Three compulsory knowledge points of geography.

Chapter I Geographical Environment and Regional Development

1 the influence of geographical environment on regional development

1, the region is divided according to certain indicators and methods on the basis of regional differences, with certain location characteristics, as well as certain area, shape and boundary. Some areas have clear boundaries, while others are transitional. This area is not only an integral part of the superior area, but also can be further divided into subordinate areas.

2. Regional characteristics: hierarchical; Difference; Honesty; variability

3. Similarities and differences between the Yangtze River Delta and Songnen Plain: (1) The same: both are plain areas, both located in the eastern monsoon region of China. (2) Difference: ① Location difference: The Yangtze River Delta is located in the middle of the eastern coast of China, at the mouth of the Yangtze River; Songnen Plain is located in the northeast of China. ② Differences in climatic conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer, with rain and heat at the same time; Songnen Plain is located in the temperate monsoon climate zone, and it is also in the same period of rain and heat, but it is slightly continental, with less precipitation, short warm season and short growth period, and the combination of water and heat conditions is not as good as that of the Yangtze River Delta. ③ Differences in land conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is dominated by paddy soil, and the cultivated land is mostly paddy fields, which are scattered, and the per capita cultivated land area is lower than the national average; The black soil in Songnen Plain is widely distributed, and the cultivated land is mostly dry land and concentrated contiguous, and the per capita cultivated land area is higher than the national average. ④ Differences in mineral resources conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is poor in mineral resources, and the Songnen Plain is rich in oil and other minerals.

4. On the basis of good hydrothermal conditions, the Yangtze River Delta develops paddy agriculture, mainly planting rice, rape and cotton. , two to three seasons a year; Limited by water and heat conditions, the Songnen Plain develops dry land agriculture, mainly planting corn, spring wheat and soybeans. Harvest once a year.

5. The rivers and lakes in the Yangtze River Delta have wide water surfaces and relatively developed aquaculture; The western Songnen Plain is suitable for the development of animal husbandry because of its low precipitation and wide grassland distribution.

6. The Yangtze River Delta is located in the center of China's coastal routes and the gateway of the Yangtze River to the sea, with convenient internal and external contacts and developed trade. Relying on the developed local agricultural foundation, developing light industry and importing mineral resources from home and abroad to develop heavy industry has become an important comprehensive industrial base in China. Songnen Plain has developed the heavy chemical industry by using the rich local oil resources and the coal and iron resources in the surrounding areas, and has become the heavy chemical industry base in China.

7. The influence of geographical environment in different stages of regional development: (Taking the Yangtze River Delta as an example)

(1) Early stage: rivers, lakes and swamps are widely distributed with flat terrain and thick soil. Limited by the geographical environment, agricultural development is slow.

(2) Agricultural society: ① Ships are widely used as means of transportation, and dense water systems provide natural waterways for expanding traffic links. (2) With the improvement of agricultural production tools and production technology, watery and sticky soil is no longer the limiting condition of farming operation, and agricultural production has developed rapidly. With the large-scale migration of population from north to south in the history of our country, the population is becoming more and more dense. ④ Superior climatic conditions also make the Yangtze River Delta a major sericulture and cotton production base in China.

(3) The later stage of agricultural society: ① The development of industry and commerce makes the population and cities dense, and the cultivated land area decreases. ② Fragmented cultivated land is not conducive to the popularization of mechanization, and the commodity rate of grain is low. Nowadays, as a national "granary", it has gradually given way to the Northeast Plain and North China Plain, and its position in the national cotton production is not as good as that in South Xinjiang and North China Plain.

2 the application of geographic information technology in the study of regional geographic environment

1. Geographic information technology refers to the floorboard of modern technologies for acquiring, managing, analyzing and applying geospatial information, mainly including remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning system.

2. Remote sensing: (RS) Remote sensing of surface objects.

Radiation and reflection of electromagnetic waves by objects → collection → transmission → information processing → information analysis → professional map statistics.

Target → sensor (key equipment) → remote sensing ground system → result.

Features and advantages: we can start with the regional analysis and study on the surface, and then focus on selecting some points and lines for field verification and inspection. It can not only improve the accuracy and quality of research work, but also save manpower and financial resources and improve efficiency.

3. Global Positioning System: (GPS) A system for real-time navigation and positioning on a global scale.

(1) three parts: space part -—GPS satellite constellation; Ground control part-ground monitoring system; User equipment part --GPS signal receiver. (2) Features: provide accurate three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time for various users; It is multifunctional (land, sea, aviation and aerospace), global, all-weather, continuous and real-time.

4. Geographic Information System: (GIS) A computer system dedicated to processing geospatial data, which is used in all fields that use maps or need to process geospatial data. It has been applied to regional geographical environment research and urban management.

Information source → data processing → database → spatial analysis → expression.

Advantages: ① large amount of information and convenient use; 2 powerful; ③ Dynamic monitoring (combination of GIS and RS)

5. Remote sensing, global positioning system and geographic information system are independent of each other and promote each other. Remote sensing is mainly used to obtain geographic information data, global positioning system is mainly used for spatial positioning of geographic information, and geographic information system is mainly used for management, query, update, spatial analysis and application evaluation of geographic information.

6. Digital Earth refers to the digital earth, that is, the technical system managed by computer network after the whole earth information is digitized. All kinds of geographic information are integrated from regional to global according to geographical coordinates, and displayed in a three-dimensional and dynamic way.

Chapter II Construction of Regional Ecological Environment

1 desertification control-taking northwest China as an example

1. Desertification refers to land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas and some semi-humid areas. Desertification is mainly manifested in land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by cultivated land degradation, grassland degradation and forest land degradation.

2. Northwest China: west of Daxing 'anling Mountain and north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Ancient Great Wall, including Xinjiang, Ningxia, northern Gansu and most of Inner Mongolia. The topography of the northwest region: plateaus and basins are dominant, and the eastern and central regions (in Inner Mongolia) are vast and open plateaus; In the west (Xinjiang), mountains and basins are alternately distributed. The most obvious natural feature in northwest China is drought, with desert and grassland landscapes as the main features. Its cause is: living in the depths of the mainland-far from the ocean-water vapor is difficult to reach.

3. Due to the influence of summer monsoon, the precipitation in northwest China gradually decreases from east to west, so the drought degree increases, and the natural yield and livestock carrying capacity of land gradually decrease; Inner Mongolia Plateau east of Helan Mountain mainly belongs to semi-arid grassland zone. A large area of desert and Gobi is formed to the west of Helan Mountain, with only some towering windward slopes and a little more precipitation. Rainfall and meltwater from snow and ice on windward slopes in mountainous areas have become the main water sources for agriculture and animal husbandry in oases.

4. Natural factors of desertification-creating conditions for desertification: ① basic conditions → dry climate and little rain; ② Material conditions → loose ground, which is sandy sediment; ③ Dynamic conditions → windy days are numerous and concentrated; ④ Abnormal climate will also affect the process of desertification.

5. Human factors in the formation of desertification-accelerating the process of desertification (play a decisive role)

(1) The man-made causes of desertification are: a. the pressure of population explosion on the ecological environment; B excessive and unreasonable use of land and water resources due to inappropriate human activities. (2) The main manifestations are: ① excessive cutting of firewood; ② Overgrazing; ③ Excessive reclamation.

6. The secondary salinization in northwest China is mainly distributed in oasis areas with water irrigation. The reason is that farming technology is backward, irrigation measures are improper, and under dry climate conditions, salt is easy to accumulate on the surface due to strong evaporation.

7. Evolution of desertification in different historical periods in China;

age

cause

sphere of influence

ancient times

Blind farming, war, plague

Desert Edge and Hexi Corridor in Tarim Basin

Modern Times

Immigration is solid, open and forbidden.

Farming-pastoral ecotone in southern Inner Mongolia

Modern Times

Population pressure, management mistakes

Grassland pastoral areas and dry farming areas

8. Countermeasures and measures for desertification control: (1) Desertification control contents: a. Preventing potential desertification threats; Reversing the degradation of desertification land under development; Restore the productivity of desertified land. (2) Principle of desertification control: adhere to the principle of combining maintaining ecological balance with improving economic benefits, and combining mountain management, water control, alkali (saline-alkali) control and sand control. (3) To prevent and control desertification, it is necessary to protect and restore desert vegetation in a planned way under the existing economic and technological conditions. Focus on the areas that have been invaded by sand dunes and severely damaged by sandstorms, and carry out comprehensive management according to local conditions. (4) Specific measures to prevent desertification: ① Rational utilization of water resources; ② Using biological measures and engineering measures to build shelter forest system; ③ Adjust the relationship between agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; (4) Take comprehensive measures to solve the energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas in multiple ways; ⑤ Control population growth. (5) Measures and experiences of desertification control in China: biological sand fixation, grass barrier, aerial seeding and grass planting in sandy land, comprehensive management of small watersheds, etc.

9. In the process of ecological construction and desertification control in the northwest of China, the China government has successively implemented a number of ecological environment control projects, such as the construction of the Three-North Shelterbelt System, natural forest protection, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and sand control.

2 Development and Protection of Forests-Taking Amazon Rainforest as an Example

1. Forests are not only important natural resources, but also irreplaceable environmental resources. It has many ecological functions and environmental protection effects, such as regulating climate, stabilizing atmospheric composition, conserving water, conserving soil and water, breeding species, maintaining biodiversity, preventing wind and fixing sand, smoking and removing dust, purifying air and beautifying the environment. It is called the general dispatching room of nature.

2. The existing virgin forests are mainly distributed in coniferous forests and tropical rainforests in the sub-cold zone. They are either protected from large-scale destruction because of their vast territory, sparse population and harsh natural conditions, or because they are difficult to pass and developed late. Among them, the Amazon rainforest is the largest and relatively well-preserved virgin forest on the earth. However, the trend of global forest area reduction is still intensifying, especially the tropical virgin forests are being destroyed.

3. Tropical rain forests are mainly distributed on both sides of the equator, but they can extend to the north and south latitudes 15-25 degrees in the windward zone of the mainland. The three major distribution areas of tropical rainforests are the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in Africa and Southeast Asia.

4. Global environmental effects of rainforests: ① lungs of the earth: affecting the balance of carbon and oxygen in the earth's atmosphere and regulating the global climate; ② Reservoirs of the earth: promoting global water circulation and regulating global water balance; (3) The treasure house of biological genes in the world: the place with the most breeding species and the longest preservation time in the evolutionary history of the earth.

5. Advantages of tropical rain forest system: strong photosynthesis, vigorous biological cycle, rapid biological growth and high community productivity.

6. Vulnerability of rainforest ecology; Almost all nutrients are stored in plants on the ground, and the soil is barren.

7. Amazon rainforest development: ① Before 1950s: backward lifestyle, small development scale and little impact; (2) The population has increased rapidly, and the rainforest has been destroyed unprecedentedly; (3)1970, the Brazilian government officially announced the famous plan for the development of the Amazon basin: building a trans-Amazon highway, moving the capital to Brasilia, immigrating to the Amazon plain, using foreign capital, and encouraging multinational enterprises to invest and develop.

8. Under the current background, in the face of the grim situation that the rainforest has been seriously damaged, protection should be given priority.

Chapter III Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Regional Natural Resources

1 energy resources development-taking Shanxi province as an example

1, renewable energy: hydropower, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy and solar energy. ...

Non-renewable energy: mineral energy such as coal, oil and natural gas.

2. Development conditions of coal resources in Shanxi Province: ① rich coal resources and good mining conditions: abundant reserves, wide distribution, complete coal types and excellent coal quality; ② Broad market; ③ The location is moderate and the transportation is convenient.

3. Shanxi energy base construction strategy: ① expanding coal mining; (2) Improving Shanxi's coal transportation capacity; (3) Strengthen coal processing and transformation, and build pithead power station; Develop coking industry.

4. Strengthen the comprehensive utilization of energy: adjust and upgrade the industrial structure, and improve the comprehensive utilization degree and added value of energy. ① Strengthen the three industrial chains of coal-electricity-aluminum, coal-coke-chemical and coal-iron-steel; (2) Shanxi's industrial structure has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a multi-structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemicals and building materials, and the raw material industry has gradually surpassed the mining industry and occupied a dominant position, thus realizing the upgrading of the industrial structure.

5. Environmental protection and governance in Shanxi Province: ① Improving coal utilization technology; ② Adjusting the industrial structure; ③ Disposal of industrial wastes.

2 Comprehensive development of rivers-A case study of Tennessee Valley in the United States

1. Watershed: Also known as water supply area, it refers to the surface catchment area and underground catchment area that supply river surface water. Water system: refers to a huge system composed of main streams, tributaries, lakes, swamps or underground rivers in the basin, also known as water system.

This river system consists of a main stream and a series of tributaries. Generally, the tributaries that flow into the main stream are called primary tributaries, and those that flow into primary tributaries are called secondary tributaries, and so on. The mountains or river highlands between adjacent river basins are called river basins. The line connecting the highest points of a watershed is called a watershed.

Tennessee River is located in the southeast of the United States. It is the longest and largest tributary of the Mississippi River and the Ohio River. It rises on the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and flows into the Ohio River near Kentucky.

4, river development should consider the differences in different regions of the basin, targeted development:

ingredient

meaning

Key points of protection

hilly area

The ecological environment of the birthplace of rivers directly affects the quantity and quality of rivers.

Vegetation ecological protection

river

It is the main part of river basin development and utilization.

Rational allocation of water resources and water quality protection

Valley plain

It is an area where human activities are concentrated.

Ecological environmental protection and environmental pollution control

5. The natural background of Tennessee Valley development: ① Topography: mountainous and undulating, rich in hydraulic resources, inconvenient land transportation, and outstanding navigation function of rivers. ② Climate: Subtropical region, with warm and humid climate and abundant precipitation. (3) Water system: The water system is developed, with numerous tributaries and abundant water, most of which are navigable and can reach most parts of the country through the Mississippi River and its tributaries. However, the terrain is undulating, the river drop is large, and the water quantity affected by climate is very unstable. ④ Mineral resources are very rich.

6. Early development of Tennessee Valley and its consequences: ① In the second half of the 8th century/kloc-0, agriculture was developed and the population was small, which had little impact on the natural environment; ②/KLOC-Late 9th century: The rapid increase of population and predatory exploitation of resources brought a series of ecological and social problems such as land degradation, vegetation destruction and environmental pollution; ③ Early 1930s: Tennessee Valley has become one of the poorest areas in the United States.

7. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was established in the United States to be responsible for the unified development and management of the Tennessee Valley, with the cascade development of rivers as the core of the valley development, and to bring into play the comprehensive benefits of flood control, shipping, power generation, water quality improvement, tourism and land use.

8. Reasons for the formation of "industrial corridors" on both sides of the Tennessee River: large-scale thermal power and nuclear power make the Tennessee River Basin the largest power supply base in China; Develop energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum smelting and chemical industry.

Chapter IV Regional Economic Development

1 regional agricultural development-taking northeast China as an example

1. Geographical conditions in northeast China:

(1) Scope: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia.

(2) Status: China is an important commodity grain base, forestry production base and animal husbandry production base.

(3) Analysis of geographical conditions:

A. climate-the most difficult natural condition in agricultural production. (1) climatic conditions limit the agricultural production varieties, farming systems and production seasons in a region; (2) Most parts of Northeast China belong to temperate monsoon climate zone, and the conditions of heat and water can basically meet the needs of annual crops, but crop growth is easily affected by low temperature and chilling injury.

B. Terrain and soil conditions: ① Terrain conditions often affect the types of regional agricultural production; (2) Generally speaking, the plain area is suitable for the development of planting, and the hilly area is suitable for the development of forestry and animal husbandry. (The plateau in the western part of Northeast China has a flat terrain and more precipitation, which is a high-quality grassland pasture. The central and northeastern plains are vast, surrounded by mountains and rich in forest resources); ③ The soil is fertile, with black soil and chernozem widely distributed, deep soil layer and high organic matter content.

C. Socio-economic conditions: ① China's important industrial base, agriculture and animal husbandry promote industry, and industry promotes agriculture and animal husbandry; (2) The transportation is developed, the external contact is convenient, and the export-oriented agriculture is developed; (3) The development time is late, the population density is low, and the scale of agricultural operation is much higher than the national average. Better ecological environment and resource conditions are conducive to the development of green agriculture and large agriculture.

2. Characteristics of agricultural distribution in Northeast China: ① Agricultural areas: mainly distributed in plains (Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain and Liaohe Plain); Rice is mostly planted in large irrigation areas in Liaohe River and Songhua River basins and valley basins in eastern mountainous areas. Wheat (mainly spring wheat) is most concentrated in Sanjiang Plain and northern Songnen Plain. Corn: The northern part of Jilin Province has formed the most famous "corn belt" in China. ② Forestry and specialty areas: mainly distributed in Daxinganling, Xiaoxing 'anling and Changbai Mountain; Changbai Mountain is the main producing area of precious medicinal materials such as pilose antler and ginseng in China, and apples and pears are produced in Yanbian. Liaodong and peninsula hilly areas are the largest tussah cocoon producing areas in China. Southern Liaoning is an important apple producing area. ③ Animal husbandry area: it is mainly distributed in the western plateau, the western Songnen Plain and some forest grasslands, and is an important production base for sheep, cattle and horses, such as Sanhe Niu, Sanhe Ma in Sanhe area of Hulunbeier City and Northeast Red Bull in the western Songnen Plain.

3. Northeast Plain is the largest and relatively stable commodity grain base in China, among which Sanjiang Plain is the commodity grain base with the highest commodity rate in China; The production characteristics of northeast commodity grain base are: ① large-scale mechanized production; ② Regional specialized production.

4. Direction of agricultural development in Northeast China: ① Plain areas: focus on strengthening the competitiveness with foreign agricultural products to enter the domestic market, develop high-quality special varieties, meet processing needs, and improve product quality and competitiveness; Accelerate the development of agricultural products processing industry, promote the transformation of grain, extend the industrial chain, promote the development of agriculture in the direction of scale, specialization and ecology, and build a green food base. (2) Western grassland area: combining the project of returning farmland to forest and grassland, vigorously develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry; Strengthen the construction of artificial grassland, develop grass industry economy, promote the project of returning farmland to grassland and fencing grazing, and develop intensive herbivorous animal husbandry. ③ Mountainous agriculture: focusing on forest protection, realizing the transformation from raw material production to raw material and product processing.

2 regional industrialization and urbanization-Taking the Pearl River Delta region of China as an example

1. Industrialization and urbanization are the main driving forces to promote regional economic and social development, and they are two mutually reinforcing forces. Regional industrialization will inevitably bring urbanization, which in turn will promote industrialization. General developing countries encourage a few qualified areas to take the lead in promoting industrialization and urbanization through preferential policies, thus driving industrialization and urbanization in surrounding areas and even other parts of the country.

2. Conditions for improving the level of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta: ① adjustment of industrial structure in developed countries and regions; ② the country's opening-up policy; ③ Good location conditions; ④ One of the largest hometown of overseas Chinese in China.

3. The two stages of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta:

The first stage: from 1979 to 1990, labor-intensive industries have become the leading industries in this stage; Main advantages: ① abundant labor resources, ② policy advantages, ③ overseas Chinese advantages, ④ being in the first round of industrial restructuring in developed countries and regions; Main features: the growth of industrial added value is relatively slow. Reasons: ① In the early days of reform and opening up, foreign investment was relatively small due to risk considerations; ② The added value of labor-intensive industries is relatively low.

The second stage: after 1990, high-tech industries gradually replaced labor-intensive industries and became the leading industries; Main advantages: ① the industrial strength is greatly enhanced, ② it coincides with the globalization of the world economy, the vigorous development of informatization and the new round of industrial restructuring in developed countries and regions; Main features: the industrial added value grew rapidly. The reasons are as follows: ① Foreign investors no longer worry about risks, and the investment scale has expanded; ② The added value of high-tech industries is relatively high.

4. The industrialization of the Pearl River Delta region has accelerated the urbanization process, which has gradually increased the proportion of urban population in the Pearl River Delta region and made it one of the most densely populated cities in China. On the one hand, many villages quickly become towns, which makes the number of towns surge, showing a landscape of staggered distribution of cities and villages. On the other hand, the scale of cities has expanded rapidly.

5. Problems and countermeasures of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta region: ① Industrial upgrading is facing difficulties, and countermeasures: adjust the industrial structure and strengthen the raw material industry, equipment manufacturing, machinery manufacturing and other heavy industries; (2) Urban construction is relatively backward, such as the phenomenon of "village in the city", that is, the villages in the suburbs of the city have been transformed into villages dominated by industry and commerce, which are the main residential areas for migrants, with poor facilities and poor public security, which has become a hidden danger for the further development of the city. Countermeasures: strengthen urban division of labor and cooperation, and build a greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration with Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen as the core; (3) Eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious, such as air pollution, water pollution (water shortage), noise pollution, the sharp decline of cultivated land, the decline of soil fertility, the reduction of forest area and the intensification of soil erosion. Countermeasures: formulate urban development plans, strengthen infrastructure construction and pollution control, and strengthen the management of foreign population.

Chapter V Interregional Relations and Coordinated Regional Development

1 Cross-regional allocation of resources —— Taking China's West-East Gas Transmission Project as an example

1. Major trans-regional resource allocation projects in China: West-to-East Gas Transmission, West-to-East Power Transmission, South-to-North Water Transfer and North-to-South Coal Transportation.

2. Necessity of cross-regional allocation of resources: (1) The regional distribution of natural resources is very uneven, with obvious resource-rich areas and resource-poor areas, and natural resources generally do not flow between regions; (2) The development level among regions is unbalanced, and the demand for natural resources in each region often does not match the natural resources in this region.

3. West-East Gas Transmission Project: (1) Foundation: Xinjiang natural gas resources; (2) Target market: Yangtze River Delta; (3) Main pipeline: it starts from Lunnan oil and gas field in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang in the west, goes to Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu in the east, and finally reaches Shanghai. Pipeline engineering is carried out by combining trunk and branch and supporting construction.

4. Reasons for the implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project: (1) There are great regional differences in the production and consumption of energy resources in China: (1) The eastern coastal areas are economically developed, and the demand for energy is large, but the energy is relatively poor; ② The western region is rich in energy, but limited by the economic level, it has not been fully developed and utilized. (2) China needs to adjust the energy consumption structure: ① Coal has always been the dominant energy source in China, which has brought many environmental problems, and it has also caused great pressure on China traffic because of the transportation of coal from North to South; ② Natural gas has outstanding advantages of cleanness and high combustion efficiency. (3) The strategic focus of China's oil and gas resources development is in the west: the general feature of China's natural gas distribution is that there are more in the west than in the east, and more in the north than in the south. Onshore natural gas (four atmospheric regions) is mainly distributed in Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, Sichuan Basin in Sichuan and Chongqing, and Ordos Region in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. The exploitation of oil and gas fields in Northeast China and North China has reached the middle and late stage, and the northwest has become a strategic replacement area, so China has adopted the strategy of stabilizing the east and developing the west.

5. Impact of West-to-East Gas Transmission: (1) Impact on the western region: promoting the social and economic development of the central and western regions and transforming the resource advantages of the western region into economic advantages; Promote natural gas exploration and development and infrastructure construction; Stimulate the development of related industries; Increase employment opportunities. (2) Impact on the eastern region: alleviating the energy shortage in the eastern region; Optimize the energy structure in the eastern region (increase the proportion of clean energy use); Accelerate infrastructure construction; Stimulate the development of related industries and promote the economic development of the eastern region; Improve the atmospheric environment and ease the traffic pressure. (3) Strengthen interregional ties, rationally allocate the advantages of western resources and eastern economy and technology, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, and promote the coordinated development of eastern and western regions. (4) Impact on the environment: improve the air quality in the eastern region, and reduce vegetation destruction by promoting natural gas in rural areas along the route.

2 industrial transfer-taking East Asia as an example

1. Industrial transfer is a phenomenon in which enterprises transfer part or all of their products from their original production places to other regions. It mainly includes regional industrial transfer and international industrial transfer.

2. The main purpose of industrial transfer is to pursue higher profits by reducing production costs and expanding sales markets. The most important and common ways of industrial transfer are foreign direct investment and building factories abroad.

3. Factors affecting industrial transfer: ① Labor factor: Due to constant changes, countries or regions with abundant, high-quality and low-cost labor resources often become the destination of industrial transfer. ② Internal transaction cost factor: refers to the investment in dealing with other related enterprises and local service industries (including the government), organizing production and training employees. The cost in developed countries is higher. In order to attract investment from developed countries, developing countries should first improve the investment environment to reduce the internal transaction cost of enterprise production. ③ Market factor: It is also in constant development and change. When it reaches saturation or can't meet its own needs, in order to avoid trade barriers, it usually adopts the way of direct investment in new fields to open up new markets. ④ Other factors: changes in the international economic situation, adjustment of national policies, land scale and price, and environmental pollution. ...

4. The influence of industrial transfer on regional development: ① promoting the adjustment of regional industrial structure: after the transfer of the original leading industries in developed countries (transfer countries), the production factors can be concentrated in the new leading industries; Developing countries (transfer target countries) shorten the time of industrial upgrading and accelerate the process of industrialization. (2) Promoting regional industrial division and cooperation: enabling countries to develop corresponding industries according to their own advantages, thus promoting international industrial division and cooperation and promoting regional economic integration; It is also possible to link the production activities of the transfer country and the transfer target country for the same product through enterprises, and form division of labor and cooperation in the production process of products. ③ Changing the regional geographical environment: on the one hand, it can change the regional geographical landscape; On the other hand, it leads to the transfer and diffusion of environmental pollution, which reduces the environmental pollution in the transfer country and intensifies the environmental pollution in the transfer target country. (4) changing the spatial distribution of labor employment: the employment opportunities in the transferring countries are reduced; Employment opportunities in the target countries have increased.