On Classical Chinese

1. The meaning of "Wen" in ancient Chinese ◎ Wen Wé n (1) (pictograph.

The word Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like a crisscross texture. "Wen" is the radical of Chinese characters.

Original meaning: pattern; Texture) (2) The original meaning is the same [Figure; Context] text, wrong painting also. Xiang Jiaowen

This word is tattooed. -"Shuowen" five chapters serve five colors.

-"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong Twenty-five Years". Note: "Green and red refer to the text, red and white refer to chapters, white and black refer to embarrassment, and black and green refer to embarrassment."

Beauty is better than words. -"Xunzi ChristianRandPhillips" Yin inscription.

-"Everything is wrong, ten links" weaves the wenniao chapter, in the heart of a hundred parties. -"Poetry Xiaoya June" is a small fish.

-Liu Mingji's "Sincere Liu Bo Wencheng Official Document Collection" ③ Another example is Wen Jia (floating life); Wen ban (variegated stripes); Wen Qi (a colorful flag); Wenxiu (silk fabric embroidered with colorful patterns; Tattoo pattern); Woven fabric (silk fabric with colorful patterns); Wen Li (fish scale pattern) (4) word, Wen ("Wen", in the pre-Qin period, the meaning of the word, "Zi", only came to the Qin Dynasty. Respectively, "Wen" refers to a single word; "Zi" refers to a combined Chinese character.

Generally speaking, it refers to words. [People] are decorated with seal characters. -Analysis of the article "Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty".

-"Han Liu Xin Chuan" is a prose, only on martial arts. -"The Twelve Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan" is hundreds of steps away from the cave. There are monuments and servants, and its text has been lost.

-Wang Anshi's "Travel Notes of Baochan" said that "the apocalypse is endless in autumn". -Wei Ming Yi Xue's "The Story of the Nuclear Ship" said "Chuping Mountain Pool".

(5) Another example: Oracle Bone Inscriptions; Jin Wen; Chinese; English; Cultural relics (deeds recorded in words); Documents (related words, diplomas and other figures); Different languages (different words); Text track (text and car track); Literary prison (literary prison); Qian Wen (money. Because money has words, it is called); Written materials (written evidence, military orders); Quote (through; Road); Wen Ding (Xu Pei) (6 articles) (the word created is called "Wen" and the structural paragraph is called "Zhang") [literal position] Therefore, the poet does not harm words with words.

-"Mencius Zhang Wan" is a good ancient prose. -Tang Hanyu's "Shi Shuo" belongs to writing.

-Song Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" can be described in words. -Song Ouyang Xiu's "Zuiweng Pavilion" excerpts from his poems.

-Qing Ji Yun's Reading Notes on Wei Caotang (7) Another example: the price of the article (the reputation of the article); Literati (bookworm); Cultural meeting (an old gathering where scholars write articles together and watch each other prepare for the exam); Wen Yi (synonymous with old government documents); Xiong Wen (a great writer who is good at writing articles); Meaning (the main idea of the article); Literal meaning (meaning of the article); Wen Qing (the text and feelings of the article); This article (referring to this article); Composition (write an article; Learn and practice the written articles); Wen Kui (article leader); The price of the goods (the sound price of the goods); Shi Wen (articles and poems) (8) Virtue; Wende [Virtue] Shengyun is the following God, and God uses Wen Zhi. -Du Mu's "Poetry of Feeling" (9) Another example is: Zhang Wen (a respectful title for an old man who only has Gao Deshao); Wenmu (the mother of Wende); Wenwu (Dewu); Wen Ming (Wende teaches life); Wen Hui (Wen De En Hui); Wende (the morality of writing articles); Poor writing (that is, shallow morality); Zhao Wen (Wen Deming) (10) is a literary talent; Genius.

In other words, there is literary talent, literary talent, and literary talent is not shown in future generations. -Han Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu (1 1) Another example: literature (academic); Wen Ying (a person with outstanding literary talent); Literary talent (brilliant, chic); Wenlang (gifted boy); Yan Wen (literary talent and virtue); Literary works are incomplete (figuratively speaking, there are not many talents left) (12) literature, classic; Rhyme [document; Classic; Confucianism confuses law with writing.

-"Everything is wrong, five flaws" says that the chisel must be modified. -Words in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu (13).

Also refers to written records [works; Record]. Moon Hee (set of common words at the beginning of old letters.

Show the letter of the other day); Text inversion (sentence inversion); Exaggeration (grandiose, unrealistic); Literal meaning (wording); Words (beautiful words); Embroidery (flowery rhetoric) (14) Some phenomena in nature [natural phenomena] are very beautiful. -Twenty-eight Years of Zuo Gong (15) Another example: astronomy; Wendi; Hydrology; Images (signs of changes in the sun, moon and stars); Wen Yao (refers to the sun, moon and stars; Satellite); Wenchang (constellation name) (16) sandwich; Literary affairs; Civilians

Compared with "martial arts" [cultural and educational achievements; Literature can win-Historical Records Biography of Ping Yuanjun Yuqing can't win.

Civil and military. -Tang Wei's Ten Thoughts of Emperor Taizong (17) Another example: a civil servant, a civil servant (civil servant); Literature seats (several teachers); Literary products (civil servant rank); Wen Shuai (civil servant concurrently commander in chief); Wen Lie (outstanding in Wen Zhi); Clerk (civil clerk); Official title (official title); Wen Dao (the way of literary ambition); Literature (literature); Literati (civil servant) (18) [decree], while official script and official script specialize in profound writing and ridicule, and people are trapped in crime.

-Biography of Historical Records and Ji An (19) is another example: Wen Beng (impeachment according to law); Judge Wen (an official who is familiar with the law and strictly enforces the law); Zhang Wen (rules; System); Wen Yi (official document); Wenda (notice; Proclamation); Wen Xian (etiquette; Legal system) (20) classical Chinese. One of the ancient styles; The written language in ancient China was different from the vernacular.

Such as: half writing and half white; Language; Literariness (classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese) (2 1) cultural education; Self-cultivation in etiquette [ceremony]. -"The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi" (22) Another example: Zhang Wen (advocating etiquette festival); Literary customs (observing etiquette and being content with customs); Wenzhi (referring to rites and music); Appearance (etiquette); Xu Wen (culture, education, etiquette and music); Wen Yi (ritual) (23) refers to the form of expression; Appearance [form; Appearance].

Such as: Wen Fu (superficial obedience); List of articles (notices, notices, etc.); The Letters Patent (Patent Order) (24) refers to drum music, generally referring to tunes [music; Tune]. For example: Wen Qu (referring to music); Shi Wen (Dance Name) (25) posthumous title, learning from me: Diligent and inquisitive, what does it mean?

-"The Analects of Confucius" is an article called. (26) surname part of speech.

2. "Wen" means 1 in ancient classical Chinese. The texture or image caused by the complexity of things: can be as golden as gold. 2. Tattoo pattern: body. 3. Symbols of recording language: characters; ~ hey; 4. What does writing down in words have to do with: contributing (referring to books and materials with historical value and reference value) and adopting (a. literary talents; B. colorful) 5. Overview of human labor achievements: culture. 6. Some phenomena in nature: .. 7. In ancient times, it refers to etiquette. Festivals (too many ceremonies). 8. Mandarin poetry is gentle compared with "quality" and "emotion". 9. Gentleness: fire, quietness and elegance. 10. refers to non-military: post, martial arts (refers to music education and military achievements). 1 1. refers to the written language based on ancient Chinese: 552~ characters. Moral knowledge and prose; Kindly love the people and speak for them; Yu Wen; Give the people a title; Diligent and good at asking Japanese; Learn more and watch more Japanese; Loyalty and accepting gifts; Can set up ceremonies in Japanese; The state decided to praise Wen Hou; Sensitive and eager to learn Japanese; Pay, be polite; Xiu De came running from a distance to talk; Combine rigidity with softness; The training course system is written in Japanese; Germany and the United States show their papers; All nations are constitutional, and Deyun Emperor Wen Guang; Strong but not violent; Hui Ruan Gong Yi Wen Yue; Saint Moppi expressed his words; Become Japanese in the world; Pure mu manyan; Kos Yin Hui Wen Yue; Jing zhi's ci; Rise to Japanese with saints; Shaoxiu Xu Sheng Wen Yue; Sound teaching can be accomplished in four ways, such as Emperor Wendi.

3. All the meanings of "Wen" in ancient Chinese.

1, graphics and patterns with staggered lines. For example:

Mixed, so it is called Wen. (Zhouyi copula)

Vipers are all words. (Wang Chong's On Balance and Poison)

This meaning was later written as "Wen".

Say it again, tattoo. For example, Vietnamese people tattoo their hair. ("Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour")

2, gorgeous literature and art, as opposed to quality. For example:

Gentle, then a gentleman. (The Analects of Confucius)

3. culture. Including the system of rites and music. For example:

Not there, Wen is not there? (The Analects of Confucius)

4. Non-military, as opposed to "martial arts". For example:

Both civil and military skills are also a long-term skill. (Historical Records Biography of Li Sheng Lu Jia)

5, the text. For example:

Let it not be combined with Qin Wen (Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words)

6, the provisions of the law. For example:

With the laws and regulations formulated by Zhao Yu * * *, the work will be deepened. ("Historical Records, Biography of Liangguan")

7. Articles and essays. For example:

Writing for love. ("Wen Xin Diao Long Cai Qing")

Especially the verse. For example, writing. . Write without rhyme, write with rhyme. (Wen Xin Diao Long Palm Tree)

8, decoration, cover up. For example:

Even the mistakes of villains should be decorated. (The Analects of Confucius)

9. A dollar is an item. For example:

Twenty-eight pence (Xu Xianchuan in Song Dynasty)

4. The classical Chinese texts about reading are:

1. The method of reading is gradual, practice makes perfect, and careful consideration. -Southern Song Dynasty Zhu "Reading Essentials"

The way to read is to take your time and do it bit by bit. Read more books and think more when you encounter problems.

2, black hair does not know how to study hard early, white hair regrets reading late. -Don Yan Zhenqing's Persuasion Poetry

When I was young, I didn't know how to study hard. When I was old, I regretted studying too late.

3, reading a hundred times, its meaning is self-evident. -Chen Jinshou's "The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi and Wang Su Biography"

After reading it hundreds of times, the meaning of the book will naturally be understood.

4, reading thousands of books, writing like a god. -Tang Du Fu's "Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei Zuocheng"

Read more books and read them thoroughly, so that you can apply what you have learned and use them easily.

5. I hate books that are used. -Ming anonymous "augmented contribution"

I regret that I have learned too little until I really use my knowledge.

6, there are three kinds of reading, that is, the heart is there, the eyes are there, and the mouth is there. -Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Xun Xue Rules

If you want to concentrate on your studies, you must have all three.

7. Knowing is not as good as being good, and being good is not as good as being happy. -Confucius disciples in the Spring and Autumn Period and their re-dissemination of The Analects of Confucius.

People who know how to learn can't compare with those who like to learn; People who like learning can't compare with those who enjoy learning.

5. Seeking: Man Jing's travels in classical Chinese about books.

Yuan Hongdao

Yan Di is cold. After the Flower Festival, the residual cold is still strong, and sometimes the cold wind is used. If you do, you will fly sand and stones and be locked in a room. Every time the wind runs, it is the return of the pot.

On the 22 nd, it was a little safe, and several friends went straight to Manjing to the east. Tall willows stand by the river bank, and the fertile land is wet, empty and open, as if to escape from the cage of swans. At this time, the ice skin began to melt, sparkling, scales and waves, crystal clear as a mirror, and cold light came out of the box. The mountains were washed away by fine snow, as beautiful as wiping, as beautiful as the face of a beautiful girl, and the bun was swept at first. Wicker will be comfortable, soft-pointed cloak. The wheat field is very shallow. Although the tourists are not full, some are full of tea, some are singing at the base and some are wearing red clothes. Although the wind is still strong, walking is sweaty. Every bird exposed on the beach sipped under the scales of the waves, carefree, and there was joy between the scales of its feathers. I know there is no spring in the suburbs, but people in the city don't know it.

Only this official can swim between rocks and vegetation without getting into trouble. And this place is suitable for Yu, Yu's journey starts from scratch, and evil can be undisciplined? Ming dynasty, February 27th, February.

original text

The weather in Beijing is very cold. After Hua's birthday, the winter is still very cold. The cold wind often blows, a piece of flying sand. I want to go out in a room as if I were at home. Every time the wind runs, it is the return of the pot.

On the 22nd, it was quiet, and some friends went straight to the east of Manjing. The sorghum is lifted, and the soil paste is slightly moist. At first glance, it is open, if it comes out. As a result, the ice skin began to melt, the waves suddenly became clear, the scales and waves were layered and crystal clear, and the crystal was as new as a mirror, but suddenly cold light came out of the box. The mountains are washed by fine snow, beautiful as a test, as bright as the face of a beautiful girl, as bright as the beginning of a bun. Wicker will stretch, but not yet. Soft buds are scattered in the wind, and wheat seedlings come out of the ground. They are short, like fur on an animal's neck, only about an inch. Although there are not many tourists, donkeys who drink spring tea, sing with wine glasses and wear donkeys can also be seen from time to time. Although the wind is still strong, walking is sweaty. Every bird exposed on the beach sipped under the scales of the waves, carefree, and there was joy between the scales of its feathers. I know there is no spring in the country, but people who live in the city don't know.

Translated text

The climate in Beijing is very cold. After the flower festival, the cold left by winter is still very strong. The cold wind often blows, and when it blows, sand and stones fly. I hid in a room, but I couldn't get out. Every time I go out quickly in the cold wind, I always come back in less than a hundred steps.

On February 22nd, the weather was slightly warmer. I left Dongzhimen with some friends and went to Man Jing. Tall willows are separated on both sides of the embankment, and the fertile land is slightly wet. Look around and you will feel like a swan that has escaped from its cage. At this time, the thin ice began to melt and the water waves began to glow. Fish-scale waves are layered, and the water at the bottom of the river is clear and shiny, as if the mirror had just been opened, and cold light suddenly flashed in the mirror box. After the mountains were washed away by the melting snow, the beautiful face seemed to be brushed, bright, beautiful and bright, as if a beautiful girl had just washed her face and combed a round bun. Wicker will stretch if it doesn't stretch, tender willow tips will spread with the wind, and the low wheat seedlings in the wheat field are only about one inch. Although there are not many tourists, people often fetch water to make tea, sing with glasses and ride red donkeys. Although the wind is still strong, you are sweating when you walk. Birds basking in the sun on the beach and fish swimming in the water are leisurely, and there is a happy atmosphere between feathers and scales. I only know that there is no spring outside the fields in the suburbs, but people living in cities don't know that.

6. About the original publisher of inspirational classical Chinese: * * Asia

On inspirational and complete classical Chinese

Chapter one: Complete classical Chinese writing about inspirational writing.

2, the light is midnight chicken, it is the time for men to study. Teenagers only know how to play, but don't know how to study hard. When they are old, they regret why they didn't know how to study hard when they were young.

Yan Zhenqing

People who made great achievements in ancient times not only had extraordinary talents, but also had perseverance.

Su Shi

4, reading does not know the depth of spring, an inch of time and an inch of gold.

Wang Zhenbai

5. There is a road to diligence in Shushan, and there is no limit to learning the sea.

Han Yu

6. Nine times out of ten things in the world are abandoned by difficulties and nine times out of ten by laziness.

yan zhitui

7, rope saw wood, water droplets wear.

Luo dajing

8, thousands of blows are still strong, the wind is east, west, north and south.

Zhenbanqiao

9, time flies, the sun and the moon fly like a shuttle.

Expanded sage

10, I worked hard all my life and got nothing.

Zhang heng

1 1, there must be a teacher in a threesome. Choose the good and follow it, change the bad.

Confucius

12. If you have ambition, you will live forever.

Shi Yukun

13, once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains are short in the sky. ..

Du Fu

14, poor will change, change will pass, and the general rule will last for a long time.

I Ching

15, the ancients learned nothing, and it takes time to grow old.

Lu you

16, fly to the sky without flying; If you don't sing, it will be a blockbuster.

Sima Qian

17, I have a shallow understanding of what I got on paper and don't know how to do it.

Lu you

18, you must make up your mind before you learn anything.

Chu Hsi

19, if a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first.

Confucius

20, leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu.

xunzi

2 1, all rivers run into the sea, with great tolerance; The wall stands a thousand miles, and it is just without desire.

Lin Zexu

22, life is like a dream, a bottle or a month. Su Shi 75 The so-called heroes in ancient times must have extraordinary festivals. People can't be ninjas. People see humiliation, draw their swords and stand up and fight. This is not brave enough. Tianxiayou

7. Information about Classical Chinese Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose. Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist and educator, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the written language of ancient Chinese formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language and the language in the ancient works of later writers".

Classical Chinese, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, that is, ancient classical Chinese works and works imitating it in past dynasties. Classical Chinese, as a written stereotyped writing language, has been used for two or three thousand years, from pre-Qin philosophers and poems in Han Dynasty to ancient Chinese prose in Tang and Song Dynasties and stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In other words, classical Chinese is the ancient written language of China and the source of modern Chinese. The first word "Wen" means beauty.

The word "Yan" means writing, expressing and recording. The word "classical Chinese" means written language. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese.

The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , and represents the genre. "Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", which is also called stylistic writing.

And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and plain oral language", such as "have you eaten?" .

In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.

Before 19 19, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".

In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.

8. I can't find a short essay. I'll give you another one.

Waiting for unexpected gains

Attending was cultivated by Song people (12). There was a plant in the field. When the rabbit touched the plant, its neck broke and it died. After being released, you can't get the rabbit back, Han Feizi.

[Simplified translation]

There was a farmer in Song State, and there was a stump in his field. One day, a rabbit running fast ran into a stump, broke its neck and died. From then on, the farmer gave up his farm tools and waited by the stump every day, hoping to get another rabbit. Rabbits can't be resurrected, but they have become the laughing stock of the Song people.

[Notes]

(1) Plants-Broken roots are exposed on the ground.

(2) go-run, escape.

(3) class-ancient agricultural tools, similar in shape.

(4) Ji-hope.

(5) As a small fruit of the Song people, it was laughed at by the Song people.

6 release-put it down

All landowners to-use.

8 Rules-Rules

Pet-name ruby today-now

Attending the Song people-people of the Song State.

Note: It is usually used in a derogatory sense.

1 1. Fure

12 ploughing: ploughing, cultivator: cultivator, farmer.

9. What are the classical Chinese texts about learning? (1) Classical Chinese is wonderful. Of course, there is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.

(2) Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).

(3) Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.

(4) "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It shows two meanings: first, it shows that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.

The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.

(5) Does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.

(6) The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language-including dialects-has "culture" and "writing", that is, writing, its language charm is reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.

(7) In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.

(8) When reading classical Chinese, I feel that my thinking is very clear, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, which is very solemn.