How about Sanshanyuan Constellation _ Sanshan Vision Plastic Surgery?

A book about ancient constellations in China.

The ancient Babylonians created the division of star regions, that is, constellations. Our country also created its own star division system in ancient times. In order to know the stars and observe the sky, people give each group of stars a name. Such a group of stars are called star officials. Each star officer contains a number of stars ranging from one to dozens, and the scope of the sky area is also different. According to preliminary statistics, there are about 38 star officials recorded in ancient books in pre-Qin period. There is a record of 9 1 in Shi Ji Tian Guan Shu. It is recorded in Tian Han Wen Zhi: "There are 1 18 Chinese and foreign officials resident in Jingxing, totaling 780 Samsung." Zhang Heng wrote Lingxian, saying: "There are always 24 Chinese and foreign officials, but there are 320, that is, 2,500 stars, but the proportion of sea people does not exist."

Gan De, Shi Shen and Wu Xian in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Each has established its own star officer system. When he arrived in the Three Kingdoms, Wu Taishi asked Chen Zhuo to integrate three star officials, namely, Gan, Shi and Wu, compiled a catalogue of 283 officials and 1464 stars, and drew it into a star map (the catalogue and star map have long been lost). After the inheritance and development of Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's star distribution system became mature, and it has been used for thousands of years since then.

academic titles conferred on the three candidates who came out first at examinations held at three levels

These three walls are Wei Zi Wall, Qiu Wall and Shi Tian Wall. Each wall is a relatively large sky area, which contains several (small) stars (or constellations). According to the records in Qing Hui Dian, the division of Gan, Shi and Wu is different. There are stars in the east and west on every wall, which are arranged in a circle around and shaped like a wall, so it is called "wall".

Ziweiyuan is the middle wall of three yuan, living in the center of the northern sky, so it is also called Zhonggong, or Ziweiyong. Wei Zi Palace means Imperial Palace, and most stars are named after official names. It is in the extreme center of the north, with 15 stars in the east and 15 stars in the west. The two bows were joined together and surrounded by a wall. According to the observation records of the whole Ziweiyuan during the reign of Emperor You of Song Dynasty, there are 37 constellations, including 2 satellite seats, positive star 163, and additional star 18 1. Its sky area is roughly equivalent to the international constellations of Bear, Bear, Dragon, Hound, Mu Fu, Unbounded Constellation, Wang Xianxing, Hou Xian Constellation, Yingxian Constellation and Lubao Constellation.

Taiwei Courtyard is the upper wall of Sanyuan, located in the lower northeast of Ziwei Courtyard and south of Beidou. It covers an area of 63 degrees in the sky, centering on Monarch, and contains 20 constellations, including 78 positive stars and 100 additional stars. It contains a part of constellations such as girls, latecomers and lions. Too small is the meaning of the government. Stars are often named after official names, such as Ting Wei, left law enforcement officer and right law enforcement officer.

Shi Tian Wall is the lower wall of Sanyuan, located in the southeast direction under Wei Zibi, occupying about 57 degrees in the sky, which is roughly equivalent to a part of the international cosmological constellations such as the Five Immortals, the Giant Snake and the Snake, including 19 star official (seat), 87 positive star and 173 additional star. It takes the throne as the center and becomes a screen fan. Shi Tian is a fair, and Tian Wenzhi, Book of Jin, said, "The son of heaven leads princes to prosper the city." Therefore, the names of stars are often used to name the market names of goods and instruments and commercial content. For example, Tian Wenzhi, Book of Jin, said: The emperor's seat stands for Yin and Yang, welcoming guests and bucket stands for quantity, welcoming guests is used to measure solids, and bucket is used to measure liquids. The list of "goods representing Baoyu" is Baoyu's exclusive market, and the garage is the "main cargo area".

At present, there is no conclusion about the creation time of ternary. According to ancient records, Zi Weiyuan and Tian Shiyuan, as star officials, first appeared in the book Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, which compiled the Star Classic of the Stone God, and the name of Tai Weiyuan first appeared in astronomical poems in the early Tang Dynasty. However, the official name of the star equivalent to ternary star has been included in the record of the historian "Official Book". The stars in the east and west of Tianshi Garden are all named after the country names of the Warring States Period, which is also a proof of the founding of Sanyuan.

Twenty-eight constellations (division of celestial spheres in ancient astronomy in China)

Twenty-eight Hostels is the main part of the star division system created by China in ancient times. The ancients divided the stars along the ecliptic and near the equator into twenty-eight parts of different sizes, each of which was called a night, collectively called twenty-eight nights, also known as twenty-eight houses or twenty-eight stars.

At first, the ancients chose 28 stars to compare the movements of the sun, the moon, gold, wood, water, fire and earth as observation marks. The meaning of "lodge" is similar to the "palace" of the zodiac, indicating the position of the sun, moon and five stars. In the Tang Dynasty, Twenty-eight Hostels became the main body of the twenty-eight celestial bodies, and these celestial bodies were still named after Twenty-eight Hostels. Different from Sanyuan, as a celestial body, Twenty-eight Hostels are mainly used to divide the ownership of star officials. The 28 huts start from Kakuk and are arranged from west to east, in the same direction as the sun and the moon:

The Seven Hostels in the East consist of horns, sounds, halls, rooms, hearts, tails and dustpans, including 46 constellations and more than 300 stars, forming the image of a black dragon. Many scholars believe that Gan Kun's "Don't use the hidden dragon", "Seeing the dragon in the field", "Jumping into the abyss", "Flying dragon in the sky" and "Kang Long has regrets" in the Book of Changes are just the astronomical phenomena described in Seven Nights on a Dragon. Shi Xing Jing said: "The horn is the head of the black dragon and the right of Chunsheng, that is, the horn of the black dragon." Shuowen called Kang Ren's neck also, so Kang Su was the neck of the black dragon. The Pleiades, also known as the heavenly roots, are the breasts of the black dragon. Accommodation is the belly of the black dragon, and because the dragon is a Tianma, it is also called Tianfu or Mazu. The heart is big Mars. The tail is the tail of the black dragon. According to the ancient dividing line (the stars in the sky correspond to a certain area on the ground), the tail lodge and the skip lodge correspond to Jiujiang mouth. Therefore, it is also called Jiujiang, and there are heavenly stars, fish stars and turtle stars nearby. Jisu is also the tail of the black dragon, and there are bran stars and pestle stars nearby.

In the west, there are seven constellations, including Que, Lou, Stomach, Zan, Bi, Dog and God. There are 54 constellations and more than 700 stars, which constitute the white tiger pattern. Quesu consists of sixteen stars that are not too bright, and it is shaped like a sole. The tail regarded as the god of white tigers. There are three stars in the building, and there are constellations such as Zuo Geng, You Geng, Tian Cang and Tian General nearby. The three stars in the belly are very close, and there are constellations such as Tianqi, Tianchuan, corpse and stagnant water nearby. It seems that the appetite is too small to digest so much food, and I have a little indigestion. The Pleiades is a famous Pleiades star cluster, and there are many myths and legends about it. There are rolling tongues and stars in the Pleiades, which seems to mean that disaster comes from the mouth. Soapy's eight stars, shaped like forks and claws, were called Bi in ancient times, and Bi Star was also called Rain Master (White Star is Uncle Yu), also called Screen, Counting Screen and Xuanming (the same room); In our country, Soapy is a rain star. The three stars are almost completely close together, which is really a bit cherry. Betelgeuse has seven stars, with three stars in the middle in a row and two stars on each side. The seven stars are very bright and conspicuous in the sky, just opposite to the big Mars. Today, we call different opinions businessmen and brothers who don't meet each other businessmen, all from this.

The seven nights in the south are wells, ghosts, willows, stars, Zhang, wings and birds. There are 42 constellations and more than 500 stars. Its image is a rosefinch spreading its wings and flying. Su Jing has eight stars, called Gemini in the west, and there are constellations such as Beihe River, Nanhe River (puppy constellation), Jishui and Shuifu nearby. It is said that there are four stars in the Ghost House, one is a horse, the other is a soldier, the other is a cloth and silk, and the other is a jade. There are other constellations such as Tengu, Tian She and Waichu nearby. Liu Su's eight stars, shaped like weeping willows, are the mouth of Suzaku. Seven of the stars are Suzaku's neck, and there are eleven stars in Xuanyuan nearby. Zhang Su's six stars are Suzaku's coffin, and there are fourteen stars in the nearby Temple of Heaven. Twenty-two stars in the wing can be regarded as the wings and tail of Suzaku. Four-star Hiba is also called crown block, with four stars in the middle and two stars on the left and right, which is the "image of the car".

There are 65 constellations and more than 800 stars in the northern seven nights, which constitute the image of snakes and turtles, so it is called Xuanwu seven nights. The first bucket element of Xuanwu Yuangui in the north is composed of six stars, which is also like a bucket. Generally known as Nandou, it is in charge of life and death together with Beidou, also known as the Temple of Heaven. Niu Su has six stars, which are shaped like an angle. There are four stars in the hostel, which are shaped like dustpans. The virtual main star is one of the four bright stars, also known as the celestial world, which is quite ominous. In ancient times, the empty stars dominated autumn, which contained the image of cold, and everything withered, which was really sad. There are grave constellations, empty beams and house constellations in dangerous houses, which are also ominous, reflecting the inner uneasiness of the ancients in late autumn and winter. Guest rooms, also known as Xuangong, Qingsi and Xuanming (Water God), tell people to strengthen their rooms to survive the severe winter. The wall snail is similar to the ventricular snail and may contain the meaning of strengthening the courtyard wall. Xuanwu star has a very high position in the north. The Old Zhenwu Temple in Beijing (outside Fuxing Gate) is dedicated to Emperor Xuanwu.

The full names of the 28 stars

The blue yarn floats behind the head, and the robe is moistened with water; As soon as Yuan God destroyed a group of turtles, he beheaded them and named them Jiao Mujiao.

Nine young shawls are covered on the head, and the abdomen is uncontroversial; It's normal to subdue dragons and crouch tigers, and the chop will be sealed like a bucket of wood.

Three beards are a foot long, and three flowers are refined but not old; Penglai Island has no love, and this chop will be named Kuimu Wolf.

This is a way to restore the spirit, it is a big mouth with fangs and red hair; There is a reputation in Biyou Palace, and the beheader will be named Muan Jing.

Jasper Shimonoseki narrates the ancient times, and her hands are good at filling the heavens and the earth; If I don't mean to visit Daoxian, I'll call you a tail fire tiger.

There is a jade pivot in the interception, and the mystery is crowded; The dragon in the cinnabar tripod descends the tiger, and the chop will be sealed as a house fire pig.

The secret recipe is used to ward off evil spirits, and the top is covered with Lingyun Tiandi; It is difficult for three flowers to gather at the top, and the chop will be sealed as a winged fire snake.

Self-study and suspension from school do not change prosperity, and you can swim in poverty. After several years in the air, Dan killed Li and became a fire ape.

Free travel in the five mountains and three mountains, tour San Xuan Road, and observe the mind; An empty furnace will bring mercury, and the chop will be named Taurus.

The belly beads are all around, all-encompassing, the sea of Wang Yang; Because killing is inevitable, beheading will be dubbed as a ghost golden sheep.

The dragon, the tiger and the horse are hard to deal with and never die. There are no three flowers in the world, and the golden dog will be famous.

Then the company will take off the fan cage, and the five escapes will be divided into three ways; Before the three bodies were destroyed, Kang Jinlong was beheaded.

Since the mysterious cultivation, I have never loved a gold medal: the leader of Tian Tong is my handsome, and I will be named a leopard.

Born pious and enlightened, diligent and ascetic against leaving the soul; Move mountains and pour the sea, and cut it into three-water apes.

Put on smart clothes, you will lose your temper and lose your mind; Just because there is no blessing of immortality, chopping it will be named water earthworm.

The five elements of wonderful skills are different, and each is a husband; When you become immortal, you will naturally lose it, and the seal will be sealed into a water bottle.

Climb over the mountains to see cranes and deer, exorcise evil spirits and catch strange ghosts and cry; Because there is no blessing from the fairy family, the beheading will be named the mother earth bat.

On the top, the auspicious light is full of color, including how smart Vientiane is; No points can be corrected, and the chop will be sealed as a stomach soil pheasant.

Yin and yang refining methods are different, and the five elements cluster in middle yellow; If you don't believe in Islam, you will break your post and be named Liu Shizhen.

Red must have emotional evil, traveling all over the three mountains and five mountains; Everything is in vain, and the seal will be sealed as a local dog.

Building a road is really unique, and the mystery of the wonderful method is true or false; If you can't become a Taoist, you are mortal and named Xingma.

How can Cycas bloom together, and Yin and Yang enjoy themselves across the red neon; It is only because there is no blessing from the immortal couple that the ribs will be named pheasant.

How terrible it is to add indigo to your face, and your red hair and golden eyes are as evil as tigers; It's unusual to call the wind and rain, and the chop will be named a virtual day mouse.

Samadhi is really exposed in the air, and Xia Guang takes hundreds of steps before and after; Be a hero in the array of immortals and behead a house rabbit.

Taoism is wonderful and unique. It holds military symbols in an exquisite way. The magic of immortality is greed for dust and robbery, and the name will be cut off.

Hair is like vermilion and indigo, and the whole body is golden: the mystery of a cat always doesn't talk, and it will be labeled as a dangerous moon swallow.

Add red dates to the noodles and sprinkle beans to make a soldier. Climb the clouds like lightning with two feet, and cut the famous heart and moon fox.

After practicing the mystery of dantian for two or six days, Yin and Yang will be refined to be extraordinary. Who knows that the Five Qi Dynasties ended in the Yuan Dynasty, and the beheading will be named Zhang Yuelu.

In addition, there are some star officials who are closely related to these star officials, such as tomb, detached palace, ear, chop, graupel, corpse accumulation, right jurisdiction, left jurisdiction, Changsha, shrine and so on. , respectively, attached to the room, dangerous room, Bi, ginseng, well, ghost, tail, known as auxiliary officials or auxiliary seats. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 183 stars in 28 places, including auxiliary officials or auxiliary stars.

The ancients realized in practice that the changes of the four seasons are related to the position of the sun, and the changes of the stars in the morning and evening of the four seasons reflect the movement of the sun in the sky, but it is difficult to directly determine the position of the sun, so the ancients came up with an indirect method, that is, to calculate the position of the sun from the star position of the moon. The moon orbits the earth for more than 27 days (sidereal moon), just one day and one night. It can be seen that the creation of Twenty-eight Hostels is a great progress in the history of ancient astronomy.

Dr. Joseph Needham of Britain commented in the History of Science and Technology in China: "It has been undoubtedly confirmed that although ancient astronomy in China is by no means inferior to Egyptian astronomy, Greek astronomy and later European astronomy in logic and practicality, it is based on a very different ideological system." He added: "Once the boundaries of 28 hotels are demarcated, China people can know their exact locations, no matter how far these constellations are from the equator. Even when the constellation is below the horizon, you can learn about it by observing the arch stars related to them overhead. "

With the development of astronomy, the role of the Twenty-eight Hostel has been expanding since its establishment. It not only played an important role in observing images, timing and making calendars, but also played an irreplaceable role in calculating and determining the positions of the sun, the moon, the five planets, meteors, comets, new stars and even stars in the sky before the formation of modern astrometry. Its calculation method is that the ancients chose a star as the calibration star every night, which the ancients called "distant star". The difference between the right meridian of a distant star in a certain night and its next neighboring distant star is called the equatorial distance in a certain night. In ancient China, two quantities describing the position of celestial bodies were called poles and octaves. "Depolarization" refers to the angular distance between the measured star and the north celestial pole; "Eight angles" means that the right meridian between a celestial body and its adjacent star on the west side is different by one night. This measurement system is the equatorial coordinate system established by astronomers in China.

As can be seen from the above, it is extremely important to choose the distance from the star and measure it, so astronomers of all ages have paid attention to actual measurement. It should be pointed out that the distance between hotels changes slowly due to precession. Although astronomers don't know the important reason of the distance change before the precession is discovered, the measurement data of past dynasties provide rare historical materials for modern people to study precession.

Four elephants

The ancients divided the 28 stars in the whole day into four parts according to the east, north, west, south and four directions, and each part contained seven stars. According to the shape of the seven stars in each part, these four parts are named by four similar animals, called four elephants or four places, and the corresponding relationship is as follows:

The seven nights in the East are like dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called Dongguan Black Dragon.

Seven nights in the north are like snakes and turtles in the night sky in late summer and early autumn, so it is called Beiguan Xuanwu;

The western seven-night tiger, which comes out in late autumn and early winter, is called Xiguan White Tiger.

The seven nights in Nanguan are like suzaku in the sky in winter and early spring, so it is called Nanguan suzaku.

Black Dragon, Xuanwu, White Tiger and Suzaku are collectively called "Four Elephants".

There are many narratives about these four images in Chinese ancient books, such as Ling Xian by Kao, Zi and Zhang Heng and Shang Shu by Kong. Among them, the narrative in Lingxian is the most vivid. Zhang Heng wrote: "The black dragon is curled up on the left, the white tiger is fiercer than the right, Zhu is struggling ahead, and the turtle circle is behind."

Some ancient books in China called the "four images" four dimensions, such as Historical Records, Chronicles of Heaven Officials, Shi's Astrology, Wei Zhangyi's Boya and Zhen Cheng's General Examination of Shangshu. These descriptions are different from each other. According to Shi's Astrology, they are not four elephants, but divided into several elephants. Bi, Gou He. "Then he said," Elephants of cows and snakes, elephants of female turtles. ""Records in Records of the Historian Tianguanshu are basically the same as those in Lingxian County, that is, black dragon, suzaku, white tiger and Xuanwu represent the four seasons. China astronomer Gaul designed the Diagram of the Relationship between Twenty-eight Hostels and Four Elephants according to the historian's Official Book, which is really wonderful.

As far as modern international astrology is concerned, The Oriental Black Dragon is about a maid, a snake, a centaur, Fu, a Libra, a Scorpio, a jackal and a snake man. Xuanwu in the north occupies about Sagittarius, the underworld, Aquarius, Pegasus, Cygnus, Andromeda, Diptera and Cetacea. The white tiger in the west has occupied the rot of Hou Xian, Aries, Huang Xian, Taurus, Bo Jiang, Orion and Tiantu. Southern Suzaku accounts for about Gemini, fisherman, cancer, big dog, southern boat, lion and long snake.