Knowledge about manned spacecraft. Hurry up!

Manned spacecraft is a spacecraft that can guarantee astronauts to live and work in outer space, perform space missions and return to the ground. Also known as a spaceship. Manned spacecraft can carry out space activities independently, can also be used as a "ferryman" between the ground and the space station, and can also dock with the space station or other spacecraft for joint flight. The manned spacecraft is small in size and limited by the amount of consumable materials it carries, so it cannot be replenished and reused. 196 1 year, the Soviet union launched the first spacecraft, and later launched the Ascension and Soyuz spacecraft. The United States has also launched manned spacecraft such as Mercury, Gemini and Apollo. Apollo was a manned spaceship that landed on the moon.

use

Manned spacecraft has many uses, mainly including: ① flying in low-earth orbit and testing various manned space technologies, such as orbital rendezvous and docking, astronauts leaving the cabin and entering space. ② Study the effects of weightlessness in orbit and space radiation on human body, and develop space medicine. ③ Shuttle people and transport materials for the space station. ④ Observing the Earth with various remote sensing equipment. ⑤ Conduct space exploration and astronomical observation. ⑥ Fly to the moon or interstellar flight.

Edit the content of this paragraph

Manned spacecraft generally consists of a crew return module, an orbital module, a service module, a docking module and an emergency rescue device, and the spacecraft landing on the moon also has a lunar module. In order to ensure that people can enter space and return to the ground safely, manned spacecraft mainly has the following subsystems: structural system; Attitude control system; Orbit control system; Radio measurement and control system; Power supply system; Return to the landing system; Life support system; Instrument lighting system; Emergency lifesaving system. The main structural feature of the spacecraft is that it has a manned cabin. Its main structure can be divided into several cabins, for example, two-cabin structure and three-cabin structure can be adopted. If there is a docking task, there is a docking mechanism, which is placed at the forefront of the spacecraft. The structure of the first generation Soviet spacecraft, Dongfang, was very simple, with two cabins and only 1 person. When the second generation spacecraft flew, the Soviet riser added an air lock cabin for leaving the cabin, which could carry 2~3 people. American Gemini spacecraft is also a docking mechanism for two cabins. The third generation spacecraft is a three-cabin structure, such as the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The front end of the spacecraft is the docking mechanism, then the orbital module, then the return module and the service module, and finally the launch vehicle is connected. Some cabins are connected by transition cabins. Manned spacecraft with extravehicular tasks are all equipped with airlock cabins for extravehicular purposes. American Apollo spacecraft except manned spacecraft

There are two cabins and a lunar module. Orbital module of spacecraft is the key module of spacecraft. The docking mechanism at the front end is used for docking the spacecraft with other spaceships or space stations, and the lower end is connected with the return cabin through a sealed cabin door. It is a space for astronauts to carry out scientific experiments, eat, exercise, sleep and rest in space flight, equipped with food, water and sleeping bags, waste collection devices, observation instruments and communication equipment. The orbital module can also be used as an air brake for astronauts' extravehicular activities. The return module is also a closed cockpit, which is connected with the orbital module when flying in orbit, and is called the astronaut residence module. During the take-off and re-entry phases, astronauts are half-lying on the seats in the cabin and have a certain angle to overcome the overweight pressure. In front of the seat is an instrument panel to monitor the flight situation; The seat is equipped with an attitude control handle, which can be adjusted manually when the automatic control fails. When the American Mercury spacecraft returned to the ground, its self-control failed. It was the astronauts who manually controlled the spacecraft to return to the ground. Before the spacecraft returned to the ground, the orbital module and the service module were separated from the return module respectively, and burned when re-entering the atmosphere. Only the return capsule will send astronauts back to the ground. The service module of the spacecraft can also be called "equipment module". Its front end is connected with the return cabin through the transition cabin, and its back end is connected with the launch vehicle. The module of Soyuz spacecraft is divided into two parts, the front of which is sealed and pressurized, equipped with electronic equipment, environmental control, propulsion system and communication equipment. The rear section is unsealed and is mainly used to install orbit-changing engines and tanks. The radiation radiator and solar panel of the environmental control system are installed outside the service cabin.

Edit several major accidents in this paragraph.

Apollo 4A spacecraft caught fire during ground test.

1967 65438+1On October 27th, the Kennedy Space Center launched a joint flight simulation test of manned spacecraft on the ground. Apollo 4A spacecraft docked with Saturn 1B carrier rocket, carrying three astronauts. The three astronauts are: Colonel Virgil Brigerson, who has participated in the suborbital flights of Mercury 4 and Gemini 3 and has rich experience; Lieutenant Colonel Edward H White, who participated in Gemini 4 and was the first American astronaut to walk in space; Roger B. Chaffey prepares to fly into space for the first time. If the ground simulation test is successful, three astronauts will fly into orbit around the earth in this spaceship to test the degree of landing on the moon. Security has been checked before testing. Because the rocket was not filled and no initiating explosive device was installed, all the flammable and explosive substances that could be found were removed or dismantled. The organizer of the test thinks that there are no unsafe factors, so there are no special firefighters, doctors and emergency rescuers at the test site. The test was carried out according to the procedure. When the countdown reached the final stage, the program was suddenly interrupted and the command module of the spacecraft caught fire. From the communication phone in the command room, I heard the astronauts shouting: "Fire!" Then I heard "Let's get out!" Shouts. However, before the hatch was opened, three astronauts were burned to death in the cabin in just a few tens of seconds. Later, it was found that the cause of the fire was the short circuit of the spacecraft wire, and the electric spark ignited the plastic products in the cabin. Apollo spacecraft adopted a pure oxygen scheme of 1/3 atmospheric pressure. Some plastic products that were originally fire-resistant in normal air became flammable in pure oxygen. In addition, the opening time of the hatch is designed to be 90 seconds, and negative pressure is formed in the ship when it is on fire, so it is impossible to open the hatch in a very short time either outside or inside. The fire caused a catastrophic accident, and three people were killed in the ground test of the spacecraft. The carrying of Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft is very important for future generations.

How inspiring. Later, a series of safety measures were taken in the Apollo spacecraft cabin, such as redeveloping the cabin materials, further improving the escape and rescue system and increasing fire prevention measures. In order to check the reliability of the revised spacecraft, two unmanned spacecraft were launched in addition to the original plan. Gleason said after the 1965 Gemini 3 flight: "Even if I die, we still need people to accept it ... conquering space is a valuable adventure." Gleason dedicated his precious life to the aerospace industry. 1971August 2, when Apollo 15 landed on the moon, American astronauts scattered ashes on the moon. Gleason and others failed to land on the moon before their death, and finally entered the "Moon Palace" after their death.

Soyuz 1 returned to komarov and was killed.

1967 In April, the former Soviet Union planned to use the newly developed Soyuz spacecraft to carry out the planned rendezvous and docking test on the moon, and arranged for Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 to be launched on April 23 and April 24, respectively, and then rendezvous and dock in Earth orbit on April 25-26 to realize space transfer. At 3: 35 a.m. on April 23rd, Colonel Vladimir M. komarov took the Soyuz 1 spacecraft and was launched from the Baikonur launch site on time with cheers. On the second lap, komarov reported: "The solar panel on the left side of the spacecraft was not opened, and the power supply was insufficient, so the radio short-wave transmitter didn't work. The attitude stabilization system is also affected, and the spacecraft is in an irregular operation state. " Komarov is one of the best astronauts in the former Soviet Union with rich flying experience. He turned the left side of the spaceship to the sun and tried to open the windsurfing, but failed. On the fifth lap, the failure of the spacecraft was further aggravated. Komarov tried his best to troubleshoot and tried to start the engine of the spacecraft to stabilize the flight, but failed. Exhausted komarov asked for a rest on lap 10. After permission, communication with the ground was interrupted. At this time, the scientists and engineers of the ground flight control center also stayed up all night and were busy. On the one hand, they closely monitor the situation of Alliance 1 and command komarov to troubleshoot and take emergency measures; On the other hand, it needs to be decided whether Soyuz-2 will be launched as planned. At that time, some people advocated delaying the launch of Soyuz-2 spacecraft immediately to rescue Soyuz 1. Some people advocate flying after 13 lap. When Soyuz 1 flew to 13 lap, the communication with the ground flight control center was restored. Komarov reported that the fault of the spacecraft has not disappeared and its attitude is still unstable. The flight control center decided to stop the launch of Soyuz 2, and Soyuz 1 returned immediately. The flight control center technicians studied three possible attitude control and navigation modes, namely constellation positioning, ion positioning and manual control. The second type is unsafe at sunrise, because ion holes will appear at sunrise and the sensor may fail. The third type requires astronauts to obtain manual orientation from the horizon, but if the spacecraft is in the shadow of the earth, the horizon is not easy to see, and the operation is quite difficult, and then it happens to be early morning. After careful study, the flight control center issued an instruction to komarov to return in the second way on lap 17. However, on lap 17, the attitude adjustment failed and failed to return. On lap 19, komarov manually controlled the return and put the spacecraft into the return orbit. When the spacecraft landed at a height of 10 km from the ground according to the return orbit, when it was time to open the main parachute, the ground commander heard komarov say, "The parachute didn't open!" At 6: 24 on April 24, the spacecraft rushed to the ground with flames at a speed of more than 100 meters per second, and landed 65 kilometers east of Orsk in Urals region, and several violent explosions occurred. Komarov died instantly. When rescuers arrived at the scene, the wreckage of the spacecraft was still burning. In view of the lessons of this accident, the Soviet Union had to re-examine the spacecraft and cancel the flight plan to the moon. After years of improvement in 1, the unmanned Soyuz 2 was launched again in June of 1968+00. Komarov died heroically for the space industry, and the Soviet Union held a grand state funeral for him, and his ashes were placed under the walls of the Kremlin. 197l on August 2, when Apollo 15 landed on the moon, American astronauts brought a nameplate engraved with the names of the American astronauts of the late Soviet Union and put it on the moon, including komarov's name.

Apollo 13 astronauts narrowly escaped death.

1970 On April 1 1 day, the United States once again launched Apollo 13 with Saturn V carrier rocket for the planned third moon landing. Manned spaceship on this flight.

Celebrities include Lovel, Hayes and Swigart. When the spacecraft flew for 46 hours, 40 minutes and 02 seconds, the astronauts found that the oxygen storage capacity of No.2 oxygen storage tank exceeded the tolerance. At 55: 53, the pressure in the oxygen storage tank L was low, and the alarm in the command module sounded an alarm. In 55 hours, 54 minutes and 53.3 seconds, the spacecraft telemetry data was lost for 65,438 0.8 seconds, the voltage of the main bus dropped, and the alarm system gave an alarm. Almost at this moment, the oxygen storage tank No.2 in the service module exploded with a bang. The ship's alarm light went on, the alarm sounded, and the main voltage continued to drop. Swigart immediately reported to the Houston Flight Control Center: "Hello! We have an accident here. " Hayes climbed from the tunnel of the lunar module to the command module, saw that the voltage of some systems had dropped to zero, and immediately made a report. These situations were broadcast live to the whole country and the whole world through TV, which made thousands of people dumbfounded. Countless Americans pray for them. Houston Flight Control Center timely analyzed that the liquid oxygen tank exploded and caught fire, which damaged the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell on the spacecraft. There is something wrong with the power supply on the spacecraft, which makes it impossible to land on the moon and the astronauts are in extreme danger. After painstaking and meticulous analysis by the scientists and engineers of the Flight Control Center, the Houston Flight Control Center decisively decided to stop the flight to the moon and return to Earth immediately with the intact lunar module. At that time, the spacecraft was 380 thousand kilometers away from the earth and had crossed the gravitational interface of the earth. The spaceship flew to the moon under the gravity of the moon. If you want to return, you must have enough rocket thrust to overcome the attraction of the moon. The lunar module is obviously incompetent. After careful calculation, the scientists of Houston Flight Control Center let the astronauts on the ground enter the lunar module for simulation, and finally got the most fuel-efficient return orbit: the spacecraft continued to fly, bypassed the moon, and then started the lunar module engine to enter the return orbit. Because the oxygen storage tank of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is also responsible for supplying oxygen and water for the life support system of spacecraft, astronauts are faced with the situation of insufficient electric energy, difficulty in supplying water and oxygen, and falling environmental temperature. However, under the command of the ground flight control center, the three astronauts overcame the difficulties of fear, cold, darkness and fatigue with tenacious will and perseverance, and worked closely with the personnel of the ground flight control center to actively and steadily implement the life-saving plan formulated on the ground. The spaceship continued to fly to the moon in the vast space. When the spacecraft was 27.6 kilometers away from the moon, the astronauts started the lunar module to lower the engine and worked for 30.7 seconds. The spaceship entered the orbit around the moon. At 9: 4 a.m.1on April 5, 65438, after the spacecraft circled the moon, start the engine of the lunar module for 4.5 minutes. The spacecraft entered the orbit to return to Earth. There is less and less oxygen, water and electricity in the lunar module, and astronauts are getting more and more restless because of fatigue and fear. The commander of the flight control center has been in contact with them, encouraging them and reminding them to swallow sedatives. The United States informed all countries in the world of the failure of Apollo 13 landing on the moon in time, and urgently requested relevant countries to give assistance. 13 countries including the former Soviet union provided rescue boats and planes, which were arranged in the sea areas that American warships failed to take care of. On April 17, the spacecraft entered the orbit of returning to the Earth's atmosphere. Before entering the atmosphere, the astronauts started four attitude control rockets to make the lunar module push the service module forward to speed up the flight. Subsequently, the separation explosion bolt was ignited to separate the service cabin. Then start the reverse rocket to make the lunar module leave the service module for a certain distance. Then, the two astronauts of the lunar module returned to the command module, closed the passages of the two modules, lit the separation explosion bolts, and threw away the lunar module. Three astronauts returned to Earth in the command module and landed safely in the Pacific Ocean. The president of the United States went with the warship Iwo Jima to welcome the three astronauts back. Although Apollo 13 failed to land on the moon, it miraculously rescued the astronauts with human wisdom and perseverance. Therefore, the aerospace industry called this flight "a successful failure." Afterwards, the US government set up an accident investigation team to find out the cause of the accident. The two thermostatic switches of the heating system installed in the service cabin liquid oxygen storage tank were connected by arc discharge due to overload, which made the temperature of the heating pipeline as high as 500 degrees, scorched the nearby wires and eventually led to oxygen explosion.

Soyuz 1 1 Air leakage during the return of the spacecraft.

197 1 April19, the Soviet union launched the first space station-salute1. Four days later, on April 23rd, Soyuz spacecraft 10 lifted off and went straight to 1 to salute and successfully docked. After docking, the astronauts tried their best to work for more than five hours because of the fault, trying to enter the space station, but failed and had to return urgently. On June 6th, Soyuz spacecraft 1 1 was launched from Baikonur launch site, carrying three astronauts, who were the first to enter the salute 1 space station and fly to the space station. The three astronauts are George Dobro Volschi, Vladimir Volkov and Victor PaChayev. After the orbit change flight, the spacecraft began to rendezvous and dock at a distance of 0/00 meters from the space station/KLOC-and achieved success. Three astronauts opened the hatch and entered the space station. They stayed in the space station for 23 days (18 hours and 22 minutes), conducted a series of astronomical observations, experiments on plant growth under weightlessness and some medical experiments, and obtained a lot of valuable information, which was quite excellent. During the docking process, the orbit of the space station was raised twice. At 9 pm on June 29th, three astronauts left the salute 1 and returned. But none of them are wearing spacesuits. After leaving the space station, the spacecraft flew for more than four hours and kept in touch with the ground. On June 30 1: 35, the spacecraft started the braking rocket according to the procedure. Before re-entry, the return module and the orbital module were separated. However, after the separation plug connecting the two cabins was separated, the pressure valve of the return cabin was shaken open, the sealing performance was destroyed, the air of the return cabin leaked from there, and the cabin was quickly decompressed, resulting in the death of astronauts due to acute hypoxia and boiling of body fluids. Although the return procedure was normal, the return capsule landed safely under the deceleration of the parachute. But when people opened the hatch, they saw the bodies of three astronauts who died. The cause of the accident was the unreasonable design of the spacecraft and the crowded cockpit. Only when we take off our bloated spacesuits can we sit down. At that time, the Soyuz return procedure clearly stipulated that astronauts must take off their spacesuits before returning. At that time, many scientists opposed this design and procedure, but the leaders of the space department did not accept the correct opinion. To this end, the head of Soviet space, General Kamanin, was dismissed. The accident was the most tragic in the manned space activities of the former Soviet Union. After the accident, the use plan of the Soviet space station was postponed again, and no one entered the salute 1 after that. The flight control center was helpless, and issued a command to lower the orbit 175 days after launch, and returned to the Pacific Ocean to burn it. Soyuz flight was suspended for another two years and three months. In order to improve the safety performance of Soyuz, the crew was reduced from three to two, 1 set of life support equipment was added, and it was stipulated that spacesuits must be worn during the ascending and returning phases. As a tool for human beings to conquer the universe, manned spacecraft has only been used for more than 30 years. In the long river of history, it can be described as "a flick of a finger". Compared with any means of transportation that has appeared in the past, it is the youngest, but it is also the fastest growing. In the past 30 years, its experience has also been tortuous. Many scientists and engineering experts are devoted to it, and several astronauts are dedicated to it. However, it has been perfected day by day and has become the main means of transportation for human beings to and from the space station and the ground. It will be further improved in the future, and it will shine brilliantly and create miracles in the voyage to the moon, Mars and other planets.

Edit this paragraph about the development of manned spacecraft in China.

Shenzhou I ~ Shenzhou IV

1992, China's manned spaceflight project was formally established. 1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou I, was launched in Jiuquan, carrying a 2 1 manned spacecraft.

A few hours later, she successfully landed in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia and successfully completed the "virgin journey". The success of this flight laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to heaven. China successfully launched the Shenzhou II spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on1October1+10. On March 25th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On June 30th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.

Shenzhou v

At 9: 00 on June 5438+1October 5, 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut who carried out the mission in Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a space journey of 2 1 hour of 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16, marking that China became the third country in the world to independently carry out manned space flight after the former Soviet Union and the United States.

Shenzhou VI

June 65438+10/October 65438+February 9, 2005, the Shenzhou VI spacecraft was successfully launched, and two astronauts flew for many days, namely Nie Haisheng and Hefei. Shenzhou VI returned safely in the early morning of June 10, which further matured China's manned space technology. Shenzhou VI achieved the first multi-person and multi-day space flight test, which laid the foundation for future astronauts to live and work in the space station. Astronauts entered the orbital module for the first time. Astronauts traveled to and from the orbital module for the first time, and conducted closed return doors and leak detection tests under weightlessness. For the first time, a real space science experiment was carried out.

Shenzhou vii

On September 25th, 2008, the Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft was launched from the manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China on 2 1: 10: 04: 988. The spacecraft landed successfully at the main landing site of Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia, China on September 28th, 2008 17: 37. Shenzhou VII spacecraft flew for 2 days, 20 hours and 27 minutes.

Edit this important moment

The world's first manned spacecraft, the Oriental of the former Soviet Union, was launched on April 196 1. The world's first moon landing spacecraft, Apollo 1 1 of the United States, was launched at 9: 32 on July 1969.