How to place the constellation planetarium

The design began in the first year of Song and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 1086) and was completed in the seventh year of Yuan Dynasty. This is an outstanding creation of China in ancient times. Escaping mechanism is the key component of clocks and watches. Therefore, the British scientist Joseph Needham and others think that the Waterway Observatory "may be the direct ancestor of the European medieval astronomical clock." The whole instrument is about12m high and 7m wide. It is a square wooden structure with a narrow bottom and a wide bottom. Among them, the armillary sphere is made of copper. The whole station is divided into three carriages. The lower compartment includes a water camera platform that displays the time.

Device and the whole power mechanism, etc. The diaphragm is a secret room, where the elephant is placed. The partition above is a board room with an armillary sphere inside. The manufacturing level of this musical instrument is excellent, which fully embodies the intelligence and creativity of the ancient people in China. The concept of water transport instrument image platform absorbs the advantages of previous instruments, especially the advantages of automatic time-telling device improved by astronomer Zhang Sixun in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In terms of mechanical structure, the common mechanical principles such as waterwheel, truck, orange peel, cam and balance beam are adopted, and the observation, demonstration and time-telling equipment are integrated to form an automatic observation platform. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Song, Han Gonglian and others designed and manufactured a large astronomical instrument composed of an armillary sphere, an elephant and a timer. The design began in the first year of Song and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 1086) and was completed in the seventh year of Yuan Dynasty. This is an outstanding creation of China in ancient times. Escaping mechanism is the key component of clocks and watches. Therefore, the British scientist Joseph Needham and others think that the Waterway Observatory "may be the direct ancestor of the European medieval astronomical clock." The whole instrument is about12m high and 7m wide. It is a square wooden structure with a narrow bottom and a wide bottom. Among them, the armillary sphere is made of copper. The whole station is divided into three carriages. The lower cabin includes time telling device and power mechanism of the whole station. The diaphragm is a secret room, where the elephant is placed. The partition above is a board room with an armillary sphere inside. Water transport image table

The whole platform of water transport instrument is12m high and 7m wide, which is divided into three floors, equivalent to four floors. There are 1 soldiers in the top board room. The roof of the house can be opened and closed freely, and it can be rain-proof at ordinary times, with the prototype of modern astronomical observation room. There is an elephant in the middle layer; The lower floor can be divided into five small wooden pavilions. There are several Woodenhead in each small wooden pavilion, and there are 162 Woodenhead on the fifth floor. They all do their jobs: at a certain moment, Woodenhead will come out to ring the bell, drum or musical instrument, tell the time, indicate the time and so on. A high-precision two-stage leaky carving and a set of mechanical transmission device are placed behind the wooden pavilion, which can be said to be the "heart" part of the whole water transport instrument platform. When the water in the leaky kettle is used to drive the transmission device, the armillary sphere, the elephant and the time-telling device will move step by step.

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Internationally, the design of the image platform of water transport instrument has been highly praised. It is believed that the elephant rotates once a day and night, which not only vividly shows the changes of the astronomical phenomena, but also is the ancestor of the rotating instrument clock, a tracking instrument of the modern observatory. The escapement mechanism pioneered by the waterway instrument platform is the key component of the later clocks, so it is the ancestor of the clocks. In order to facilitate observation, the Waterway Observatory designed a movable roof, which is the ancestor of the movable dome of today's Observatory. Waterborne instrument observatory is an outstanding astronomical instrument in China at the end of 1 1 and the oldest astronomical clock in the world. There is a high evaluation on the design of the water transport platform in the world. It is believed that the water transport platform has designed a movable roof for the convenience of observation, which is the ancestor of the movable dome of today's observatory. The elephant rotates once a day and night, which not only vividly shows the changes of astronomical phenomena, but also is the ancestor of the rotating clock, a tracking instrument of modern astronomical observatory. The escapement mechanism pioneered by the waterway instrument platform is the key component of the later clocks, so it is the ancestor of the clocks. The application of ancient mechanics knowledge in China has reached a quite high level. [ 1]

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The concept of water transport instrument image platform absorbs the advantages of previous instruments, especially the advantages of automatic time-telling device improved by astronomer Zhang Sixun in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In terms of mechanical structure, the common mechanical principles such as waterwheel, truck, orange peel, cam and balance beam are adopted, and the observation, demonstration and time-telling equipment are integrated to form an automatic observation platform.

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According to the new instrument image method, the image platform of water transport instruments is a wooden structure, with a square bottom and a narrow bottom. The top is slightly divided, with a height of about12m and a bottom width of about 7m, which is divided into three layers. The upper floor is an open platform with an armillary sphere supported by a dragon column, and there is a pool for leveling below. The armillary sphere is covered with a wooden roof, which can keep out the sun and rain. In order to facilitate observation, the roof can be opened and closed at will, and the concept is ingenious. It is more than seven meters high from the terrace to the base of the instrument platform. Water transport image table

The middle floor is a "secret room" without windows, where elephants are placed. Half of the celestial sphere is hidden under the horizon, and the other half is exposed above the horizon. It is driven by a wheel and rotates once a day, which truly reproduces the changes of astronomical phenomena such as the rise and fall of stars. The lower layer includes the time telling device and the power mechanism of the whole station. There is a door facing south. There is a five-story wooden pavilion in the door, behind which is a mechanical transmission system.

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The wooden pavilion on the first floor, also called "Zhengya Bell and Drum Tower", is responsible for the standard time of the whole station. This wooden pavilion has three small doors. At the beginning of every hour (in ancient times, a day was divided into twelve hours, and an hour was divided into the beginning and the timing), there was a Woodenhead in red who rang the bell at the left door; Every time, a Woodenhead in purple rings the bell at the right door; Every quarter of an hour, a Woodenhead in green plays drums in the middle door. The wooden pavilion on the second floor can tell the early and correct name of twelve hours, which is equivalent to the hour dial of modern clocks. There are twenty-four Chen Si Woodenhead on this floor, with time cards in their hands, which read, Zi Zheng, Ugly Chu and Ugly Zheng in turn. At the beginning of every day, at the right time, Chen Si Mu Ren appeared in front of the wooden pavilion on time. The wooden pavilion on the third floor was specially carved. There are ninety-six Chen Si Mu Ren, of which 24 Mu Ren reported the beginning and the correct time, and the rest reported the carving. For example: Zi Zheng: the first moment, the second moment and the third moment; Ugly early: the first moment, the second moment, the third moment, and so on The wooden pavilion on the fourth floor tells the time. Woodenhead can shoot pheasants and report more according to different seasons. There are thirty-eight wooden statues in the wooden pavilion on the fifth floor. With the change of solar terms, the position of wooden figures can report the details of fainting, dawn, sunrise and several watches. Each wooden pavilion has a corresponding wheel or rim with a licensed Woodenhead hanging on it; Or use a set of teeth to pluck Woodenhead's arm at the door and beat the instrument. These wheels are all mounted on the axle. The engine shaft is connected with Tianzhu through a transmission mechanism. Tianzhu is the transmission shaft that runs through the middle, lower and third partitions of the whole platform. There is a lower wheel under Tianzhu, which is combined with the hub protruding from the pivot. When the pivot wheel as the prime mover rotates, it is driven by the ground hub to make Tianzhu rotate, thus driving the whole instrument.

The power mechanism of editing this paragraph

The center of the lower partition plate is provided with a pivot wheel with a diameter of more than 3 meters. There are 72 wooden spokes on the pivot wheel, which contain 36 buckets and hook-shaped iron paddles. The top and side of the pivot wheel are equipped with a set of lever devices, which are equivalent to the escapement mechanism in clocks and watches. A group of two-stage leaky tanks are installed on the east side of the pivot wheel. The pot water is poured into the bucket, and the bucket is full, and the pivot wheel rotates downward. However, due to the control of the escapement mechanism, only one barrel can be rotated. In this way, the variable speed movement is changed into equal intermittent movement, which makes the whole instrument run evenly. There is a kettle under the pivot wheel. During the rotation of the pivot wheel, the water in each bucket returns to the kettle one by one. In addition, a set of water intake device is used, and the water wheel is moved by the water intake person to pump the water back to the upper water tank, and then flows into the lower leakage tank from the water tank. Therefore, water can be recycled. The water extractor and the water extractor are placed in the north of the next compartment. The operation of the whole mechanical gear train depends on the continuous flow of water, which pushes the waterwheel to do intermittent motion and drives the instrument to rotate, hence the name "water transport instrument image platform".

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The elephant is half in the basement and the other half is exposed. There are teeth on the equatorial belt in the middle of the elephant. The pulley of the engine shaft is connected with it, driving the elephant to rotate with the sky.

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The structure of the armillary sphere is similar to that of the armillary sphere in the Tang and Song Dynasties, except that an equatorial celestial ring is added to the middle triple instrument. The celestial ring has teeth and is connected with the upper wheel of Tianzhu, and Tianzhu drives the triple instrument to rotate together through the celestial ring. This is the prototype of the later rotating clock. The armillary sphere is placed in the board room, and the roof panel can be detached freely, which is the pioneer of the movable roof of modern telescope room.

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Code for design of photographic platform of Susong water transport instrument. Written in the early years of Song Shenzong, about 1094 ~ 1096. According to the Records of Song History, Art and Literature, the book was once named Shao Xiang Fa Yao and Yi Xiang Fa Bian. Today, all the books in circulation originate from the engraving of Ishihara, the official official of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 172), with a total of three volumes. Stone was collated according to the books he saw at that time. The so-called "one book" and "other books" in the book are all added by stones. In the current edition, the publication of Shoushan Pavilion series is still good. Su Song's masterpiece "New Instrument and Image Method"

At the beginning of the book, there is Su Song's Image of Entering the Instrument, which reports the origin, process and characteristics of the water-making instrument platform compared with similar instruments of the previous generation. The text is mainly based on pictures, introducing the overall structure of the water transport instrument and the structure of each part. Each picture is accompanied by a caption. There are seventeen kinds of armymen in the volume. This volume introduces the Hunxiang. In addition to five kinds of structural maps, there are two kinds of five-star maps and nine kinds of four o'clock star maps in the morning. There are 23 kinds of drawings under the volume, including the whole platform of the water transport instrument, all the prime movers and transmission machines in the platform, and the time-telling mechanism, with 4 kinds of drawings attached. There is also the only text without pictures: "Method of transporting water by instrument image", which tells the process of driving the whole instrument image table by water power. There are 60 kinds of pictures in the book. These structural drawings are the oldest existing mechanical drawings in China. It uses perspective views and schematic diagrams, and marks names to describe machine parts. Through restoration research, it is proved that every point and every line of these drawings are well-founded, which is completely consistent with the size figures recorded in the book. This book is the earliest extant monograph on astronomical instruments operated by water power in China. It reflects the level of astronomy and mechanical manufacturing technology in China in the 1 1 century. Through the research, people can understand the tradition of ancient water vehicles in China, and also know that the key component of modern mechanical clocks-the anchor escapement was invented by China.

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During the Jingkang (1 127) disaster, Jin Bing plundered the water transport camera to Yanjing (Beijing) and put it on the fourth rooftop. In the second year of Zhen You in Jin Dynasty (12 14), it was abandoned due to inconvenient transportation, but the manuscripts preserved by Xie Su in Southern Song Dynasty could not be copied because no one knew the law. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Liu Xianzhou, Tsinghua University, published two papers on the power research of this instrument in 1953- 1954: China's invention in power and China's invention in transmission mechanism.

In addition, Joseph Needham, a British historian of science and technology, also studied the power of this instrument and published a paper in Nature 1956. 1958, China archaeologist Wang Zhenduo restored the ship model for the first time, in addition to publishing the paper "Uncovering the Secret of China Astronomical Clock" and drawing the restoration details. The restored original works are kept in the Museum of Chinese History: in recent years, they were mainly restored by Suzhou Institute of Ancient Astronomical Timekeeping Instruments and sent to various science and technology museums or planetariums for collection.

The historical significance of editing this paragraph

Su Song was an astronomer and pharmacologist in Song Dynasty in China. 1020 was born in Nan 'an, Quanzhou (now Nan 'an County, Fujian Province) and later moved to Danyang (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province). At the age of 22, he joined Wang Anshi as a scholar and entered the official career. He served as a local official in Suzhou (now Su County, Anhui Province), a magistrate in Jiangning County and a magistrate in Nanjing. 1053, Su Song was transferred to Kaifeng, the capital of China, to be the proofreader of Guan Ge and Ji Xian. Although it is not an important official position, it is only responsible for compiling books, but it is like a duck to water for Su Song. Here, he has the opportunity to visit all kinds of royal books. During his nine years in office, Su Song recited a book every day, and after returning to China, he silently wrote it down, never stopping, and accumulated profound knowledge. After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he was first the minister of punishments, then the minister of official departments, and became the prime minister in his later years, although the official residence showed the inventor Su Song.

Su Song as a politician is not as good as Su Song as an astronomer. In particular, the water transport instrument he developed made his name recorded in the history of world science and technology. In A.D. 1086, Su Song was ordered to inspect all kinds of weapons used by Taishi Bureau at that time. He thought that there should be instruments for performing astronomical phenomena to be used together with the weapons, so he invited talents to carry out this research work and recommended Han Gonglian, who was proficient in mathematics and astronomy, to the emperor for joint development. Under his planning, Han Gonglian wrote "Nine Chapters of Hooking Test" and made it into wooden samples. Later, Su Song and Han Gonglian hired a group of skilled craftsmen to build them carefully. This is a high-rise building that combines three sets of devices, namely the armillary sphere, the elephant and the time telling device. It is about13m high and 7m wide at the bottom. It is divided into three layers and the instrument is driven by water. This observatory, which integrates three functions of astronomical observation, astronomical performance and time telling, is a water transport instrument invented and created by Su Song after inheriting and developing the astronomical achievements since the Han and Tang Dynasties. In this work, Han Honglian's contribution should not be underestimated. The Waterborne Instrument Observatory represents the highest level of astronomical instruments in China at the end of 1 1. It has three inventions that have attracted the world's attention. First of all, its roof is designed to be opened and closed, which is the prototype of the movable dome of the modern observatory. Second, its elephant can automatically rotate around day and night, and it is a pioneer of modern astronomical tracking mechanical clock. In addition, its time-telling device can automatically tell the time through a complex gear system, and the anchor escapement in the time-telling system is the key component of later watches. Joseph Needham, a famous British expert in the history of science and technology, once said that the water transport observatory "may be the direct ancestor of the European medieval astronomical clock." Regarding 1094, Su Song compiled a book "Essentials of New Instruments and Images", which introduced in detail the design and construction of the water transport instrument platform, and explained the overall and composition diagram of the water transport instrument platform. In order to let people know more intuitively about the appearance of stars in space, Su Song also proposed to design an instrument that people can observe in the turbid sky-a false astrolabe. Su Ge still asked Han Honglian to design with herself. This fake sky made of bamboo and wood looks like an extra-large paper lantern from the outside. The surface of the "lantern" is perforated according to the position of the constellation in the sky, and people can see a little light when they enter it, as if they saw stars in the night sky. Pulling the pivot, the "lantern" can rotate, reflecting the rise and fall of celestial bodies. This is the same principle as the demonstration of artificial starry sky in the planetarium today. The first planetarium and the first planetarium in the world were born in 1923. Our ancients developed the prototype of planetarium more than 800 years ago, which shows that China people really have superhuman wisdom. However, as Mr. Xi, a famous expert in the history of astronomy in contemporary China, said, "We are talking about the brilliant achievements of ancient astronomical instruments in China today, not to comfort our backwardness in reality with the achievements of our ancestors, but to use the glory of the past as an incentive for us to climb new heights."