Introduction and appreciation of holbein's works, thank you.

/kloc-in the 6th century, three German painting masters appeared: Diu Lei (147 1~ 1528), Grunewald (about 1470/75~ 1528) and holbein (650). Among them, holbein is the youngest, but his creative activities are the most epoch-making. Because he was at the end of the Reformation in Germany, the peasant war in Germany was over, and the whole country was facing a moment of silence and low tide. Holbein's hometown is augsburg, which is the largest industrial and commercial city in southern Germany, close to Basel, Switzerland (on the border between Germany and Switzerland). The painter basically lived in this area, and then went to England. Therefore, holbein's art began to change in spirit, temperament and theme, which was different from the above two painters. In other words, he began to go abroad, which opened a window for the development of capitalism in Germany. Holbein was born into a painting family. His father, holbein Hans, was the founder of the augsburg School of Painting. His name was holbein Hans himself. For the sake of distinction, his father is called the old man, and he is called Holban Hans Jr. His father's painting style represents the last face of Germany in15th century, so there is a dividing line between father and son: representing15th century and16th century respectively. Holbein Hans Jr. also has a brother, Ambrosiu holbein, who is also a painter. When he was young, he died of a patient. Little Hans 17 years old left his hometown with his brother and went to Basel. At this time, the printing industry in Germany was booming, and the two brothers were immediately welcomed there. Printers employ them as book illustrators. 15 17, holbein was invited to Lucerne in central Switzerland, and then went south from Lucerne to northern Italy for an observation trip. After his return, he was accepted as a member of the Artists Association in Basel. That year, he married the widow of a cobbler and started his own business. Because of his famous portraits, his painting studio soon became the most famous painting shop in Basel. Later, he also went to France and was influenced by foreign cultures in western Europe. As a famous portrait master, his artistic reputation in Basel was established. Holbein's portraits are varied, including sketch portraits, black pencil portraits, colored chalk portraits, and exquisite oil paintings. The characters in the painting include Jacob Meyer, Mayor of Basel, Minnie Faxiu, a law professor in university of basel and son of Amebach, a famous utopian socialist thinker in Germany, Thomas Moore, astronomer Nicholas Krause and Erasmus, the most outstanding humanist writer in Germany. The latter, originally from the Netherlands, settled in the international advanced cultural city of Basel. This man has a distinct anti-church and anti-feudal political color. Holbein worshiped him very much and painted many portraits for him. There are three existing ones. From the advanced intellectuals and scholars selected by the painter at that time, we can see Dutch Bein's own artistic tendency and his humanistic thought. The following is his portrait of "The Artist's Wife and Children" from 1528 to 1529. This is the painter's portrait of the people around him, and it is also one of his most successful portraits. In this painting, the painter poured out his deep affection for his loved ones with delicate brushstrokes, which seems to be difficult to find in other portraits. Elizabeth Binzhenstoke, the painter's wife, is a middle-aged woman who lives very frugally and does housework all day. Although she is old, her face still looks dignified and delicate. As her husband is busy with artistic activities, the burden of family seems to make her whole body and mind haggard. The two children snuggled up to each other. The eldest son Philip is holbein's eldest son. He stared at the distance, and the innocence of the teenager implied the yearning for the future life. Between my knees is my little daughter, Katrina. Although her little face is full of childishness, she seems to feel a little sadness from adults. The head of the figure in this painting is as big as the real thing. According to the drawings of other imitations, some scholars think that there may be some buildings in the background of the original painting, and the right side has also been cut off. The upper eyebrow of the painting has an original title, but now it is gone. When the painter painted this picture, his wife was in a weak period. holbein was going to England, and he stayed in Basel for the time being. Seeing this scene can't help but make the painter burst into tears. All this is revealed by the painter, and the image is very touching. This painting was originally painted on four layers of paper, then cut out along the outline of the figure and mounted on a board, about 79×65 cm, which is now in the National Gallery of Basel.

Holbein visited Britain at the beginning of 1526 and stayed there for two years. Through Thomas Moore, he got to know more British intellectuals, during which he completed many portraits. 153 1 year, he went to England for the second time and lived there until his death. In the recent 1 1 year, his portrait technology reached its peak, which can be proved by a successful portrait of German businessman George Kish. At first, during his stay in London, holbein had more contacts with German society. George Kish is the German agent of Hanseatic League Chamber of Commerce in London (the largest international business organization jointly established by Germany, Britain and Northern Europe). The Chamber of Commerce specializes in financial business, and Kish is a well-known figure in the London business community. At that time, among the customers of holbein's portrait, there was a tax collector who was responsible for importing silk goods. Through this tax collector, holbein got to know these businessmen again. Of course, he has the most contact with German businessmen, and it is also out of the friendship of fellow villagers. This is the origin of the painting The Portrait of Kish. Not only that, it is also the most beautiful portrait painted by artists in this period. In order to win the trust of the business community and get more orders, he played his most outstanding talent in this portrait. In particular, the environmental details of all the portraits praised by people, such as the sundries hanging on the walls and tables, are so exquisite and accurate that even if they are identified with a magnifying glass, the images are very clear: the felt with Arabic patterns on the table, the ledger on the board wall, stationery, scissors, clocks and watches, round boxes containing gold coins, glass vases and carnations on the bottleneck are all depicted in detail. He also carefully drew books, notebooks, file boxes, keys, barnyard grass and so on. Stored on the shelf above the partition wall; Look carefully at the letters on the bookshelf on the wall and Kish's hand, and you can see almost every letter on it. Some people use the above words or titles to explain the identity and status of the people in the painting. For example, there is a piece of paper on the wall above the painting, which reads in Latin: The painting you see shows Kish. This is his vivid eyes and this is his face. In the lower left corner of the partition, there is Kish's personal motto: Any happiness is bought with pain. There are even several letters hanging on the wall with their names and addresses clearly and completely written on them. This way of expressing the identity of the painted person with exquisite details was a popular portrait fashion at that time. The artist's modeling skills are confirmed by his ability to deepen the readability of images. Of course, this naturalistic method was not static in the16th century, and perhaps holbein could easily demonstrate his portrait skills in this respect. Another point is the so-called oil painting, which refers to the mixture of oil painting and egg painting, which is different from today's oil painting. This portrait is painted on the board of 1532. About 96×85 cm, now in Berlin Museum, Germany.

When he was in England, the reputation of holbein's portraits was growing. Besides, King Henry VIII hired him as a court painter, and some government figures also paid attention to him. 1533, entrusted by the French ambassador to Britain, he completed this portrait of the French minister with body double. There are two figures here. On the left is Jan de Dantville (1504~ 1555), who was originally a nobleman. The one on the right is called George de Cerf, who was originally a bishop (1508/09 ~1541). The one on the left is dressed in a noble samurai costume and fur coat, with a dagger with a gold sheath in his right hand and a desk in his left. The bishop on the right wore a velvet robe and leaned against the other end of the table. This painting is also famous for its meticulous depiction of various details. All the sundries in the painting are as fine as those in Kish's portrait. It is said that the bishop on the right is an open-minded and well-cultivated scholar. He is good at literature and music, also knows German, and sympathizes with the Reformation. So he put a mandolin and a bagpipe beside him, and wrote a public hymn with music (to show the painter's sympathy for Lutheranism) with the poems of Martin Luther, the leader of the German Reformation. In addition, there are various scientific research instruments under the desk, such as planetarium, spring scale, math calculator, globe, arithmetic textbook and so on. The mosaic pattern on the floor symbolizes the universe. Strangely, between the floor and the table, there is an oblique and illegible image, which is difficult to determine. Some analysts say that it is a reflection shadow of a skull mask, and what it symbolizes, so far there is no exact answer. A popular saying is that the skull shadow is the personal badge of Jane de Dainville. Because his hat badge also has this image, it is said that it is a mirror image of the image on the hat badge. Because two full-length portraits are drawn here, the face is relatively much smaller. This painting is quite similar to landscape photography after the invention of early photography, but in the16th century, portrait painting was a new art, and the hobby of the upper class was the decisive factor at that time, which may be the same as the requirements of modern people for taking pictures. But it is not easy to draw a stroke by the artist's exquisite skills. Holbein's portrait really played a leading role in the portrait art in Europe, and had a great influence on later British painting. This oil painting is also painted on a wooden board, about 207×209 cm, and is now in the National Gallery of London.

After holbein became a court painter, his main task was to paint portraits of kings, and he painted many similar portraits of kings. In the past five years, in addition to this portrait of Henry VIII, there are portraits of Queen Jane Seymour (1536 in Vienna), Danish Christina (1538 in London) and Prince Edward of Wales (1539). This portrait of Henry VIII is his last masterpiece. King Henry VIII of England was a tyrannical monarch in history. The most sensational event in his life was that he had been married many times, and every time he got married, he used killing his ex-wife as an excuse. This kind of court scandal has long been known among the nobles. As a painter employed by a tyrant, holbein used realistic expression in this portrait. He truly portrayed the violent and cruel character of this historical figure. The king is tall and flat-faced, and his body is swollen because of full food all day. The facial muscles have relaxed, but the insidious qualities of deception, jealousy and cruelty still appear in the brow. All this is vividly portrayed in the painter's pen. Holbein painted the young people's jewels on the king with great care, and almost every ornament, embroidery and exquisite color of every drop bead were carefully copied. Nevertheless, the elegance of the emperor can not conceal the revelation of the essential characteristics of the portrait. All the expensive clothes on this character mean the blood and sweat of millions of people in Britain. Holbein died of plague on 1543. It's autumn in foggy London, and the artist is only 46 years old. This last portrait is an excellent representative of his court artistic tendency. It is said that this painting is a copy, and the original painting has been lost. Painted on a wooden board, about 82.5×73.6 cm, now in the National Gallery of Rome.

See for appreciation of works:

/dispbbs.asp？ boardid= 137。 id=88307