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[Nazca line drawing]

Nazca line drawing

Nazca line (Nazca? Lines)? Nazca, located in southern Peru, is a puzzle that has existed for 2000 years: a line that stretches for several kilometers and forms various vivid patterns, engraved on the earth. Up to now, no one can understand-who created Nazca lines, how they were created, and what mysterious lines mean, so Nazca lines are included in the top ten puzzles.

catalogue

Line discovery

Protection work

Related speculation

manufacturing process

Protection work

manufacturer

Correlation connection

launch

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Discovery process

One day, two Americans came to Nazca Plateau in southern Peru and looked at a sign that stretched for miles. It looks like it was painted on a huge and mysterious piece of paper. Thousands of pale lines point in all directions on the vast desert.

They were deeply attracted by the lines such as the airport runway in the Nazca desert. "We have thousands of questions about these strange relics, and suddenly found that the setting position of the sunset is almost at the end of one of the long lines! After a while, we remembered that it was June 22, the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, with the shortest day in a year. "

distribution range

After the news that the "Nazca Line" has hidden giant patterns was announced, experts from all over the world went to carry out research work. Experts found that most of the lines and figures are distributed in a complete area in southern Peru, which is surrounded by the Ingino River (Rio? In Enio), south to Nazca River (Rio? Nazca), covering an area of 200 square miles. Because the pattern is very huge, you can only see the whole picture of the pattern at an altitude of more than 300 meters, so it is generally

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From the horizontal point of view of the ground, people can only see irregular pits, and they can't know that these irregular lines are actually huge patterns. According to the researchers' findings, these patterns scraped off the surface of the brown rock layer on the ground by several centimeters, thus exposing the light-colored rock layer below. The average width of each tunnel line formed is about 10 to 20 centimeters, and the longest is about 10 meter. Therefore, the patterns composed of these lines with different lengths have different areas. For example, one of the animal patterns is 200 meters long.

They said, I found the biggest gobbledygook in the world! ? The discovery of the Kosok couple shocked the world archaeological community. Archaeologists came to Nazca Plateau one after another. They not only found more straight lines and curved patterns, but also found huge animal shapes on the desert floor and adjacent hillsides, which made those patterns even more confusing: a slender-waist spider with a length of 45 meters, a hummingbird with a length of about 300 meters and a capuchin monkey with a length of 108 meters. Today, archaeologists have found thousands of such lines, some of which are 8 kilometers long, and there are dozens of figures, including 18 birds.

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After a detailed study of ceramic fragments embedded in lines by experts, it is confirmed that "Nazca lines" have existed for more than two thousand years. They speculate that these "patterns" were completed in two stages, the shortest of which is at least 1400 years old. These giant patterns can be preserved for thousands of years without being destroyed by nature, which is actually related to the climate of Nazca Plain. Nazca Plain is an arid and barren plateau. Because the rubble all over the plateau absorbs and retains the heat energy of the sun, it emits a warm air and forms a protective barrier in the air, making the wind on the plateau not as strong as that on the flat land. Coupled with its dry and arid climate, Nazca Plain has become one of the driest areas in the world. Some experts have come to the conclusion that due to this climatic condition, this vast plateau with no wind and no rain and an area of 200 square miles is an ideal place to draw "Nazca lines".

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Line supervisor

Nazca and Jumana Prairie are located about 400 kilometers south of Lima. On the arid grassland off the coast of Peru? It covers about 450 square kilometers. ? These line drawings were drawn between 500 BC and 500 AD. In terms of their number, natural state, size and continuity, they are one of the most difficult mysteries in archaeology. ? Some line drawings depict living animals, plants, imaginary images and geometric figures several kilometers long. ? These objects are considered to be used for religious ceremonies related to astronomy.

Nazca line drawing appeared in about 1 century. In the vast desert, some people etched the patterns of giant birds and beasts with reticulate patterns.

Nazca line painting is a giant, carved in the Pampa? anio desert of Nazca Valley. There are straight lines, geometric figures, birds and beasts and other figures. On the ground, they look like winding paths on crimson gravel. Only by looking down from the air can these lines show the huge figures of various animals.

For example: a 50-meter Okumo; Giant vulture with wingspan120m; A lizard is180m long; A monkey is 100 meters high.

These labyrinth patterns cover an area of 500 square kilometers. They are formed by removing hard surface stones to expose the yellow and white soil below.

About using

What are Nazca lines used for? It is generally believed that ancient Nazca people distributed water resources, and those patterns were the national emblems of different families. It was found that there were a lot of canals under the ground covered with those patterns. This statement is easier to accept, because Nazca Plain is a very desolate plain with almost no rainfall.

1983, an Italian archaeological team found a large number of pottery in Nazca area, all of which were decorated with some animal patterns. These patterns are repeated on a large scale in the desert. The similarity of these patterns makes people believe in mysterious lines.

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This article was written by ancient Nazca people. ? According to the different pottery styles of Nazca, archaeologists divide Nazca civilization into five periods. Archaeologists found pottery in the stratum where the line was located. Being in the same stratum, the age of Nazca lines is very close to that of pottery. Through the determination of pottery carbon 14, people get the age of pottery, and indirectly conclude that the production age of Nazca lines is from 200 BC to 300 AD.

The most common in Nazca Plain are yellow sand and clay, which are covered with a thin layer of volcanic rocks and gravel, blackened and darkened by long-term wind and sun. Drawing lines on these so-called natural blackboards is nothing more than the ancient Nazca people scraping off a few centimeters thick rock layer to expose the pale soil below. In another climate, severe external erosion may wear away these lines in a few months, but Nazca is one of the driest areas on earth, where there is almost no strong wind, so the wind erosion is minimal. The barren Nazca Plateau is so barren and isolated. All these have provided conditions for the preservation of Nazca lines to this day.

Since 1926 discovered these patterns, people have different opinions, but the intention of these patterns is still a mystery. Alfred krupp and Migia Axby, who first noticed these patterns, thought these were irrigation canals. Later, Axby thought that these trails had something to do with the Inca Empire? Similar to the "Holy Road", those circular pyramid-shaped stone piles are the "focus" (that is, the intersection of these lines) and may also be places for sacrificial activities. When Paul Kausuke arrived there on the summer solstice of 194 1, he happened to observe that the sun had just set at the end of these red bars. This wonderful phenomenon, in his view, is the largest astronomical document in the world.

Conjecture 1: planetary motion

Maria Reincher, a German scholar, put forward the same theory after more than 30 years of painstaking research. She explained that these straight lines and spirals represent the movements of planets, while those animal figures represent constellations. Among all the theories, the most famous but far-fetched one is the explanation given by eric feng Denken in his book "Chariots of God": These are entrance marks for aliens to visit. Another equally whimsical story is that in ancient times, people here left such residues on hot air balloons. This conjecture is based on the fact that these patterns can only be seen clearly in the air, and some people say that many of them seem to be traces left by burning substances when the balloon flies off the ground. However, George von Bruening claimed that this was the track left by the race.

Conjecture 2: Map

Archaeologist Josie Rancio explained all this more directly and simply with a map marked with a

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Some passages leading to important places, such as underground canals and so on. There is much less debate about the formation time of these patterns.

The latest estimate of archaeologists appeared around 1 century, earlier than the original estimate. However, whether experts or non-professional analysts, it is undoubtedly hard to resist its charm. ? In order to keep them alive, some protective measures were taken today. For example, tourists are not allowed to walk or drive there. Twenty kilometers north of Nazca, a watchtower was built, which provided an opportunity for tourists who were not suitable for flying to look at three of the patterns obliquely. If you stand on a flat ground and watch, these wonderful patterns will lose all their charm immediately, because they are too big and changeable to be detected.

Nazca Valley, a vast archaeological fertile ground, also gave birth to a series of Kawasaki conical towers. There are many adobe buildings and buildings bound together with wooden strips, rattan and bamboo. And covered with mud), although they are unremarkable, there are several buildings and canals that are unusual. They may be places for public gatherings to hold commemorative activities.

Special temple

This is a tower-shaped temple with stone steps, which is built on a slope and gradually rises to 20 meters with the slope. In front of the temple and at the highest place, there are rectangular walls made of adobe. There are earthen houses and some squares around the temple foundation, the largest of which is 45×75 meters. In the early period of Nazca culture (A.D. 100-800), priests occupied a place. But little is known about religious activities there. But later generations can infer from the animal patterns on pottery and textiles there that several animals were regarded as sacred at that time, such as cats. in addition

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In addition, there are some tombs in different periods. From some humble caves, people also excavated some things that were used by Naxi scholars at that time.

Pottery and eaten food.

Many museums in Peru store many ceramic products showing Nazca culture in different periods, the most famous of which is a fine product stored in Lima. Early pottery pots are characterized by their realistic descriptions, as well as various birds and animals (vultures, camels, hummingbirds and other animals) and crops (corn, peppers, Lima beans, etc.). ) is painted in various colors. The patterns in the later period are abstract, while the pots themselves are stupid.

difficult problem

Archaeologists have done a lot of work to solve the mystery of the ancient city of Tiavanaco. Wendell Bennett, an American archaeologist, put forward his own opinion according to the excavation results in 1930s, and thought that Tiavanaco experienced three different cultural periods. It can be called early stage, classical stage and fading stage respectively. In 1950s, the Bolivian archaeologist Carlos Pons Sá nchez led an archaeological team to conduct a large-scale excavation, and it was found that there were five ancient city ruins under the abandoned city of Tiavanaco, which were stacked one by one. Therefore, Sanchez believes that Tiavanaco has experienced five historical periods, from 200 BC to 1200, which lasted nearly 1400.

There are not many materials found in the ruins of this five-story ancient city, so? The question of which nation built Tiavanaco, whether it was a religious holy city or the ancient capital of an empire, and why it was abolished after several promotions remains unanswered. How long is the history of Tijuana Cocoa City and Sun Gate? This has become the focus of debate in archaeology.

It is said that there are some overgrown artificial mounds on the ruins of Tiavanaco, covering an area of 4,000 square meters. So far, no one has excavated these mysterious mounds. I hope that one day, archaeologists can find the key to the mystery of the ancient city from under these mysterious mounds. Ps: Google? You can see this miracle by typing1441'1.61"s and 75 10' 23.26" w on the earth.

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straight line

However, the lines of Nazca are so huge that people can't recognize them on the ground, so that they were not discovered from the plane until the 1940s. However, these lines were created 2000 years ago, when people could not master modern flying technology. So, how did the ancient Nazca people design and manufacture these huge lines, arcs and animal patterns when they couldn't see the whole picture at all?

Maria reiche, a German mathematician, devoted her life to Nazca lines. As a mathematician, she especially wanted to know whether those Nazca people followed geometric principles when designing and drawing lines. She found many lines crawling across the valley and keeping a long distance. It is likely that drawing lines between stakes is the standard for drawing lines. As long as the three stakes keep a straight line in the visual range, the whole line can keep a straight line.

In the 1980s, students in Nazca Town, led by Lai Xie, demonstrated how the ancients made Nazca lines: first, mark a straight line with posts and ropes; Then, the black stone on the surface was taken away, and shining white sand leaked from below, which set off against the surrounding rocks rich in iron ore, so a line appeared. Perhaps this is the true face of Nazca lines.

Although Reicher's experiment vividly verified her hypothesis, there is one thing that her experiment can't explain, that is, Nazca not only has a large number of straight lines, but also many patterns composed of arcs, for example, monkeys with a length exceeding 100 meters.

arc

Lesher devoted her life to answering the secret of Nazca, and finally found the most suitable answer at the end of her life. Those arcs can be drawn by fixing one end of the line and rotating the other end on the ground, just like drawing with a compass. Reicher's research also shows that ancient Nazca people would design patterns on a small piece of land about 1.8 meters in advance. She found these clay sketches next to several larger designs. The designer determined the proper proportion of arc, center point and radiation line on the sketch, and then enlarged it appropriately.

The core of Lai Xie's life is the still desert and its inhabitants. Gradually, this thin and sturdy woman wearing simple cotton clothes and rubber slippers became a hero in Peru. The whole town of Nazca celebrated her birthday and named a school and a street after her. Until the 1980s, the old lady was still obsessed with the secret of Nazca before her death. ...

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Although Reicher gave a detailed demonstration, her explanation of how giant lines were carved was not generally accepted. A fatal problem of Reichel's theory is that it can't explain how those irregular patterns are formed. Like Okumo and the amazing shepherd. Obviously, the patterns of spiders and shepherds were not drawn on the vast ground by the ancient Nazca people randomly or unintentionally, but they had to have a design blueprint before they could be made. However, our problem comes back to the front again. How did the ancient Nazca people enlarge the appearance on the drawings to 10000 square meters or more? How do they ensure that the pattern will not be deformed or out of shape during the construction process? You know, people can't recognize the shapes of these lines on the ground!

guess

Perhaps, we have overlooked the simplest assumption: ancient Nazca people are likely to artificially build a magnificent platform on the ground to supervise the manufacture of huge Nazca lines!

Not far from Nazca, there are some pyramids, which are the masterpieces of Maya. So, did the ancient Nazca people also build a pyramid-like control tower to supervise the production of giant wires? With the passage of time, the control tower on the Nazca Plateau gradually disappeared, and finally, only those mysterious lines remained?

However, it is not only unthinkable to build such a high observation platform, but more importantly, where did the materials needed to build this platform come from? Before 2000, Nazca was dry and rainy, so it was impossible to grow dense trees, and the high platform could not be made of wood. If soil is used, then the surface here is mainly gravel, with only a small amount of sand, and there is not enough soil to build such a high platform; If rocks are used, why didn't we find a large-scale material quarry in Nazca today?

It seems that the idea of building a high platform on the ground seems untenable.

Nowadays, the Nazca line attracts more and more tourists. If you want to enjoy the whole line, you must take the light plane provided by the local area. Among many tourists, there are many explorers who have a strong interest in the unknown. Woodman is such a person. He is not only the president of Florida Airlines, but also a member of the International Adventure Association.

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When he flew over Nazca by plane, a light suddenly appeared in his mind. Did the ancient Nazca people use flying machines to supervise the production of lines?

More evidence convinced Woodman of his conclusion: the Incas, descendants of Nazca people in Peru's mountainous areas, still have the legend of flying objects, and many pieces of Nazca pottery and fabric are decorated with flying patterns, including balloon kites and flying people like birds.

Excited, Woodman began to use an experimental archaeological method to prove his bold hypothesis. He decided to make a hot air balloon modeled after the ancient Nazca people and named it "Vulture One", a giant bird flying high in the Andes. In order to convince people, Woodman knew that the materials used to make Vulture I must be as close as possible to those used by ancient Nazca people, and the balloon style was the same as the flying pattern on Nazca pottery.

1976165438+1October, the 26-meter-high vulture No.1 was finally completed. People built a stove on the ground to generate enough hot air to fill balloons. A few days later, at 5: 30 in the morning, Woodman and a hot air balloon champion flew into the sky in it. In just a few seconds, they quickly climbed 122 meters in the desert.

There was cheers on the ground and the experiment was successful. Ancient Nazca people could indeed fly into the air by hot air balloon, but the next thing was frustrating, because the balloon stayed in the air for only three minutes, which was obviously far from enough to build a huge Nazca line.

How are Nazca lines made? People's exploration seems to have come to an end. The answer to the question may be behind these magical lines, but it has been lost in time now.

However, the enthusiasm of human exploration has not stopped.

Edit the protection work in this paragraph.

After a detailed study of ceramic fragments embedded in lines by experts, it is confirmed that "Nazca lines" have existed for many years. They speculate that these "patterns" were completed in two stages, the shortest of which is at least 1400 years old. These giant patterns can be preserved for thousands of years without being destroyed by nature, which is actually related to the climate of Nazca Plain. Nazca Plain is an arid and barren plateau. Because the rubble all over the plateau absorbs and retains the heat energy of the sun, it emits a warm air and forms a protective barrier in the air, making the wind on the plateau not as strong as that on the flat land. Coupled with the dry climate and no rain for many years, Nazca Plain has become one of the driest areas on earth. Some experts have come to the conclusion that this vast plateau with no wind and no rain and an area of 200 square miles was the ideal place to draw "Nazca lines" in that year.

meaning

If we can't explain how these lines are made, maybe we can go back and examine the meaning of these mysterious lines, which will help us to study their manufacture.

Von Daniken gives Nazca lines a mysterious aura. In the book Chariots of the Gods, the hotel manager proposed that the Nazca Line is a runway used by alien planes. He believes that unidentified angels landed on the Nazca Plateau at some time in ancient times, where they built runways for their planes. His evidence is the lines that look like airport runways.

Von Daniken's works became international bestsellers immediately after they came out in 1968, which also made Nazca lines gain higher popularity. However, scientists abandoned his view without thinking. They think that this madman has no scientific knowledge at all, because not only does the spaceship need a runway, but also the soft sand of Nazca is not suitable for any heavy aircraft to land. In that case, I'm afraid these space pilots will get stuck in the soil and their feet will not come out!

Although von Daniken's "Alien Hypothesis" was widely ridiculed by the scientific community, it inspired some people. People turned their attention to the sky. Will ancient Nazca people draw patterns on the ground with reference to the constellations in the sky? It can be seen from archaeological discoveries that ancient people worshipped astronomical phenomena extremely. The Big Dipper pattern made of shells was unearthed in a Neolithic tomb in Puyang, China. So, did the ancient Nazca people make lines like this?

But the astrology is constantly changing, and it is impossible to produce projection under the starry sky.

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Ancient Nazca people

1983, an Italian archaeological team came here. They found an ancient city called Kawachi at the southern end of Nazca. There are wide squares, magnificent stone steps and dozens of pyramids about 30 meters high. However, what puzzles archaeologists is that the bustling town center and the remains of military activities have not been found in Kawachi City. On the contrary, the city seems to be used only for religious ceremonies and festivals.

So, where did the ancient Nazca people live?

Soon, people found a lot of traces of life in a place called Ventura at the northern end of the Nazca line. Although it has been partially destroyed by agricultural cultivation, there is enough evidence to show that it is a real town. In Ventura, the living area of ancient Nazca people, in the middle of Kavachi, a sacrificial area, it is a famous Nazca line area. We can imagine that before 2000, the ancient Nazca people would come to Kavachi for a large-scale pilgrimage and sacrifice every festival, and before they arrived there, they had to go through the vast Nazca line.

The Nazca line is located in such an important position!

There is no doubt that these mysterious lines are closely related to sacrificial activities. So, what did the ancient Nazca people sacrifice?

Modern ethnology believes that the most important thing for a primitive people to survive is often what they have to sacrifice and pray for. What do people in Nazca lack most? It's water

The reliable water source for modern Nazca people's life and agriculture is the majestic Andes. From the area below Kahuachi, droughts occur regularly every year. Rivers flow through these mountainous areas only in two short seasons. At some time in ancient times, Nazca people built a huge irrigation system, and ditches of 150 km crisscrossed this area. Most of these ditches are buried deep underground and have entrances and exits. And the scope of these ditches happens to be the area of Nazca line!

1553, the Spanish occupied this place. The occupier once left such a record: "People here ignore the will of God (the God of Spain) and live according to strange laws." There is also a legend that these people thought that the Spanish invaders, the creator of the Inca, Veracocha had returned to the earth, so they didn't resist at all.

Vilacocha

But there are few objections to the mythical figure "Veracocha". When and who were the builders of Tijuana Branch and Sun Gate? Archaeologists have fully demonstrated.

Let's start with "Veracocha".

Sitting on the floor of the underground temple in Tijuana, there is a upturned neck and an upturned face-scholars say that this is the legendary Veracocha. Many centuries ago, an unknown craftsman carved the portrait of Veracocha on a tall red stone pillar. Despite being eroded by the wind and sand, the face presented in this portrait is still so peaceful and quiet, revealing an inexplicable and frightening power. ...

His forehead is wide, his eyes are big and round, his lips are full and his nose is straight. Although his nose is narrow, it extends to the nostrils on both sides. The most striking feature of this face is his strange and formidable beard, which makes his chin look wider than his temples. After careful observation, archaeologists found that when carving this portrait, the craftsman deliberately made his lips and cheeks parallel to the tip of the nose, then stretched the corners of his mouth down exaggeratedly, forming a mighty goatee on his chin, and then turned back to his temple along the jawbone.

Strange animal images are carved on both sides of his head, above and below his ears. Strictly speaking, what is strange is not the characters, but the animals themselves, because they look like prehistoric mammals, with huge bodies, clumsy manners, swollen tails and deformed limbs.

This stone statue of Veracocha has some interesting features. For example, his hands and arms crossed on his chest, and he hugged his elegant robe. On both sides of the robe, a long snake is carved, winding from the ground to Veracocha's shoulder.

The "temple" dedicated to the statue of Veracocha is open-air, located in a rectangular hole, shaped like a swimming pool, 6 feet deep. The floor of the temple is paved with hard and smooth gravel, about 40 feet long and 30 feet wide. The wall is very strong and straight, consisting of many square stones of different sizes and perfectly matched, and no plaster is used at the joints. Along the wall, a tall and rough stone pillar stands at regular intervals.

The statue of Villaco is about 7 feet high, facing south and facing away from the ancient coastline of Lake Titicaca. This obelisk stands in the center of the temple, representing Veracocha, and there are two smaller stone tablets behind it, which obviously represent the legendary disciples of Veracocha.

As early as16th century, a group of Spaniards looking for "Huang Jinguo" had been here. What they saw at that time was already a desolate ruin. These Spaniards learned from the Indians who lived in the neighborhood. The ancient city of Tiavanaco, which was seen by the Incas who came here many years before them/kloc-0.00, is already a ruined city. According to the local Indian legend, Tiavanaco was built overnight by a giant of unknown origin after the flood receded. However, they didn't believe the prediction that the sun would rise, and as a result, it was destroyed by the sun, and even their palace was reduced to ashes. This legend puts a mysterious coat on the ancient city of Tiavanaco, which does not help to understand the origin of the city.

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What's the connection between water and Nazca lines?

David Johnson, a researcher at the University of Massachusetts, has been studying the ancient irrigation system in Nazca for many years. The underground rock fault caused by ancient volcanic activity became the natural channel for ancient Nazca people to draw water. 1997 One day, David was exploring a rock fault on the mountain. He walked over a small ridge. In front of us is the magnificent Nazca system and linear community, pointing to the fault where David is going. At this time, he suddenly realized that there was water under him. David later recalled, "I immediately sat down and looked up and said,' My God, I think I know what this means!'" " "

David believes that these huge numbers, and the lines that are several kilometers long between them, are the marks used by Nazca people to record the location of underground water sources. Just like the water supply system drawings of our city today, these mysterious lines are just their own water supply system drawings drawn by ancient Nazca people. And below it, it is the most precious water conservancy system used by ancient people for drinking water irrigation of Nazca people!

According to the findings of David and other scientists, we can infer that the society of ancient Nazca was composed of many different families. In this regard, the patterns on pottery and fabrics unearthed in Nazca can provide us with sufficient evidence-the researchers found that the animal and plant patterns on those pottery and fabrics happened to be the totems worshipped by different families, that is, their respective family emblems. At the moment, the precious water in the Andes is slowly flowing along the natural fault below the Nazca area, and there have been many tragic wars between families for water resources. Finally, everyone realized that it was futile to solve the water source by war, and it was a waste of blood. So families finally reconciled, and people began to sit down and discuss how to use these public water sources in an orderly manner. A reasonable plan was finally accepted by all families. As a result, everyone returned to Ventura's residence, and the canal in Nazca was also distributed to different families. In order to distinguish their own water sources, each family drew its own unique family emblem on the ground according to the direction and scope of water flow, so spiders, monkeys, giant birds and so on on on pottery appeared on the Nazca Plateau from now on.

Although David's theory that Nazca patterns are related to water has been accepted by more and more scholars, people still can't answer the question of how Nazca patterns are formed, as Reichel, a German female scientist, said before her death, "We won't know all the answers".