Do you know the history of King Heita Tan Bai Sibo and Xixia? Please be more specific. Thank you very much.

Xixia refers to the feudal regime established by the Tangut in western China from 1038 to 1227.

The Origin and Establishment of Xixia

The historical roots of Xixia can be traced back to the early Tang Dynasty. At this time, the Tangut among the Qiang people began to grow. Among them, Tuoba Chi resigned from the Tang Dynasty and was given the surname Li. He moved his people to Qingzhou (now Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) and sealed Xigong. Settled here from now on. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong Ping, the leader of the Tangut, was given the surname Li for his achievements in the Huang Chao Uprising. From then on, Tuoba Sigong and his descendants named Li became local buffer forces together with Xia Guogong.

Another way of saying this is that the Xixia royal family is descended from Xianbei people. Li Yuanhao, the founding monarch of Xixia, claimed to be the Queen of Xianbei in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In the History of Song Dynasty (Volume 485) and Biography of Xia Guo, the words Yuan Hao appeared on Song Renzong's badge: "My ancestor was the emperor, and it was the last luck of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the later Wei Dynasty." Liao History (1 15) Xixia Notes: "Xixia is the Queen of Wei Tuoba." History of Jin 134 Biography of Xixia: "Xia was founded in the old days, and his minister, Luo Shichang, wrote a genealogy of the times, saying that the Yuan and Wei dynasties were in decline, and those living in Songzhou took the old surname as Tuoba."

In the early Song Dynasty, the military power of Fanfan Town was cut, which caused Li's dissatisfaction. Although they obeyed Song's orders at first, the contradiction between them became more and more serious. 1032, Li Yuanhao, son of Li Deming, succeeded Xia Guogong and began to actively prepare to leave the Song Dynasty. He abandoned Li's surname first and called himself his surname. In the second year, in the name of avoiding his father's taboo, he changed the name of Ming Dow in the Song Dynasty to show his way. Start Xixia's own year number. In the following years, the palace was built, civil and military classes were set up, the service of officials and civilians was stipulated, the military system was established, the name of the army was established, and its own characters (Xixia language) were created. 1038, 10, 1 1, proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Hero.

The territory of Xixia

Xixia was a feudal dynasty established by the Tangut. Its ruling scope is now Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and parts of Shaanxi. Its territory is thousands of miles in Fiona Fang, with the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south (now Tongxin South in Ningxia) and the desert in the north, with a vast territory.

Xixia economy

Xixia is a nomadic people in Xiliang area, and its economy is underdeveloped. Xixia's economic source is through the occupation of land in the Song Dynasty. Xixia occupied Lingzhou (now Wuzhong, Ningxia) and Xingqing (now Yinchuan, Ningxia) in Song Taizu (Li) period, and occupied Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu) and Guazhou (now Anxi, Gansu) to the west. These areas are rich in food and often grow vegetables. The history book says, "Farming crops is similar to Han".

Xixia originally had no porcelain, but it was obtained by plundering the Song people. After the Song and Xia celebrated the peace talks, Xixia learned porcelain-making techniques in contact with Han Chinese. During the Zong Yi period of Xixia, Xixia began to build porcelain kilns, began to produce its own porcelain, and developed the porcelain industry. The porcelain-making center of Xixia is located in Yinchuan Plain south of the Yangtze River. Its porcelain not only absorbs the advantages of the Central Plains, but also has the characteristics of the nation, such as simplicity and simplicity, forming a unique Xixia porcelain. Xixia porcelain is also exported overseas.

Xixia's economy developed greatly during the period of worshipping Sect and Renzong Sect. Agriculture, commerce and handicrafts developed gradually, and goods from all directions gathered to celebrate and entered the most prosperous period of Xixia economy.

Xixia culture

Xixia was originally a nomadic people. After Buddhism was introduced into Gansu, Xixia began to create unique Buddhist art and culture. Baiyan Cave Temple in Otog Banner, Inner Mongolia is a treasure house of Xixia Buddhist mural art. The Xixia Buddhist Scriptures, Sakyamuni Pagoda and painted Guanyin statues discovered in Black City and Greentown of Ejina Banner are major discoveries in the desert.

In addition, I have to mention Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. In the second year of Daqing (1036), Xixia people eliminated Guazhou and Shazhou and returned to the rebel regime, and began to rule Dunhuang area. At this time, Xixia merged its own national characteristics into the Mogao Grottoes, which was even more brilliant. From Jing Zong to Injong, Emperor Xixia repeatedly ordered the revision of the Mogao Grottoes. At that time, the Mogao grottoes were painted with green paint, and they accepted some Central Plains culture, as well as some Uighur and Turpan styles. Xixia's strong national spirit and unique culture also make this Buddhist building more brilliant.

In addition, Xixia culture is also represented by Xixia characters, also known as Shu Fan. Xixia established Chinese Character Academy and Chinese Character Academy, which enhanced Xixia's national consciousness, made people "know Chinese characters" and added a lot of culture.

Xixia also established Xue Fan and imperial academy.

The rule of Xixia

Early and Middle Xixia Period

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xixia adopted the strategy of uniting Liao and resisting Song, and constantly invaded the Song border. The Xia-Song War did not subside until 1044. Song acknowledged Xia's separatist status, and Xia became a vassal of Song. In addition, the Song Dynasty also "gave" some property to Xia every year. But in the same year, a war broke out between Xia and Liao. Xia achieved an equal status with Song and Liao.

After Li Yuanhao's death, his son Li Langlian, who was under 2 years old, became emperor, and his mother did not have Tibetan dictatorship. Liao attacked Xixia, defeated Xia, and fell to Liao. Li Bingchang, his son, was imprisoned by his mother Liang after he ascended the throne. 1063 Tubo, Jade Tibetan, Flower, Ma Guixia. Liang and Song started another war. After his failure, he was forced to cede power to Li Bingchang. After Li Bingchang's death, his three-year-old son Li Ganshun succeeded to the throne, and Liang came to power again. Restart the war with Song and Liao. After Li Ganshun came to power, he adopted the strategy of attaching himself to Liao and making peace with Song. The war has been decreasing year by year, and the social economy has been restored and developed.

1 1 15 years, the Jin dynasty was established and began to attack the Liao country. 1 123, Emperor Liao Tianzuo was defeated and fled to Xixia. At the same time, Jin emissary went to Xixia to persuade Li Ganshun to capture Liao Emperor alive and send him to Jin to protect Xixia from Jin's attack. Seeing that the demise of Liao was irreversible, Li Ganshun agreed to the terms of Jin. Since then, Xixia has returned to gold.

When Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia followed its trail and gained thousands of miles of land.

After Li Ganshun's death, his son Li Renxiao succeeded to the throne. There was a powerful famine and earthquake in Xixia, and the people were miserable, which triggered a great people's uprising. Li Renxiao's reform has promoted social and economic development and maintained social stability.

From Huanzong to Zongshen

After Li Renxiao's death, his son Li Chunyou succeeded to the throne, and his political corruption led to the decline of the country. 1206 His cousin Li Anquan usurped the throne and killed Li Chunyou. Li Anquan changed the policy of attaching to money and began to attach to the increasingly powerful Mongolian people at that time. He waged a war with Kim for more than ten years, which weakened the two countries. Moreover, during his reign, the people of Xixia were poor, the army was weak, and the degree of political corruption was extremely high. However, Li security himself is very corrupt, addicted to debauchery, indifferent to politics all day and complaining everywhere. Besides, Ang Lee's strategy of resisting Mongolia's gold did not bring him Mongolian friendship. As early as 1205, Mongolia began to attack Xixia. To 1209, Mongolia went to Xixia three times. Summer is irresistible. 12 1 1 year, there was a palace coup in Xixia, and Li Zunxu usurped the throne. Li Zunxu still maintained the style of Xiangzong (Li Anquan), and Xixia politics became more corrupt. 12 16 Xixia angered Mongolia by refusing to send troops to help Genghis Khan's western expedition, and Mongolia attacked Xixia for the fourth time the following year. 1223, because Li Zunxu claimed that he didn't want to be the king of national subjugation, he gave way to Prince Li.

Xixia perish

Under the repeated corruption of Xiangzong and Zongshen, Xixia was finally terminally ill and hopeless. Although Li was a talented person who managed the country well, he still could not save the fate of Xixia regime. Li intends to use Genghis Khan's western expedition against Mongolia. Unexpectedly, the secret leaked out, 1224 Mongolia conquered Yinchuan. Li surrendered to Mongolia and sent hostages to save the country. 1225 After Genghis Khan's victory in the Western Expedition, he began to attack Xixia. Li died in 1226, and his nephew was promoted to emperor. 1227 Li E surrendered to Mongolia. Genghis Khan is dead now, but he won't send out obituary, lest Xixia go back on his word. After Li Yi surrendered, he was killed according to Genghis Khan's will, and the Tangut was also exterminated. Xixia perished.

Xixia political system

The political system of Xixia was greatly influenced by the Song Dynasty, and the establishment of the official system basically imitated the Northern Song Dynasty. The central administrative organs are: Zhongshu Province, Privy Council, Third Division, Yushitai, Kaifeng Prefecture, Yiwei Division, Official Planning Division, Receiving Division, Tiansi Division, Pastoral Division, Longfei Academy, Moding Division, Siwen Academy, Xue Fan, Sinology and so on. The local administrative establishment is divided into two levels: state and county, and sometimes there are county governments in special political centers and military and national defense places.

Xixia military system

The military system of Xixia was developed on the basis of the military system of Tangut tribe and absorbed the system of Song Dynasty. The Privy Council is the highest military administrative body in Xixia, which consists of various departments. The army consists of three parts: the central guard, the fleeing troops and the local troops. The Central Guard includes Proton Army, Imperial Guard and Shi Jing Garrison. Proton army, with a population of about 5000, is a garrison composed of people who are good at riding and shooting, and is responsible for defending the safety of the emperor. Known as the "Royal Six Classes", it is divided into three places. There are 3,000 people in the Royal Guards, selected from various military units in China. They are all heavily armored cavalry, divided into ten teams, each with 300 people, who go in and out with the emperor. A well-trained garrison, with a total of 25,000 people and excellent equipment, is stationed in Beijing and is the main force of the central guard. There are about100000 deserters, and they are the elite troops of Xixia. The main task is to carry out key mobile operations. It was named after the enemy was captured as a slave in the battle. Xixia local army is subordinate to the military and political supervision departments, with a total of 500 thousand people. The arms are mainly cavalry and infantry. Xixia's military service system is a system in which all the people are soldiers, not divorced from production at ordinary times, and participate in combat in wartime. The smallest unit is the "copy", and each copy consists of three people, one is the main force, one is the auxiliary force, and the other is the burden.

Xixia emperor pu

Jing Zong Li Yuanhao (1004-1048)1038 proclaimed himself emperor and reigned 1 1 year. Father Li Deming, Xiping Wang. After Li Yuanhao acceded to the throne, he proclaimed himself emperor in 1038, which was called Xixia in history. He accepted the advanced culture of the Song Dynasty and established a political and military system according to the national characteristics of the Tangut. There were several wars between Li Yuanhao, Liao and Song, and they all won, forming a situation in which Song, Liao and Xia San stood in the balance. In his later years, he wantonly killed and enjoyed himself, and was stabbed to death by Ning Lingga after taking the wife of Prince Ning Lingga. He died on 1048 at the age of 45.

Zong Yi Li Lang Lang (1047- 1067) ascended the throne on 1048, and he was in office for 20 years. Jing Zong's eldest son. He was only 1 year old when he ascended the throne, and his mother was in charge of state affairs. After leading the government, reforms were carried out to further sinicize Xixia. He fought against Song for many years, attacking and plundering neighboring counties. The son of Blind Felt, the leader of Tubo, Mu Zheng, and the Tubo Department of Qing Dynasty surrendered one after another. Pay attention to repairing the relationship with Liao and Song Dynasties. He died on 1067 at the age of 2 1.

Hui Zong Li Bingchang (1060- 1086) ascended the throne on 1067, and he was in office for 20 years. Zong Yi's eldest son was only 8 years old when he succeeded to the throne. He died on 1086 at the age of 26.

Chongzong Li Ganshun (1084-139)1086 ascended the throne, and he was in office for 54 years. Hui Zong's eldest son was only 3 years old when he acceded to the throne. After leading the state affairs, he adopted the strategy of uniting Liao and resisting Song. After Liao was destroyed by Jin, Jin joined forces to resist Song. 1/kloc-0 died at the age of 56.

Injong Li Renxiao (1124-1193) ascended the throne for 55 years. The eldest son of Chongzong. Renzong appointed a new law to establish feudal land ownership. Establish the imperial examination system, respect Confucianism, overhaul Confucius Temple, and respect Confucius as Wen Xuandi; Xixia established a feudal system. Renzong was the heyday of Xixia. Injong died in 1 193 at the age of 70.

Huan Zong Li Chunyou (1177-1206)1193 acceded to the throne, and was in office 13. Renzong's eldest son took attaching gold to Song as the national policy. 1205, Temujin began to March into Xixia. 1206, Huan zong died suddenly at the age of 30.

Xiangzong Li Anquan (1169-1211) ascended the throne in 1206 and reigned for 6 years. Chong Zongsun, nephew of Injong, father Li Renyou. After six years in office, he was abolished by Li Zun, king of Qi. He died the same year at the age of 43.

Li Zunxu (1162-1226) (1211223) is1223. Li Yanzong (1203), king of Qi, was a well-read man in Xixia, and later took charge of Xixia military affairs. 12 1 1 year, he abandoned Xiangzong to stand on his own feet. He became emperor with the champion, which is unprecedented in history. Later, the wars with Mongolia and Song Dynasty were defeated and fought repeatedly. 1223, Zongshen abdicated and died on 1226 at the age of 65.

Li (1181-1226) ascended the throne in 1223 and was in office for 4 years. Zongshen's second son. After acceded to the throne, resist Mongolia. 1226, Genghis Khan attacked Xixia, Xixia successively lost several cities, and Xianzong was killed at the age of 46.

At the end of summer, the emperor (date of birth unknown-1227) ascended the throne on 1226, and reigned for 1 year. Give a nephew. After the accession to the throne 1 year, Xixia was killed by Mongolia, and Xianzong surrendered and was killed. Xixia died.