1 Gemini: May 22 to June 2 1 Cancer: June 22 to July 22 Leo: July 23 to August 23 Virgo: Seats: 65438+1October 22nd Sagittarius:165438+1October 23rd to 65438+

As the earth revolves around the sun, from the perspective of the earth, the sun seems to move between constellations. People call the running route of the sun the ecliptic, and the running tracks of the moon and planets basically do not leave the narrow area of 9 degrees above and below the ecliptic, so people call this area the ecliptic. There were twelve zodiac signs in ancient times, and the sun basically passed one zodiac sign every month, so it was called the zodiac.

After the day, due to precession, the date when the sun passes through the zodiac is very different from that in ancient times. Introduction to Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and its angular distance from the sun has never exceeded 28. In ancient China, Mercury was called a star.

In ancient times, Westerners thought that Mercury was two planets. When they see it at dusk, they call it mercury, and when they see it at dawn, they call it Apollo. Later, people knew that Mercury and Apollo were the same star, so they called Mercury Mercury.

Mercury was a special messenger in Roman mythology who sent messages to the gods. He wears a hat with wings, flying shoes and a wand, and walks like a fly. He is omnipotent and unpredictable.

Mercury, like mercury, is really changing and elusive. In another month and a half, it will run from the easternmost end of the sun to the westernmost end, with an average speed of 47.89 kilometers per second, making it the fastest moving planet in the solar system. Venus is a simple introduction to Venus, which was called Taibai or Taibai Venus in ancient China.

It is sometimes the morning star, which appears in the eastern sky before dawn and is called "Qi Ming". Sometimes it is a dim star, which appears in the western sky after dusk and is called Chang Gung. Venus is the brightest star in the whole day except the sun and the moon, just like a dazzling diamond, so the ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called it Venus, the god of beauty.

In astronomy, the symbol of Venus is the precious mirror used by the beauty god when dressing. The earth is one of the nine planets in the solar system, and the third planet is arranged in the order from near to far from the sun.

It has a natural satellite-the moon, forming a celestial system-the earth-moon system. From near to far from the sun, Mars is the fourth planet.

To the naked eye, it is a striking bright lux star. It travels slowly among the stars. When looking at Mars from the earth, it sometimes goes straight and sometimes goes backwards.

The darkest apparent magnitude of Mars is about+1.5, etc. And at the brightest time, it is brighter than the brightest star Sirius, reaching -2.9. This is because the Earth and Mars are in their respective orbits, and the distance between them is always changing. Mars is as bright as fire, its brightness is constantly changing and its position is uncertain, which is confusing. So China called Mars "sparkling" in ancient times.

In western ancient Roman mythology, it was imagined as Mars, the god of war in armor and covered in blood, that is, Ares in Greek mythology. Ares had a noble life. His father is Zeus, the king of the gods, and his mother is Hera, the queen of heaven.

Astronomically, the symbol of Mars is the combination of the spear and shield of Mars. Introduction to Jupiter Jupiter is the most striking planet in the solar system. It is the oldest and largest of the nine planetary brothers.

Its brightness is second only to Venus. In ancient China, it was called the "year-old star", which was used to date the years because it was known that its period of revolution was close to 12.

The west calls Jupiter "Jupiter", the main god in Roman mythology. Equivalent to the king Zeus in Greek mythology.

Saturn is a beautiful planet, the sixth farthest from the sun. Anyone who has seen Saturn through a telescope will be surprised. Saturn's orbital radius is 65.438+0.4 billion kilometers, and its maximum brightness is 0.4 magnitude when it hits the sun.

On Saturn's orange surface, there are bright and dark clouds floating, and the soft and shiny halo on the equatorial plane looks like a girl wearing a sun hat from a distance. It is more than 6000 kilometers larger than the radius of the poles.

Saturn's period of revolution is 29.5 years, which is about 28 nights. It stays in the town for one night every year, so it was also called "Town Star" in ancient China. Saturn has always been regarded as the boundary of the solar system, and it was not until Uranus was discovered in 178 1 that the solar system began to expand.

Saturn moves slowly, so people regard it as a symbol of time and fate. In Roman mythology, he was called the Saturnalia, that is, Cronus in Greek mythology. He is the father of Zeus, the king of the gods, who overthrew his father and ascended the throne of the gods.

Both the East and the West associate Saturn with agriculture. Symbols in astronomy are like scythes that dominate agriculture.

Introduction to Uranus It is not difficult to watch Uranus on a clear night. Its magnitude is 5.7.

Its period of revolution is quite long. It orbits the sun once every 84 years, moving only 46 inches a day on average. It is not easy to distinguish it from a star. In history, it has been mistaken for many times that stars are loaded into star maps. Introduction to Neptune The average distance from the sun is arranged from near to far, and Neptune ranks eighth.

Its brightness is 7.85 and so on, which can only be seen in a telescope. Because it is a light blue planet, it is named Neptune according to the traditional planetary nomenclature.

Neptune is the sea god who rules the ocean in Roman mythology. He is in charge of the universe of13, which is quite amazing. Neptune's astronomical symbol symbolizes the cold shiny fork in Neptune's hand. Asteroids refer to small celestial bodies that are mostly distributed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and orbit around the sun along elliptical orbits.

180 1 year, Italian astronomer Piazi discovered a star in the position predicted by his predecessors, and later named it ceres. However, after further observation and calculation, it is found that Ceres is too small to be compared with the existing planets in any case, so Ceres is characterized as an "asteroid".

Then people discovered pallas Athena, Vesta, Vesta and other asteroids.

2. What are some interesting tips for astronomical science popularization?

Interesting astronomical knowledge includes light years, units of distance, the color of the sun, the planet with the highest surface temperature in the solar system, the planet with the fastest surface wind speed in the solar system and the planet with endless days in the solar system.

1 and light years are units of distance.

Light years are astronomical large-scale distance units, not time units. In view of the fact that the speed of light is constant in a vacuum and is not limited by inertial and reference systems, human beings regard the speed of light as an accurate unit for measuring distance, which has another meaning, because "light year" contains the word "year", and year is usually a unit of time.

A light year is the distance that light travels for one year, which is defined by the scientific community as Julian year: 365.25 years; The exact distance of such a light-year is 9460730472580800m, which is about 9.46 trillion kilometers in common parlance. At present, the farthest human probe is Voyager 1, which was launched on 1977. It is about 21600 million kilometers away from the earth, only 0.22 light years away.

2. The color of the sun

The true color of the sun is white. We think the sun is yellow because the earth's atmosphere is unlikely to scatter high-wavelength colors, such as red, orange and yellow.

So the colors of these wavelengths are what we see, which is why the sun is yellow. If you leave the earth to see the sun in space, you will find that the true color of the sun is Baise (I have never seen it before, and I wonder if I will find my eyes blinded).

3. The planet with the highest surface temperature in the solar system

The planet with the highest surface temperature in the solar system is not Mercury nearest to the sun, but Venus. Although Mercury is closest to the sun, its surface temperature can reach 427℃ during the day. Venus has a strong greenhouse effect because of its high density of carbon dioxide gas.

Its surface temperature can reach 500℃, even at night on Venus, it exceeds 400℃, making the average surface temperature of Venus exceed 400℃. By the way, Mercury is the planet with the largest surface temperature difference in the solar system, because its nighttime temperature can drop to-183℃, and the surface temperature difference between day and night is as high as 600℃.

4. The planet with the fastest surface wind speed in the solar system.

Neptune's Great Black Spot is a black spot that appears on Neptune, just like Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was detected by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989. Although it seems to be the same as Jupiter's Great Red Spot, it is an anticyclonic storm and is considered as a relatively cloudless area.

This spot is about the size of the earth, and it is also very similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. At first, it was thought to be the same storm as the Great Red Spot, but closer observation showed that it was black and oval.

The wind speed around the big black spot is as high as 2400 kilometers per hour (1500 miles), which is the fastest wind in the solar system. The big black spots are thought to be holes produced when Neptune is covered with methane, similar to ozone holes on the earth.

5. Planets in the solar system with a life span of several years.

Venus period of revolution has 224.7 Earth days, and its rotation period is 243 Earth days, which means that Venus' day is 18 Earth days longer than the previous day, so where is the real "like a year"?

As for the reason, it is still inconclusive, but it should be noted that Venus is the only big planet in the solar system that rotates in the opposite direction, and its rotation direction is from east to west, which means that the sun rises in the west and sets in the east when viewed from Venus.

3. Universal common sense

In natural science, astronomy is a basic subject to study the movement, structure, origin and evolution of various celestial bodies in the cosmic environment outside the earth. Its history can be traced back to the embryonic period of human civilization. In ancient times, nomadic people needed to identify the direction when they migrated by aquatic plants, and agricultural people needed to determine the season when they planted seeds on time. In the long-term practice year after year, they gradually discovered the close relationship between these major events affecting their lives and astronomical phenomena such as the sun, the moon and the stars. Babylonian clay tablets, Egyptian pyramids and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in China Yin Ruins all left rich examples of the birth of astronomy. Astronomy has always made great contributions to the progress of human civilization. /kloc-Heliocentrism of Copernicus liberated natural science from the shackles of medieval theology for the first time in the 6th century. The classical mechanical system established by Galileo and Newton in the17th century to study the laws of motion of celestial bodies in the solar system is still the basis of modern engineering science (including aerospace science). The research on the internal structure and energy of the sun and stars in the 1930s produced the concept of thermonuclear fusion, which provided enlightenment for human beings to use nuclear energy. Especially in the past half century, human's enthusiasm for exploring the universe, on the one hand, has strongly promoted the development of a series of high and new technologies such as telemetry and telecontrol, space technology and computing technology, and directly served the national economic departments such as global communication, resource investigation and weather forecast. The application of these technologies in astronomy has made people's understanding of the universe advance by leaps and bounds. For the first time, it can be explained from the unified principle, from elementary particles to chemical elements, from galaxies to stars, from the sun to the earth, from protozoa to humans, it is tens of billions.

The earth where we live is an ordinary member of the solar system. The central celestial body of the solar system is the sun, which is a gas ball with a radius of about 700,000 kilometers and a surface temperature of 6000K K. Its core temperature is as high as1.5,000 K, and a nuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium occurs. The light and heat on which we live are produced by this nuclear reaction. There are nine planets in the solar system, namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The outermost Pluto is about 6 billion kilometers away from the sun. There are thousands of asteroids running between Mars and Jupiter. There are comets and meteors in the solar system.

There is a band of light across the sky in the clear night sky, which is called the Milky Way. In fact, it is a huge celestial system composed of stars and diffuse matter, called the Milky Way. The luminous part of the Milky Way is about 70,000 light years in diameter and 20,000 light years in maximum thickness, like a rotating discus with a flat protrusion in the center. The sun is an ordinary star in the Milky Way. There are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, which are far apart from each other. Proxima centauri, which is closest to the sun, is also 4.3 light years away, which is 60 million times the radius of the sun. In addition to stars, there are many gas and dust masses in the Milky Way, called nebulae. Some nebulae contain a large number of molecules, called molecular clouds, which are often the places where stars form.

Outside the Milky Way, there are1000 billion huge celestial systems, which belong to the same structural level as the Milky Way and are collectively called galaxies. Andromeda galaxy, the farthest celestial body visible to the naked eye, is one of them. It is 2.25 million light-years away from the Milky Way, but it is the nearest galaxy of the same size. The distribution of galaxies in the universe is uneven, some in pairs, some in groups, and large clusters of galaxies even contain hundreds of galaxies. Some galaxy clusters have gathered into larger supercluster, and no uneven signs have been found between more than 500 million light-years and 654.38+0.5 billion light-years observed so far.

You must also want to know these interesting cold knowledge in the universe.

1, starlight hundreds of years ago. A lot of starlight we see now is the light emitted by that star hundreds of years later. Because of the long distance, it takes hundreds of years for a star to reach the earth.

2. The sunshine eight minutes ago. The sunshine we bathe in is actually the light from the sun eight minutes ago. What a surprise! Actually, it's the same as above. The distance between the earth and the sun is about 65.438+0.49 billion kilometers, according to the speed of light propagation. It takes more than 8 minutes for sunlight to travel from the sun to the earth.

The moon is leaving us. When Apollo successfully landed on the moon, astronauts at that time installed some mirror-like rangefinders on the moon. After that, scientists fired lasers at these mirrors from the earth in order to observe the moon, and measured the distance between the earth and the moon through the round-trip time of the laser. The results show that the moon is about 3.8 cm away from the earth every year. The reason for staying away may be due to the continuous expansion of the universe.

4. A planet full of diamonds. That sounds tempting. It seems that diamonds are scattered on the surface of the diamond planet, but it is actually a rocky planet. There is no water source on the surface of diamond planet, and its main components are carbon (graphite and diamond), iron, silicon carbide and undetermined silicate.

We know little about the universe. Despite the advanced science, we still know very little about the universe. The stars that we can see with the naked eye only account for 5% of the universe.

6. Footprints that will not disappear. In the last century, when man took a small step on the moon, that footprint was likely to stay there all the time. Because the moon has no atmosphere, and there are no traces of wind and water washing away the surface of the moon.

7. Interesting Venus. Venus takes 224 days to orbit the sun, but it takes 243 days to orbit itself. In other words, a year on Venus is equivalent to 224 days on Earth, and a day on Venus is equivalent to 243 days on Earth. This also means that the days on Venus are getting longer and longer. Moreover, Venus is the only planet in the solar system that revolves around the sun.

5. Know little about the universe

The universe is a unity composed of space, time, matter and energy.

It is the synthesis of all space and time. Generally speaking, the universe refers to a space-time continuous system in which we exist, including all the matter, energy and events in it.

According to the Big Bang model, the universe is about 20 billion years old. Among the celestial bodies in the solar system, the surface temperature of Mercury and Venus is about 700K, and the surface of Venus is covered with dense carbon dioxide atmosphere and sulfuric acid cloud, and the air pressure is about 50 atmospheres, but the surface atmosphere of Mercury and Mars is extremely thin, and the atmospheric pressure of Mercury is even less than 2* 10-9 mbar; Earth-like planets (Mercury, Venus and Mars) all have a solid surface, while wood-like planets are fluid planets. The average density of Saturn is 0.70g/cm3, which is smaller than that of water. The average density of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune is slightly higher than that of water, while the density of Mercury, Venus and Earth is more than five times that of water. Most planets rotate in the forward direction, while Venus rotates in the reverse direction. The surface of the earth is full of vitality, while other planets are an empty and desolate world.

The sun is a common and typical star in the star world. It is found that some red giant stars are thousands of times the diameter of the sun.

Neutron stars are only tens of thousands of times the diameter of the sun; The luminosity of Supergiant star is as high as several million times that of the sun, while the luminosity of white dwarfs is less than several hundred thousand times that of the sun. The density of red Supergiant star is as small as one millionth of that of water, while the density of white dwarfs and neutron stars can be as high as10000000 times and10000000000 times of that of water, respectively.

The surface temperature of the sun is about 6000 K, that of the O star is 30000K, and that of the infrared star is only about 600 K. The average magnetic field strength of the sun is 1* 10-4 Tesla, and the magnetic fields of some magnetic white dwarfs are usually thousands or tens of thousands of gauss (1 gauss =/kloc-0.

Some stars are basically constant in luminosity, while others are constantly changing, which is called variable stars. Some variable stars have periodic photometric changes, ranging from 1 hour to hundreds of days.

The luminosity of some variable stars changes suddenly, among which the most drastic changes are nova and supernova, and their luminosity can be increased by tens of thousands or even hundreds of millions of times in a few days. Stars tend to cluster into binary stars or clusters, which may account for 1/3 of the total number of stars.

There are dozens, hundreds or even hundreds of thousands of star clusters. Cosmic matter not only forms stars and planets in dense form, but also forms interstellar matter in dispersed form.

Interstellar matter includes interstellar gas and dust, with an average of only one atom per cubic centimeter, forming nebulae of various shapes in highly dense places. In addition to the stars and nebulae that emit visible light, there are also ultraviolet objects, infrared objects, X-ray sources, gamma-ray sources and radio sources in the universe.

Galaxies can be divided into elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, rod-shaped spiral galaxies, lens galaxies and irregular galaxies. In the 1960s, many extragalactic objects were discovered, which are experiencing explosions or throwing out huge amounts of matter, and they are collectively called active galaxies, including various radio galaxies, Seifert galaxies, N-type galaxies, Makarian galaxies, BL-type celestial bodies in Boetes, quasars and so on.

Many galactic nuclei have large-scale activities: airflow with a speed of several Qian Qian meters per second, energy output with a total energy of 65,438+0,055 Joules, mass and particle ejection, intense light changes and so on. There are various extreme physical states in the universe: ultra-high temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high density, ultra-vacuum, ultra-high magnetic field, ultra-high speed motion, ultra-high speed rotation, ultra-large-scale space-time, superfluidity, superconductivity and so on.

It provides an ideal experimental environment for us to understand the objective material world.

6. There are two kinds of little knowledge about the universe (not websites).

▲ The universe is infinite [just like the surface of the earth, it has a certain size (that is, it is limited), but it has no edges. The universe is also limited, but the gravity of the universe itself is so great that the space in the universe bends back to itself (just like a circle, only four-dimensional). ]

▲ There is no matter (including time, space and light) outside the universe, so there is no "thing".

But some scientists believe that there are other "universes" besides our universe.

▲ When a star whose mass is more than 0/00 times that of the sun/kloc runs out of fuel, its huge gravity will compress its volume to "0". The density of this point will be infinite, the gravity will be great, and even the space can be bent to attract light, electricity, signals and so on (this point is called a black hole).

7. A little common sense about space, introduce space.

The space outside the earth's atmosphere, the whole space outside the atmosphere.

Space physicists divide the atmosphere into five layers: troposphere (sea level to 10 km), stratosphere (10~40 km), mesosphere (40~80 km), thermosphere (ionosphere, 80~370 km) and outer atmosphere (ionosphere, more than 370 km). About 3/4 of the atmosphere above the earth is in the troposphere, and 97% is below the stratosphere. The outer edge of the stratosphere is the highest limit for an aircraft to fly with air support.

Some high-altitude rockets can enter the middle layer. The lowest orbit of the satellite is in the thermocline, and its air density is 1% of the earth's surface.

At the height of 16000km, air continues to exist, and even at the height of 10000km, there are still air particles. From a strictly scientific point of view, there is no clear boundary between airspace and outer space, but they are gradually integrated.

The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space pointed out that it is impossible to put forward accurate and lasting scientific standards to divide the boundary between outer space and airspace. In recent years, people tend to take the minimum height of artificial satellites from the ground (100 ~110) km as the lowest limit of outer space.