Mathematical handwritten newspaper materials

Xiong Qinglai, Bole of China Mathematics.

When people praise a swift horse, they always think of Bole who knows horses. China's scientific community will never forget his teacher, Xiong Qinglai, the pioneer of modern mathematics in China, when praising China.

Xiong Qinglai (1893- 1969), a native of Maitreya, Yunnan Province, was admitted to colleges and universities in Yunnan Province at the age of 18. At the age of 20, he went to Belgium to study mining, and then went to France to study and get a doctorate. He mainly engaged in the research of function theory, and defined an "infinite order function", which is called bear infinity internationally.

Xiong Qinglai loves education and has made outstanding contributions to the cultivation of scientific talents in China. 1930, when he was the head of the Department of Mathematics at Tsinghua University, he found Hua's name from academic magazines. After learning about Hua's self-study experience and mathematical talent, he resolutely broke away from convention and invited Hua, who was only 19 years old and had a junior high school education, to Tsinghua University. Under the training of Xiong Qinglai, Hua later became a famous mathematician. Many famous scientists in our country are his students. When he was over 70 years old, although he was paralyzed, he was still ill and supervised two graduate students, namely young mathematicians Yang Le and Zhang Guanghou.

Xiong Qinglai's noble character of cherishing and cultivating talents is highly praised and admired by people. As early as 192 1, when he was a professor at Southeast University (the predecessor of Nantah), he found that a student named Guang Liu was very talented and often instructed him to study. Later, together with a professor who had taught Guang Liu, he sponsored Guang Liu from a poor family to study abroad and sent him living expenses on time. On one occasion, Xiong Qinglai even sold his fur robe and sent money to Guang Liu. After Guang Liu became a famous physicist, he often mentioned the past fondly. He said, "It was ten years before I heard that the professor sold me fur robes. I was moved to tears at that time. I will never forget this incident. How much he cares about our generation and how much enthusiasm and love he has paid! "

Thales, the father of mathematics

Born in 624 BC, Ju Lushi was the first famous mathematician in ancient Greece. He used to be a shrewd businessman. After he accumulated considerable wealth by selling olive oil, Cyrus devoted himself to scientific research and travel. He is diligent and studious, at the same time, he is not superstitious about the ancients, and he is brave in exploration, creation and positive thinking. His hometown is not too far from Egypt, so he often travels to Egypt. There, Ju Lushi learned about the rich mathematical knowledge accumulated by ancient Egyptians for thousands of years. When he traveled in Egypt, he calculated the height of the pyramids in a clever way, which made the ancient Egyptian king Amerasis admire him very much.

Cyrus's method is ingenious and simple: choose a sunny day, erect a small stick at the edge of the pyramid, and then observe the change of the shadow length of the stick. When the length of the shadow is exactly equal to the length of the stick, quickly measure the length of the pyramid shadow, because at this time, the height of the pyramid is exactly equal to the length of the tower shadow. It is also said that Ju Lushi calculated the height of the pyramid with the ratio of the length of the stick shadow to the tower shadow equal to the ratio of the stick height to the tower height. If this is the case, it is necessary to use the mathematical theorem that the corresponding sides of a triangle are proportional. Ju Lushi boasted that he taught this method to the ancient Egyptians, but the fact may be just the opposite. It should be that the Egyptians knew a similar method a long time ago, but they were only satisfied with knowing how to calculate, without thinking about why they could get the correct answer.

Before Ju Lushi, when people knew nature, they were only satisfied with how to explain all kinds of things. Ju Lushi's greatness lies in that he can not only explain it, but also add a scientific question mark to why. The mathematical knowledge accumulated by ancient orientals is mainly some calculation formulas summarized from experience. Cyrus believes that the formula thus obtained may be correct in one problem, but it may not be correct in another. Only when they are proved to be universally correct in theory can they be widely used to solve practical problems. In the early stage of the development of human culture, it is commendable that Ju Lushi consciously put forward such a view. It endows mathematics with special scientific significance and is a great leap in the history of mathematics development. This is why Cyrus is called the father of mathematics. Cyrus first proved the following theorem:

1. The circle is divided into two by any diameter.

2. The two base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.

3. Two straight lines intersect and the vertex angles are equal.

4. The inscribed triangle of a semicircle must be a right triangle.

5. If two triangles have one side and the two angles on this side are equal, then the two triangles are congruent.

This theorem was first discovered and proved by Cyrus, and later generations usually call it Cyrus theorem. According to legend, Ju Lushi was very happy when he proved this theorem. He slaughtered a bull to worship the gods. Later, he also used this theorem to calculate the distance between the ship at sea and the land.

Ju Lushi also made pioneering contributions to ancient Greek philosophy and astronomy. Historians affirm that Cyrus should be considered as the first astronomer. He often lies on his back to observe the constellations in the sky and explore the mysteries of the universe. His maid often joked that Cyrus wanted to know the distant sky, but ignored the beautiful scenery in front of him. According to the research of Herodotus, a historian of mathematics, it is known that the day suddenly turned into night (actually a solar eclipse) after hals War, and Ju Lushi had predicted this before the war.

There is an inscription on Ju Lushi's tombstone: "The tomb of the king of astronomers is a little small, but his glory in the field of stars is quite great."

Idiom: chop and change.

Story:

It is said that this is a fable recorded in Zhuangzi. In the Song Dynasty, there was a man who kept a large number of monkeys at home. Everyone called him a sniper. The male understands the monkey's psychology, and the monkey understands his words. Therefore, he loves these small animals that can communicate with people very much, and often reduces the rations at home to satisfy the appetite of monkeys. One year, there was a famine in the village, and my nephew wanted to reduce the food for the monkeys, but he was afraid that the monkeys would be unhappy, so he first discussed it with the monkeys. He said, "Starting from tomorrow, I will give you three fruits every morning and four at night, okay?" When the monkeys heard that their food was reduced, they all stood up with their teeth bared, showing their anger. When the sniper saw it, he immediately changed his mind and said, "Well, I'll give you four every morning and three at night. Enough! " When the monkeys heard that it had changed from three o'clock to four o'clock in the morning, thinking that food had increased, they all fell to the ground happily and stopped making trouble. Later people will say from this fable that what the sniper said will be extended. Whenever someone is in doubt, what he just said doesn't count; Or when you do things, you often change, and what you just decided changes again in a short time. We call him "chop and change".

Idiom: three orders and five applications

Story:

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a famous strategist named Sun Wu. In order to test his talent, the King of Wu selected 180 maids from the palace for Sun Wu's training.

Sun Wu ordered the ladies-in-waiting to hold halberds (ancient weapons) and divide them into two teams, and let the two concubines, the king of Wu's favorite, be captains. Sun Wu said to them: I said look ahead, you said look left, you said look right, you said look back. He ordered people to prepare an axe for punishment and reiterated the order just now. Sun Wu shouted: Yes! Ladies-in-waiting, look at me. I look at you. I feel funny. I don't obey Sun Wu's orders at all. Sun Wu said: I didn't explain clearly enough. It is the commander's responsibility that the order was not carried out. I repeated the previous orders in detail. When he gave the left order again, the ladies-in-waiting still smiled and did not move, and the prince of Wu also felt funny. This time, Sun Wu stopped blaming himself. He said: it is the responsibility of the general to explain clearly, and it is the fault of the captain and the soldiers to explain clearly that they do not obey orders. So he ordered the left and right to push the captain out and behead him. The king of Wu was frightened and shouted, Wait, they are my beloved princesses. I know the general's ability to use troops. Please don't kill them. Sun Wu replied: He will be in the army, and the king's orders can be ignored. Resolutely beheaded the two concubines favored by the king of Wu, and appointed the other two maids as captains. The ladies-in-waiting were very afraid. When Sun Wu gave the order again, all the ladies-in-waiting practiced neatly and seriously, and they dared not play games. The prince of Wu also had to admire Sun Wu's talent.

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