What is the origin of China's poetry?

The source of China's poetry is The Book of Songs.

China is a country of poetry. The earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, collected folk songs and works of aristocratic literati from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (about11-6th century BC). After Confucius collected, sorted out and deleted, 305 articles were left. It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. Among them, Feng 160 songs, most of which are folk songs, are the essence of The Book of Songs. A small part is the works of the noble class. Among them, "Ya" is divided into "Ya" and "Ya", * *11article; The works of Ya are mostly the works of the upper class aristocrats, which are mainly narrative. In addition to aristocrats, "Xiaoya" has a small number of folk songs; There are 40 Odes, which are generally used for ancestral temple sacrifices. Formally speaking, most of them are four-character, but there are also a few irregular sentences, and the use of overlapping syntax reflects the vivid characteristics of folk songs; Technically speaking, it is mainly narrative, which is a narrative expression, whether it is aristocratic life or ordinary people's life.

Therefore, it can be said that The Book of Songs is the starting point and the originator of China literature. As a precious ivory tower and a palace of art, it has played an indelible role in promoting the development of poetry in later generations.

The Book of Songs was followed by the so-called era of Chu Ci. The Book of Songs and Songs of the South are two brilliant stars in China's classical literature. The differences are as follows: The Book of Songs is a poetry library from the early Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, while The Songs of Chu is a work of the Warring States Period; The Book of Songs is a collection of folk poems in northern China, while The Songs of the South of China is a collection of literature. The words and personnel in The Book of Songs are biased towards reality and belong to humanism. However, Songs of the South contains many myths, which tend to be idealistic and close to romanticism. The Book of Songs has short chapters and neat words, while The Songs of Chu has complicated chapters and uneven words.

Representative poets are Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Qu Yuan (343 BC? -290 BC) Ping Ming, whose name is Ling Jun ... His works include Li Sao, Nine Questions, Nine Songs, Huai Sha, Shejiang and many other poems. Among them, Li Sao and Tian Wen are famous. Among them, "only the grass and trees are scattered, and the beauty is afraid of dying." Do not cherish the strong, abandon filth, why not change this degree? Take the horse galloping, come to my way first! The purity of the past three times is where the public is. "Very famous, his disciple Song Yu is also particularly talented. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 16 articles, including his nine arguments and evocation, which are all recorded in Wang Yi's Songs of the South. Feng Fu, Gao, Goddess Fu and Disciple Fu are all excellent. In addition, according to Records of the Historian Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, "After Qu Yuan's death, there were Song Yu, Yue and Cha, all of whom were called Fu, and their status in the history of literature was extremely high.

The characteristics of Songs of the South are: strong local feelings; Rich in materials; Have clever sustenance; There are beautiful words. Break the pattern of four fonts, based on five, six and seven, and be good at using the natural rhythm of folk songs; The extensive use of modal particles "Xi" and "some" has become a remarkable feature of language forms. It laid a certain foundation for Ci and Fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

With the continuous evolution of language system and adapting to the needs of society. With the development of poetry in the Han Dynasty, many ci-fu writers and Han Yuefu poetry styles appeared. Yuefu poetry began to transition and evolve to five or seven words. The tunes are complicated and the words are miscellaneous. There are about 300 copies, and there are only about 100 copies in existence. It is divided into Han and Wei Yuefu and North and South Yuefu. There are songs describing the life of the nobility, as well as various songs of the common people, but they are not purely personal creations or temporary works. Most of them are collected by the people. Rich in content and sincere in feelings, such as "Song of Advocacy" is full of miscellaneous words, such as the fifteenth "Shangxie": Shangxie, I want to know you. Live a long life and never give up. The mountains have no graves, the rivers are exhausted, there is Lei Zhen in winter, and there is rain and snow in summer. Heaven and earth are in harmony. I dare to break up with you. "Sing" sunrise southeast corner, according to my Qin Lou. In Song of Harmony, Autumn Hu Xing and Song of Drinking are mixed with three, seven and eight words. Liu Shuige, Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Ci are all famous miscellaneous poems in Yuefu.

Syntactically, there are three-character, four-character, five-character and seven-character styles in the poems of Han Yuefu, and there are many complete five-character styles, but they are mainly miscellaneous. Judging from the text, there are short stories with less than a cross or only a dozen words, and there are also long stories with more than a thousand words. The theme village is also very extensive, with lyrical, narrative and philosophical works, but most of them are narrative themes reflecting social real life, which is its main feature. It is a song that can be appreciated, which forms the phenomenon of emphasizing sound over words. In terms of expression: the characters' personalities are expressed through their words and actions. The language is simple, natural and emotional, with free and diverse forms and romanticism. Yuefu in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's literary poems, which made the five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems gradually mature from germination.

Although Ci and Fu in Wei and Jin Dynasties occupied a certain political and literary position, the central culture was poetry, and the five-character style was mainly miscellaneous, which gradually made the five-character style mature. The representatives are Cao Shi and his son (Cao Pi, Cao Zhi). Cao Cao is known as the hero of China's poetry circle. (155-220) year. His main works include Ode to Shang Mo, Short Songs, A Journey to Bitter Cold, Watching the Sea, Tortoise and Longevity, etc. There are many famous sentences. For example, "Although returning to life", "An old horse crouches tiger, aiming at a thousand miles; In the year of martyrs, go forward bravely. " "Eat Zhiying, drink Liquan and stick Gui Zhipei Qiu Lan." "When you come to me, you are always very sad. I want to see your color, and I feel sad. I miss you often and I can't sleep at night. " Poems such as "A hermit is poor, brave and chivalrous" are worth learning and thinking by future generations. Make an indelible contribution to the poetics of the society at that time. His characteristic lies in expressing his feelings, reflecting his creative personality and aesthetic pursuit, and in his eclectic ideological and political strategy to attract talents, which promoted the creative enthusiasm and the atmosphere of mutual learning and exchange at that time. Develop strengths and avoid weaknesses, so that the two complement each other. Another point is that some of his political theories and thoughts have profoundly influenced the development of Cao Shi Brothers in the field of literature, and played an enlightening and promoting role.

Cao Pi (187—226), son of Cao Cao's second son Huan. When his father died, the heir was Prime Minister Wang Wei; In the same year, it was called Wei Wendi. ? Cao said in Preface to Dian Lun: "I recite poems less. And the dragon is going to read through the Five Classics, Han Shi, and a hundred schools of thought contend, which I can't finish. There are 60 books about poetry and fu. With wisdom, you can be brave and timid, and you can accept things with kindness and forgiveness, thus paying for the beauty of history. " There are about 40 complete poems in existence. Cao Pi's works include 23 volumes of Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, 5 volumes of Dian Lun and 3 volumes of Biography. Everything is lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian compiled The Collection of Wei Wendi, which was included in the three collections of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Notes on Cao Pi's novels, poems and literary works include Notes on Poems of Huang Jie, Wei Wendi and Wei Wudi, which was revised by People's Literature Publishing House on 1958 and renamed Notes on Poems of Wei Wudi and Wei Wendi.

Cao Zhi (192-232), Pi's younger brother, Zi Zijian, Pi's half-brother, was brilliant since childhood. When 10 was in his teens, he read and wrote hundreds of thousands of words, told vulgar stories and wrote chapters, which won Cao Cao's favor. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, it was named Pingyuan Hou. Because of his outstanding talent, he tried to establish a prince several times. After his father died, he lost his dependence and was persecuted by his brothers and nephews. In the sixth year of Taihe (232), he died of depression. Seven-step poem is a well-known story, its significance is no longer the value of the poem itself, it contains profound political connotation, and it has become a portrayal of brothers fighting for status, power and property in the long river of history. Luo Shenfu is also very famous, mainly to express their indignation and sadness when they are suppressed, and to show their desire not to be abandoned and to make contributions to the world. There are more than 80 poems by Cao Zhi. Cao Pi's "White Horse": mainly singing his ideals and ambitions, full of optimism and romance, full of confidence in the future; And the resentment of Noda oriole towards himself and his friends; Cao Zhi's poems are both literary and artistic, and have made great achievements. He explored the theme and content of poetry in many aspects, paid attention to the description of melody and skills in art, and was creative, which greatly enriched the artistic expression of poetry. His poems not only embody the elegance of The Book of Songs, but also contain the profundity and wonder of The Songs of the South. It not only inherits the brushwork of reflecting reality in Han Yuefu, but also retains the warm and sad artistic conception of 19 ancient poems. All this is condensed in the creation of five-character poems, which has formed his own style and completed the transformation from Yuefu folk songs to literati poems. This is the cause of an era, but it was completed through Cao Zhicai. Zhong Rong's evaluation of his poems in Shi Pin is: "The character is extremely high, the words are adopted by Hua Mao, the feelings are elegant and resentful, and the body is literary." With his outstanding creation, he has made great contributions to the transformation of China's classical poetry from plain folk songs to literati poems, and deserves to be the most outstanding representative of Jian 'an poetry circle.

The seven sons of Jian 'an in this period were Sima Qian, Ban Gu, Ban Jieyu, Sima Xiangru, Mei Cheng and Zou Yang, and RoyceWong, Ji Kang and Lu Ji were also famous at that time.

Since then, a great pastoral poet, Tao Yuanming, came into being at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty after a hundred years of silence. As a talented poet, (365-427) was the founder of hermit poetry. His works can be roughly divided into three periods. In the first period, before the age of 28, Tao Yuanming lived in poverty from childhood because of his father's early death. The second period, from the age of 29 in the eighteenth year of Taiyuan to the age of 4 1 in the first year of Emperor Yi Xi of Jinan. The third period is from the second year of Jin 'an Emperor Yi (406) to the fourth year of Yuanjia (427). More than 20 years after back in the game was the most abundant period of his creation. Most of the works describe rural scenery, which can be relaxed in Qingyuan, implying a deep and lush atmosphere, like a small scene in a cloud forest, sparse and faint, and the artistic conception is so far-reaching, like a glittering and translucent pearl jade. His works are very rich, and there are many famous sentences, so later Liu Zongyuan, Wang Anshi and Su Shi all studied but didn't arrive. Known as the floating clouds and wild cranes, chinese odyssey. We can wander through his works again, looking for the famous sentence that has been passed down to this day, "Birds love the old forest, but the fish in the pool are lost." "Dogs bark in deep lanes, chickens crow and mulberry trees jump." "Life is illusory, but it is always empty." "Living in the world, the years are sparse." "Life is rootless and floating like dust." "If you fall to the ground as a brother, why should you be flesh and blood!" "Building a house is in a humanistic environment, and there are no horses and chariots." "That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say." "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely." They are all well-known poems and imitated by later generations. Tao's poetry focuses on expressing emotion and ambition. His language, seemingly simple, is actually wonderful. In plain and mellow poems, there are warm feelings and a strong flavor of life. Tao Yuanming's Five Pastoral Poems is the best among pastoral poems. Xiao Tong praised "his prose is not crowded, his words are brilliant, his ups and downs are obvious, he is superior to others, and his cadence is as bright as Beijing". His immortal poems and great personality have influenced the thoughts and creations of several generations of literati such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Dongpo and Xin Qiji. He made inestimable contributions to the development and prosperity of China literature.

Twenty years later, a landscape poet Xie Lingyun appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. (385-433) He likes a bold and carefree life and is the pioneer of landscape poetry. But due to political problems, some poets are biased against him. At the same time, Bao Zhao, Xie Tiao, Ren and Wan Xin are all famous poets. But it can't lead the dominant position of the times.

Poetry in Sui Dynasty was left out in the cold. Due to the chaotic political situation and frequent wars, there are no great writers except Xue Daoheng and Yang Guang. The revival of poetry needs poets in the Tang Dynasty.

In the development history of Tang poetry for more than 300 years, there are many excellent works, which belong to the most prosperous period in the history of China literature. It integrated the achievements of poetry since the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties and developed the schools after the Song Dynasty. In terms of body language, there are five or seven miscellaneous words about Yuefu. With the motto: the holy spirit, Buddha, and ghosts are all; With melody words, it is elegant, broad-minded, meticulous and beautiful, pure and strange, and all-encompassing; In people's words, emperors and generals, villagers, women and children, shepherds, monks and Taoist priests all appeared together to play poetry.

The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty surpassed that of any previous era. It has also gradually changed from the imperfect state of Yongming style to the duality of four tones and the stereotype of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty, which is the evolution of Yongming style in continuous use. In order to distinguish it from classical poetry, Tang people named it modern poetry. According to the characteristics of Chinese characters, modern poetry has a rigorous style, harmony and beauty of form, exquisiteness and music. It has a strong artistic appeal and expressive force. The development of Tang poetry can be divided into three stages. In the early Tang Dynasty, the four great poets, Yang Jiong and Lu were all very talented young poets. For example, Wang Bo's "The sorrow of the Yangtze River has stagnated, and Wan Li will return. Autumn is crisp, and yellow leaves fly in the mountains. " And his famous sentence "Sunset and Loneliness in Qi Fei, Autumn Water * * * The sky is one color". Yang Jiong's Send to Linjin Mansion at least, Qilu, Wan Li, Jiangjin. The haze stays in the cover, and the strings play to promote flight. Terraced trees contain setting sun, and the pool wind is pan-early and cool. Words didn't say that finish, tears suddenly touched the petticoats. The writing is very touching. Why don't you give up your life? You'd rather be a mandarin duck than a fairy. " Wang's "the way of a gentleman, go into a dark room without bullying" and so on are all for future generations to learn to follow suit. The time poems of the four outstanding poets have not yet been finalized. The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty are an important group of poets in the transition period from early Tang poetry to prosperous Tang literary world, and they enjoyed a high reputation at that time and later.

After Shen Quan and Song Ji-si, they created a new poetic style, but a generation of poetic style. Before me, where did those lost times go? Behind me, where are the future generations? I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall down. The poet felt that life was short and the universe was infinite, and shed tears unconsciously. This is a cry that poets can't show if they serve the country and the people. Under close reading, the tragic and desolate spirit arises spontaneously, and the uneven syntax and cadence syllables add artistic appeal. And "Old China is teetering, Fang Yi is not successful!" Chen Ziang was an advocate of the poetry innovation movement in Tang Dynasty. He advocated the "prosperity" and "integrity" of poetry. The so-called "style" refers to the essential characteristics of artistic beauty created by literary works. Ji Xing needs rich and profound expression. Style and Lucky Star advocate the gorgeous and delicate poetic style in the early Tang Dynasty, while the simple and vigorous poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty leads poetry to a simple and true life path. This has a positive impact on the healthy development of Tang poetry in the future, and also points out the direction for the healthy development of Tang poetry. There are also influential pastoral poets Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Frontier poets like Cen Can and Wang Changling.

In the middle of Kaiyuan Tianbao, poets emerged one after another, the most famous being Li Bai and Du Fu, known as "Gemini". Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. Mr. Zu was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now near Tianshui, Gansu), and his ancestors migrated to the Western Regions at the end of Sui Dynasty, that is, he was born in Broken Leaves in Central Asia (now in the Chu River basin south of Balkhash Lake, under the jurisdiction of Anxi Duhu House in Tang Dynasty). When I was young, I moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) with my father. He spent most of his life roaming. In the first year of Tianbao (742), recommended by Taoist Wu Yun, he was called to Chang 'an to worship the Hanlin. The style of the article became famous for a while and was quite appreciated by Xuanzong. Later, because he could not tend to be powerful, he abandoned his official position in Beijing for only three years and continued his wandering life. In the second year after the Anshi Rebellion, he was angry and difficult, and once joined Li Lin, the shogunate of Wang Yong. Unfortunately, Wang Yong and Su Zong competed for the throne. After the defeat, he was dragged to exile in Yelang (now Guizhou) and was pardoned on the way. In his later years, he drifted southeast, took refuge in dangtu county and made Li, and died soon. His poems are mainly lyrical. After Qu Yuan, he was the first person who could really absorb its rich nutrition from the folk literature and art at that time and Yuefu folk songs since Qin, Han and Wei Dynasties, and concentrated on perfecting it to form his own unique style. He has extraordinary artistic talent and great artistic power. Everything that is surprising, comforting, exciting and thought-provoking comes out. Du Fu is the most outstanding romantic poet in China after Qu Yuan, and is known as "Poet Fairy". As famous as Du Fu, he is called "Du Li" in the world. Han: "Du Li's articles are in full swing." Li Taibai's collection. His famous sentence is widely circulated, such as "one day, I will ride the wind and waves, sail straight up and wade into the deep sea." It's hard to go; "But since the water is still flowing, even though we cut it with the sword, sadness will come back, even though we drown them with wine." "Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Building Farewell to School Book Uncle Yun"; "Yanshan snowflakes are as big as seats, and the pieces blow down Xuanyuantai." Popular in the north; "Since god gave talent, let it be hired! , spin one thousand silver, all back! ""will enter the wine "; "Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River left heaven and entered the ocean, and never came back? You can't see the lovely hair in the bright mirror of the high room. Although it is silky black in the morning, it has turned into snow at night. " Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon! ""will enter the wine "; "The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails are alone." Looking at Tianmen Mountain; "Sailing alone in the sky, I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky." On the way to Yangzhou, the Yellow Crane Tower bid farewell to Meng Haoran: "Flying down to thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days." Look at Lushan Waterfall; "Three mountains and a half fall outside the blue sky, and Egret Island is full of water." Climbing from Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace: "Going out laughing, are we Artemisia people" and "Nanling children go to Beijing"; "The highest cliff is less than a foot from the sky, and the withered pine trees hang low on the front of the cliff." A cloud in Shu Dao Nan rises between the light of heaven and me, hiding his city from my melancholy heart. "On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing;" I will think of you in the clouds, so think of me in the sunset. At the end of the "send a friend" mountain range and the beginning of the plain, the river winds through the wilderness. "Farewell friends at Jingmen Ferry;" Linping is a desert, and Hanshan is sad. "Bodhisattva-level people;" My heart is full of sorrow, and the moon is full of sorrow. I will always follow you until Yelangxi. ""I heard that Wang Changling left and moved to Longbiaoyao to send this "Peach Blossom Pond is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. ""to Wang Lun "white hair three thousands of feet, fate seems long. ""Qiu Ge ""Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered? My husband will come back from a long battle! . "Midnight Wu Ge" until, holding up my cup, I asked the bright moon to bring me my shadow and let the three of us. "Drinking the bright moon alone" The apes on both sides of the Taiwan Strait can't stop crying. The canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. "Early release of Baidicheng;" Maid-in-waiting is like Man Chun Hall, but today there are only partridges flying. "Visiting the ancients in Vietnam and China" Today people can't see the ancient moon. This month they used to take photos of the ancients. "Pray for the moon, oh, how can I seriously bow and scrape to those people with high status and high positions? They will never tolerate others showing them a sincere face. It is well known throughout the ages and has been passed down to this day, so many people admire and follow suit. The greatest feature of his poetic language can be said to be "clear water produces hibiscus, which is naturally carved". Specifically, the language is straightforward and natural, the syllables are harmonious and smooth, natural and unpretentious, and it exudes the flavor of folk songs. This is mainly due to the study of Yuefu folk songs in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. But he didn't just learn and imitate the language of folk songs, but improved it on the basis of learning to make it more concise, beautiful and meaningful. His seven-character ancient poems are not only pure and natural, but also bold and unconstrained in language. Du Fu's poem "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" praised Li Bai's poems as "fresh" and "elegant", which revealed the remarkable characteristics of his language style. Li Bai's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu and Li He in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi in the Ming Dynasty, Qu Dajun, Huang Jingren and Gong Zizhen in the Qing Dynasty all benefited from and were influenced by Li Bai's poems to varying degrees.