Little knowledge of ceratosaurus and (information and pictures of stegosaurus)

1. Information and pictures of stegosaurus

Stegosaurus, also known as bonobo, was a large dinosaur. They have many bone plates on their backs and long spines at the end, which looks ridiculous.

If we hadn't found their skeleton fossils in the stratum, no one would believe that such a strange animal had ever lived on the earth. Stegosaurus was a dinosaur that walked on all fours.

It is about the size of an elephant, but its shape is very different. Its forelimbs are short and its hind limbs are long. The whole body is like an arched hill, with the peak just at the hip. Surprisingly, from the fossils found, there are two rows of triangular bone plates on the back of Stegosaurus, which extend from the neck to the tail, just like sharp knives stuck in the body.

What are these bone plates for? For a long time, many people have studied this issue, but there are different opinions, which is still an unsolved case. Some people think that bone plates can protect the body.

Because in the Jurassic period, dinosaurs on land began to multiply, and individual carnivorous dinosaurs gradually increased, which was a great threat to the herbivorous stegosaurus. Stegosaurus had to use a bone plate like a "knife mountain" on its back to defend against the enemy. But how to protect your body? So some people think that the pelvis is actually a kind of "mimicry" that confuses the enemy.

Stegosaurus's bone plate was covered with various colors of skin and clusters of things like Bentenecycad, which were difficult for other animals to find. In recent years, some people put forward a new view that the sword keel plate has the function of regulating body temperature.

When stegosaurus felt the body temperature was too high, it would climb to the shade. At this time, a large amount of blood flowed into the bone plate and dissipated heat through the bone plate, which was a special adaptation way for reptiles with variable temperature. Although stegosaurus was as big as an elephant, its head was very small.

How can a small head command huge body movements? Some people think that Stegosaurus has an enlarged nerve ball in its hip, which is about 20 times as large as its brain. It can direct the movements of hind limbs and tail, so some people say that Stegosaurus has two brains. It seems that Stegosaurus's heavy hind legs and powerful tail are definitely more important than using his brain.

Because stegosaurus usually lives in bushes and jungles, it will choose some delicate branches and leaves for food from time to time; But when the carnivorous dragon attacks it, it will whip them with a nail-like tail thorn to attack the enemy, and then the role of the second brain appears.

2. Who can tell me about the knowledge and pictures of tornado natural disasters?

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Tornadoes are the product of thunderstorms in the clouds. Specifically, a tornado is a form in which a small part of the huge energy of a thunderstorm is released in a small area. The formation of tornadoes can be divided into four stages:

(1) The instability of the atmosphere produces a strong updraft, which is further strengthened due to the influence of the maximum transit airflow in the rapids.

(2) Due to the interaction with the wind with shear speed and direction in the vertical direction, the updraft starts to rotate in the middle of the troposphere, forming a mesoscale cyclone.

(3) With the development and upward extension of mesoscale cyclone to the ground, it becomes thinner and stronger. At the same time, a small area to strengthen cooperation, that is, the primary tornado is formed inside the cyclone, and the same process of producing the cyclone forms the core of the tornado.

(4) The rotation in the tornado core is different from that in the cyclone, and its intensity is enough to make the tornado extend to the ground. When the developing vortex reaches the ground, the ground air pressure drops sharply and the ground wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado.

3. Dinosaur information, words, pictures and objects

The computer-simulated Tyrannosaurus Rex is an animal that lived about 235 million to 65 million years ago and was able to walk upright on its hind legs. It has ruled the global terrestrial ecosystem for more than 654.38 million+600 million years.

Most dinosaurs have been extinct, but the descendants of dinosaurs-birds have survived and multiplied to this day. In addition, in spoken language, dinosaurs refer to ugly women.

The word "dinosaur" has two meanings in the dictionary: an ancient animal that lived hundreds of millions of years ago and is now extinct; (Internet language) A woman with bad looks in contemporary times. Chinese Name: Dinosaur mbth: Dinosaur Kingdom: Animal Kingdom: Chordata Subdivision: Vertebrate Subdivision: sauropod, Reptilia, Subclass: Diptera: Extinction Catalogue briefly introduces the extinction time, the origin of the name and the relationship between birds and biodiversity. The research method of dinosaur fossils was discovered and fossils were unearthed. The classification of dinosaurs in prout-Garonne Province The traditional view on the specific types of dinosaur extinction Recently, the theory of meteorite collision at the end of Mesozoic said that climate change, volcanic eruption, warm-blooded animals, cannibalism (pushing) mammals to evolve, species aging, frustrated reproduction, sudden climate change and comprehensive changes in atmospheric composition. The simplest introduction to dinosaurs is the time of extinction, the relationship between the name and birds, the research methods of biological habits, the discovery of dinosaur fossils, the classification of dinosaurs in prout-Garonne province, the traditional view of specific types of dinosaur extinction, and the recent meteorite collision theory at the end of Mesozoic. Collision, climate change, volcanic eruption, warm-blooded animals, cannibalism (overthrown), mammalian evolution, species aging, reproductive frustration, climate mutation, atmospheric composition change, and comprehensive reasons. The first edition of the dinosaur briefly introduces the basic nature. The dinosaur was an animal that lived on its hind legs and walked upright about 235 million to 65 million years ago, and ruled the global terrestrial ecosystem for more than 65.438+0.6 billion years.

Most dinosaurs have been extinct, but the descendants of dinosaurs-birds have survived and multiplied to this day. Dinosaur English? s？ :] Bel Canto ['da? n？ ，s？ R]) is a terrestrial animal that lived on about 230 million dinosaurs from 5 million to 65.95 million years ago and could walk upright on its hind legs. It is a diverse group of dominant vertebrates in Mesozoic. Most of them belong to terrestrial reptiles, but they can walk upright and dominate the global terrestrial ecosystem for more than10.60 billion years.

It is said that it is a vertebrate rather than a reptile, because dinosaurs were once classified as reptiles, but it does not conform to one of the basic characteristics of reptiles: the crawling way of walking and the cold-blooded animals that have been questioned. Dinosaurs first appeared in Triassic about 240 million years ago and died in Cretaceous about 65 million years ago.

Dinosaurs eventually died out in the Cenozoic Paleocene 65 million years ago. The origin of the name In fact, human beings have a long history of discovering dinosaur fossils.

Long before the discovery of Iguanodon, Europeans knew that there were many grotesque huge bone fossils buried underground. It was not until Iguanodon was discovered and compared with iguana that the scientific community initially determined that it was a group of extinct lizard-like reptiles.

1842, British paleontologist Charles Owen coined the word "dinosaur". English dinosaurs come from the Greek deinos (meaning terror) Saurosc (meaning lizard or reptile).

For Owen at that time, this "scary lizard" or "scary reptile" refers to an extinct large reptile (actually it is not). In fact, not many dinosaurs were found at that time.

Since the discovery of dinosaurs in Antarctica in 1989, dinosaur remains have been found in seven continents all over the world. At present, there are at least 650 to 700 species (biological species) of dinosaurs described in the world.

Later, scholars in China, Japan and other countries translated him into a dinosaur, because there have been legends about dragons in these countries, which think that dragons are the length of scale worms and snakes are another name for dragons. The archaeopteryx fossils found in 1862 are very similar to archaeopteryx fossils, but the difference is that archaeopteryx fossils have obvious feathers (although archaeopteryx also has feathers, it is very primitive). In fact, quite a few carnivorous dinosaurs had primitive feathers, which indicates that dinosaurs and birds may be close relatives.

Since 1970, many research reports have pointed out that modern birds are probably the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs. At present, most scientists regard birds as the only dinosaurs that have survived and developed to this day, and a few even think that they should be classified as biology. American scholars believe that the reason for the extinction of dinosaurs is the sudden rise of sea level at the same level (that is, the dinosaur level that has not yet been built) [1].

Crocodiles are modern close relatives of another kind of dinosaurs, but their relationship is farther than that between dinosaurs and birds. Dinosaurs, birds and crocodiles all belong to the evolutionary branch of reptiles, which first appeared in the late Permian and became the dominant fauna in the middle Triassic.

From the discovery of dinosaurs to the first 60 years of the 20th century, scientists and mass media regarded dinosaurs as lazy and slow-moving cold-blooded animals due to their lack of understanding of dinosaurs. However, since the revival of dinosaurs in 1970s, it has been suggested that dinosaurs may be active warm-blooded animals with social behaviors.

Many recent evidences of the relationship between dinosaurs and birds support the view that dinosaurs were warm-blooded animals. But what is the truth needs further study.

Diversity development dinosaurs from the early Jurassic to the late Cretaceous, the dinosaur family adapted to the environment and developed rapidly, which made dinosaurs develop in the direction of diversity and increased the number of dinosaurs, giving dinosaurs an advantage and enabling dinosaurs to dominate the terrestrial ecosystem of the earth. There are many kinds of dinosaurs, and their shapes and habits are quite different.

Among them, the big one can be as big as dozens of elephants combined; Small, but almost like a chicken. As far as food habits are concerned, dinosaurs have mild vegetarians (dinosaurs that ate plants) and fierce carnivores (dinosaurs that ate animals), as well as omnivorous dinosaurs that ate both plants and plants.

The oldest reptile fossils with biological habits can be traced back to the "Pennsylvanian period" of Paleozoic (about 320 million years ago-280 million years ago).

4. Information and pictures of dinosaurs

A new explanation of the reasons for the extinction of dinosaurs: 1 After the plague, dinosaur eggs were invaded and deteriorated, and they could not hatch; Asteroids hit the earth; Mammals become stronger; Dinosaurs weakened; The climate became cold and dinosaurs could not adapt; The unbalanced sex ratio of dinosaurs is because mammals steal dinosaur eggs, which leads to the inability to reproduce; 6. Volcanic eruption brought a lot of toxic and harmful substances to dinosaurs, which made them sick through the atmosphere, soil or water and eventually became extinct.

Some people think that in ancient times, comets hit the earth, causing great changes in the surface, making dinosaurs unable to adapt to this environment and leading to their extinction. Among them, 2 and 7 can be classified into one theory, that is, celestial impact theory.

3,5 can be classified as a theory, the theory of mammalian evolution. 1, 5 can also be classified as the theory that dinosaur eggs were attacked.

These theories are imperfect, so there is no conclusion yet. Who is right and who is wrong, who is right and who is wrong, all need more evidence. Since ancient times, there have been different opinions about the real cause of dinosaur extinction, but there is no consensus, so it is still an unsolved mystery.

According to the available data, * * * has the following theories (some theories have been rejected and cannot be listed one by one). Recent theory 1. Asteroids are generally composed of silicon and iron, so it is impossible for such a huge asteroid to fall to the surface of the earth even after a long period of time, and such a large meteorite has never been found on the earth; 2. At the end of Cretaceous, most rock formations were igneous rocks formed by lava cooling, and sedimentary rocks formed by dust accumulation only occupied a small part of the surface.

Can the dust raised by the asteroid impact bury most of the animals and plants on the earth in rocks thousands of meters deep? 3. Can iridium contained in asteroids be evenly distributed and cover the whole earth's surface? Iridium also exists deep in the earth. Why only speculate that iridium comes from outside the earth and not from inside it? As we know, thermonuclear reactions inside the earth will continuously accumulate enormous energy. Once the crust can't bear it, the internal pressure will break through the crust and suddenly release to form a big explosion. Iridium date, an element mainly existing in the core of the earth, was brought to the surface of the earth's crust by lava eruption during the Big Bang. It is recognized that the clay layer at the end of Cretaceous was formed by a large amount of volcanic dust accumulation.

Therefore, the general increase of iridium content in the strata at the end of Cretaceous proves that the crust erupted violently at that time. Fossil archives tell us that most dinosaurs died and most dinosaur eggs were produced at the end of Cretaceous, and all the dinosaurs and dinosaur eggs found were preserved in the stratum under the thin clay layer rich in iridium, which is consistent with the time of a series of global crustal structural changes such as large-scale orogeny at the end of Cretaceous recognized by geologists.

In recent years, hundreds of protoceratops and Ankylosaurus fossils were unearthed in Bayin Mandu Lake stratum in Inner Mongolia at the end of Cretaceous, and a large number of complete dinosaur bones were piled up in groups. Judging from the burial posture of the remains, they died in extreme pain, including the bones of a whole group of baby dinosaurs. This scene shows that they are catastrophic collective deaths, and the bodies are quickly buried in situ after death (many dinosaur fossils in other parts of the world also have similar death characteristics).

At the same time, it is found that the local fossil-bearing rock stratum is brick red silty rock stratum, which is the best environment for fossil formation. It can be speculated that the process of environmental upheaval is quite sudden and short-lived.

Because, if the earth's environment changed gradually over a long period of time and the dinosaur population gradually died out, they would not have left such a large number of dinosaur eggs and the whole group of dinosaur larvae fossils with relatively concentrated burial time. Therefore, most dinosaurs should have died in large numbers because of sudden devastating disasters when their living environment was basically normal.

A large number of animals and plants reflecting the characteristics of the earth's environment at that time showed that before the end of Cretaceous, the density and thickness of the earth's atmosphere were much higher than now, the surface was relatively flat, and the world was in a very warm and humid climate. At that time, the temperature difference between the polar regions and the equator was very small. In the 1980s, Canadian geologists discovered a fossil forest in ellesmere island, which was dominated by water jackets, and there were animal fossils such as crocodiles in the forest, indicating that the polar regions used to have a tropical climate.

The natural environment is the main factor that determines the existence form of life. After the Big Bang, when the hot and humid environment on which giant dinosaurs lived no longer existed, even if some of them survived, they could not adapt to the different relatively cold and dry climates in cold and warm seasons and continue to survive. So the extinction of most dinosaurs is natural.

There are also some surviving dinosaurs (mostly small in size) and some animals that evolved into primitive birds and mammals as early as Jurassic following the law of natural selection and survival of the fittest. In a relatively harsh environment, after 70 million years of continuous evolution, most species have changed their original forms, from cold-blooded animals to cold-tolerant warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals and humans). Of course, after every large-scale species evolution, some species will remain intact. For example, after fish evolved into amphibians, fish continued to survive, and very few reptiles (crocodiles, scorpions, etc. ) still maintains the original form of dinosaurs 70 million years ago.

The biological remains in the earth's rock strata reveal that in the history of biological evolution, there will be a mass extinction every once in a while. The extinction of dinosaurs at the end of Cretaceous is not the only disaster in the history of biological evolution. In an earlier era, there was a "Cambrian Big Bang" phenomenon in which most invertebrates suddenly appeared in a short time. Just like the evolution of organisms from single cell to multi-cell, reptiles to mammals, it needs an evolutionary process (such as 1984, the discovery of Chengjiang fossil group in China).

So far, there is no obvious evidence that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by asteroid impact. However, the fact that the geological structure of the earth continues to change frequently shows that the environmental "catastrophe" caused by periodic crustal structure changes has always played a leading role in the process of biological evolution. Of course, the gradual evolution of small-scale species also runs through the whole process of life evolution.

Periodic celestial explosions (such as nova explosions) include the earth.

5. Information and pictures of dinosaurs

Gu Long: Like Tyrannosaurus Rex, Gu Long appeared at the end of the dinosaur era.

The most special thing about the duck-crowned dragon is its head. Its flat and long jawbone looks like a duck's mouth, so it has the name of duck-crowned dragon. In the past, people thought that the life of the duck-crowned dragon was similar to that of a duck. It swims in the water and feeds on plants in the water.

Later, when scientists studied the fossils of the duck-crested dragon, they found that they did not eat aquatic plants for a living, but lived in trees on the shore, and the goose-crested dragon had the same habit. Mamen Xilong: Now we know that there are indeed many horrible giants in the dinosaur family, but there are also some small and lovely "little things".

If you go to the China Museum of Paleozoology, which is not far to the west of Beijing Zoo, all kinds of dinosaurs with different sizes and shapes, ranging from parrot-billed dragon with a length of less than 1 m to Mamenxilong with a length of 22 m, will definitely give you a more comprehensive understanding of the dinosaur world. Eel dragon: Eel dragon is a kind of plesiosaur. Their fossils were found in Japan. According to measurements, they are about 7 or 8 meters long, and they have sharp teeth.

There is little information about all kinds of dinosaurs.

Tyrannosaurus rex has a big head. Tyrannosaurus rex has short forelimbs and two fingers in each hand; The hind legs are big and powerful, and each foot has three toes. Every finger and toe has claws. Tyrannosaurus rex has a thin, hard tail. It has 60 teeth, each of which is 9 inches long and very sharp.

Stegosaurus, also known as bonobo dragon, was 7 meters long. If you count the height of the bone plate, its height can reach 3.5 meters. The whole body is like an elephant now, but only with a pitifully small head and a brain the size of a walnut. Because the forelimbs are short, the whole body leans forward obviously. There are two rows of triangular plates along the back of the neck to the middle of the tail, and there are two opposite corners at the ends of the plates, which are its weapons.

Plesiosaur looks like a snake passing through a turtle shell: its head is small, its neck is long, its trunk is like a turtle, and its tail is short. Although the head is small, but the mouth is very big, there are many slender conical teeth in the mouth, fishing for a living. Many kinds of bodies are very huge, reaching 1 1~ 15 meters, and some kinds reach 18 meters. The limbs are specialized into fleshy flippers suitable for paddling, so that plesiosaurs can not only move freely in the water, but also climb ashore to rest or lay eggs and breed offspring.

7. Dinosaur information and pictures

Dinosaur (English: Dinosaur) is a terrestrial animal that lived about 235 million to 65 million years ago and was able to walk upright on its hind legs. It is a diverse group of dominant vertebrates in Mesozoic. Most of them belong to terrestrial reptiles, but they can walk upright and rule the global terrestrial ecosystem for more than 654.38+0.6 billion years. It is said that it is a vertebrate rather than a reptile, because dinosaurs were once classified as reptiles, but it does not conform to a basic feature of reptiles, the crawling way of walking, and the cold-blooded animals that have been questioned.

Dinosaurs first appeared in Triassic about 240 million years ago and died in Cretaceous about 65 million years ago. Dinosaurs finally died out in Neogene Paleocene 63 million years ago.

The picture is as follows:

The above are just some generalizations. Please refer to Baidu Encyclopedia for details.

8. Tips on how to prevent tornadoes

Tornadoes are small-scale strong cyclones extending from strong convective cumulonimbus clouds to the ground. When tornadoes appear, there are often one or several funnel-shaped cloud columns like "noses" extending downward from the bottom of the clouds, accompanied by storms, lightning or hail. When a tornado passes through the water, it can absorb water and rise, forming a water column, which is connected with clouds, commonly known as "dragon absorbs water". After passing through this land, houses are often overturned, telephone poles are blown off, and people, livestock and sundries are even sucked into the air and taken to other places.

1. Characteristics of tornadoes

Tornadoes often occur in thunderstorm weather in summer, especially in the afternoon to evening.

The attack range is small, and the diameter of tornadoes is generally between ten meters and several hundred meters.

The life cycle is short, and the survival time of tornadoes is generally only a few minutes, and the longest is no more than a few hours.

The wind is particularly strong, and the wind speed near the center can reach100 ~ 200m/s. ..

It is extremely destructive. Where tornadoes pass, trees are often pulled up, vehicles are overturned, buildings are destroyed, and sometimes people are sucked away.

Go, the harm is very serious.

2. Preventive measures for tornadoes

At home, be sure to stay away from doors, windows and external walls of houses, and hide in the wall or small room opposite the tornado.

The safest place to avoid a tornado is the basement or semi-basement.

In case of emergency such as pole collapse or house collapse, the power supply should be cut off in time to prevent electric shock or fire.

When there is a tornado outside the venue, you should look for low-lying land nearby, but stay away from trees and telephone poles to avoid being smashed, crushed and electrocuted.

When you go out, the car encounters a tornado. Don't drive to avoid it, and don't avoid it in the car, because the car has little protection against tornadoes.

Royal ability, should immediately leave the car, to low-lying areas to avoid.

9. Tyrannosaurus Rex pictures and information

Tyrannosaurus rex, also known as Tyrannosaurus rex, is a large carnivorous dinosaur, with a body length of about 13 meters and a weight of about 6.8 tons. It lived in the last 3 million years of the Mastrick stage at the end of Cretaceous, about 68.5 million to 65.5 million years ago, and was one of the last dinosaur populations before the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event.

It is one of the strongest carnivorous dinosaurs. It has a bad temper and likes to attack and prey on other animals and other dinosaurs weaker than itself. So it is also called Tyrannosaurus Rex, which is Tyrannosaurus Rex King. When Tyrannosaurus rex, a biped, wandered around looking for prey, it would balance its huge head with its long tail.

Slender dragon is the longest plesiosaur, a giant reptile that lived in the sea at the same time as dinosaurs. It is characterized by a long neck and pointed feet. The total length can reach15m.

Its neck is about twice as big as its trunk. Its neck is almost stiff and can only bend at a small angle. They are close relatives of land dinosaurs and pterosaurs in the air. They also breathe air with their lungs and usually lay eggs.

They are the overlord in the ocean, and some have sharp teeth in order to prey on other fish.